Facultative anaerobes - ihe bụ nke a? Ihe atụ na nhazi ọkwa

Representatives Monera alaeze, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ parasitic ikpuru na algae na fungi na-ji a pụrụ iche ọxịdashọn nke organic ogige aa na-anọghị nke molekụla oxygen ma ọ bụ na a ala ịta. Ntule bi na ihe ikuku oxygen na-- ya anaerobes. Facultative ma manye umu, nakwa dị ka ihe atụ nke ndụ ha, na nhazi ọkwa a ga-atụle site anyị na a n'isiokwu a.

Gịnị mere i ji dị mkpa ka ume

Anyị dee na anyị ga-ekwu banyere ndị na-akpọ esịtidem, ma ọ bụ cellular, respiration. Ya isi ọrụ na-emepụta ike bekee, karịsịa glucose abanye cell. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọxịdashọn Filiks na-ewere akụkụ oxygen - na ntule na-akpọ aerobic. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-enweta a òkè nke ike site mkpụrụ phosphorylation enweghị inflow nke O ₂ irighiri - na ntule, anaerobes.

Nke a na okwu chepụtara site Lui Pasterom na 1861, ná mmalite etinyere naanị ụfọdụ iche iche nke prokaryotes n'ịrụ butyric acid gbaa ụka. Na oge a na microbiology n'okpuru a aha niile ntule jikọtara, eji a ikpeazụ acceptor bụghị oxygen, na nitrates, hydrogen ma ọ bụ organic ogige. Akụkụ okuku ume na yinye aerobic, facultative ma manye anaerobes, nke anyị na-atụle n'okpuru, Filiks rụrụ ike metabolism, site na nke na ọxịdashọn nke glucose, abụba na amino asịd na ịzụ _2, H ₂ O na NH _3. Cheta kwa na anaerobic metabolism obere oru oma karịa oxygen. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ibu ke enweghị oxygen na-achọ ihe mkpụrụ, eg glucose. Energy dị ka a n'ihi nke gbawara nke oxygen-free ila na-nta. Ihe atụ, mgbe glycolysis - 2 ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ onye ọ bụla nke ATP si glucose molekul, ebe oxygen cleavage nke synthesized 36 ụmụ irighiri nke adenosine triphosphate.

The dịgasị iche iche nke anaerobes

Na oge a na nhazi ọkwa-agụnye dị iche iche nke ntule, karịsịa bacteria. Ka ihe atụ, facultative anaerobes - a single- ma ọ bụ multi-celled ụdị prokaryotes, osisi ma ọ bụ dịkwa ka usoro ha, nke catabolism adịghị achọ O _2. Ma n'iru ya na cytosol nke cell ma ọ bụ na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi bụghị maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-egbu egbu. Ka ihe atụ, a na-agụnye bacteria mmadụ pathogens: anginal streptococcus hemolytic Staphylococcus. Ha na-facultative anaerobes, na ụdị ụfọdụ nke bacteria, onye Livelihoods bara uru ka mmadụ. N'ihi ya, thermophilic streptococcus arapara lactose ka C ₃ H ₆ O _3, na-eji na mmepụta nke fermented mmiri ara ehi ngwaahịa: ude, utoojoo mmiri ara ehi, adụ chiiz. Na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ọ dị oké mkpa na mmepụta nke probiotics eji maka mgbochi nke afọ ọsịsa na enterocolitis nke dị iche iche etiology. Ịga n'ihu na nhazi ọkwa nke anaerobes, rịba makroaerofilov bi na gburugburu ebe ebe ịta nke O ₂ adịghị gafere 0.5-1%.

Otu n'ime ha, ọtụtụ mmadụ pathogenic umu, dị ka streptococci, na-eme pharyngitis, na ọrịa Lyme. Ndị ọzọ ụdị facultative aerobes ebi na mmadụ eriri afọ tract, na-eme dị iche iche iche nke mgbu na afo ọnyá afọ. The causative gị n'ụlọnga nke n'elu ọrịa a maara nke ọma Helicobacter. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke makroaerofilov metụtara facultative anaerobes, chọrọ maka ha metabolism elu ọdịnaya nke carbon dioxide. Ndị a na-akpọ prokaryotes capnophile.

Akụkụ okuku ume na yinye facultative anaerobes

Anyị na-anọgide na-amụ e ji mara nke a nke bacteria metabolism. N'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, anyị chọpụtara na ha nwere ike kpebisie na a ngwọta nke organic bekee nwere dị iche iche ibu hà nke oxygen. Ndị a anaerobes ga-akpọkọtara nso ala nke tube, nke ịta nke O ₂ bụ ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na facultative anaerobes - a bacteria na nke obere doses nke oxygen na-adịghị oké njọ na-ebibi mmetụta. Tupu mgbe anyị kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị dị iche iche nke bacteria, ihe atụ, denitrifying, ikpeazụ acceptor bụ nitrate - nitrogen ogige, ọxịdashọn nke gara aga.

The akụkụ okuku ume na yinye facultative anaerobes na catalytic Jeremaya aka enzyme nitrate reductase, nke na-enye ndị elektrọn iga nke ion NO ₃ ^-. Ndị a bacteria na-prokaryotes nke genera Micrococcus, pseudomonas. Ha bi na ponds na mmiri ala. Ndị a bacteria iji nitrate oxygen acid salts dị ka ihe elektrọn acceptor, na-ebu na-akpọ "nitrate respiration".

The ọrụ nke enzyme na catabolism nke bacteria

The metabolism nke microorganisms mkpa ọrụ nke catalytic usoro a rụrụ, nyere cytochromes, catalase, flavin enzymes, peroxidase. N'ihi ya, flavoproteins kpata otu ejikọta mkpụrụ na oxygen ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke ahụ na-ebelata ka hydrogen peroxide. O bu na facultative anaerobes - na microorganisms metabolism nke pụtara ma na ọnụnọ nke O _2, na na ikuku oxygen na-, ndị a abụọ na ụdị prokaryotes nwere ike oké. Ka anyị tụlee ha na ihe zuru ezu.

Types of facultative bacteria

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - a pụtara zuru ndepụta nke prokaryotes, akụkụ okuku ume na yinye nke bụ ikpe ma ọ bụ kpam kpam dabere na ọnụnọ nke potassium ngwọta na oxygen ụmụ irighiri. Ka ihe atụ, allerotolerantnye oxidizing bacteria lactose, na-emepe emepe na ọnụnọ nke O ₂ ma-adịghị eji ya na akụkụ okuku ume na yinye. Ha synthesize ume site gbaa ụka Jeremaya mere. Ọzọ nhọrọ anaerobes, e.g., yist mkpụrụ ndụ, dabere na chemical mejupụtara nke mkpụrụ na-enwe ike ruo si gbaa ụka usoro maka oxygen iku ume.

Cytochromes na ha dị mkpa na metabolism

Mgbagwoju na-edozi - proteid incorporating heme (ígwè-nwere prosthetic otu) - bụ cytochromes. Iso na cellular respiration na bacteria na yist, ha na-ma donors na elektrọn acceptors. Iron atọm prosthetic otu reversibly ịgbanwe ya ọxịdashọn ala si +2 ka +3. Nke a na-enye ohere ka ibufe electrons si cytochrome dehydrogenase ka acetaldehyde ma ọ bụ pyruvic acid. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes na microaerophiles elektrọn acceptors nwere ike n'ihu site ụmụ irighiri nke carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, amino asịd.

Pụtara prokaryotes, anaerobes na a okirikiri nke okwu na ọdịdị

Obu ihe nke anapugh cycles organogenic isi ọcha, e.g., nitrogen aa na Biosphere ụwa, na-enweghị òkè nke microorganisms. Ebe ọ bụ na facultative anaerobes - bụ isi denitrifying bacteria, ha nwere ike ibelata soluble na nitric acid salts ala ma ọ bụ N ₂ O ka free nitrogen. Denitrification ewe ebe kasị ifịk ifịk na Ona nwere ihe gabiga ókè ego nke mmiri na nitrogenous fatịlaịza. Dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical Jeremaya mere, nke free nitrogen ụmụ irighiri ọzọ laghachi ikuku site emechi okirikiri nke ya mgbanwe ke uwa.

Probiotics na ha pụtara maka ụmụ mmadụ

Nke ihe karịrị 500 ụdị bacteria na-ebi mmadụ eriri afọ tract, ihe dị mkpa n'ebe a na-arụ site facultative anaerobes. Ọ bụ mbụ nnọchiteanya nke genera Lactobacillus, streptococcus, Candida. The ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke ha na-emi odude ke nnukwu eriri afọ. Ọ bacteria mezie motility (ije nke nri pụta) na synthesize vitamin B na C. Ha na-ekerekwa na mmepe nke na-echebe na-edozi - immunoglobulin, na ndị nọ n'aka, enye bactericidal nsia ọdịnaya. Medical ọmụmụ gosiri na ọdịnaya nke bacteria na mmadụ colon mbelata sharply mgbe na-efe efe ruru mkpali Filiks na mgbe ogwu mgbochi ọgwụ.

Iji weghachite microflora na eriri afọ tract iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe - probiotics. Ha na-ebu bara uru facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria na lactobacilli. Ozugbo ahụ mmadụ colon, ha hụ ya nkịtị ọrụ ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke n'elu. Ndị akacha eji probiotics pụtara na Gastroenterology - a "Hilak Chiefs", "Linex", "Laktovit".