February 19, 1861. Oru ugbo mgbanwe na Russia. -Ekpochapụ serfdom

n'oge ọchịchị nke Alexander II (1856-1881) we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka a oge nke "oké mgbanwe". N'ụzọ dị ukwuu ekele na eze ukwu were-ekpochapụ serfdom na Russia na 1861 - ihe omume nke, N'ezie, bụ isi ihe, nke na-egwuri a isi ọrụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu development nke ala.

Mụrụ ekpochapụ serfdom

Na afọ 1856-1857 a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndịda anāchi achi jijiji oru ugbo ọgba aghara, nke Otú ọ dị, ngwa ngwa adịkwaghị agbapụta. Ma, o sina dị, ha jere ozi dị ka a na-echetara na-achị ike, na ọnọdụ ndị nkịtị, na ọgwụgwụ nwere ike ịkpata oké njọ pụta n'ihi na ya.

Ke adianade do, ugbu a serfdom budata slowed ọganihu nke mba. The axiom na free ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè na-amanye puta ìhè na zuru: Russia ukwu lagged n'azụ Western mba na na aku na uba na na ọhaneze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okirikiri. Nke a na-egwu eziokwu na a na mbụ kere oyiyi nke dị ike ikwu pụrụ nanị igbari, na mba a ga-kwagara n'ime udi nke obere. Ọ bụghị banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na serfdom yiri nnọọ ohu.

Site na njedebe nke 50s nke 62 nde bi na ebere nke nna ha ukwu dịrị ndụ ihe karịrị a atọ. Russia mkpa ngwa ngwa oru ugbo mgbanwe. 1861 ga-abụ afọ isi mgbanwe ndị kwesịrị ịba ndị nke mere na ha enweghị ike ịma jijiji na ike ntọala autocracy na ama nọgidere a kasị ọnọdụ. Ya mere, na usoro nke na-ekpochapụ serfdom achọ ịkpachara anya analysis na-amụ ihe, na nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnọdụ ezughị okè ngwa kemgbe mfịna.

Ndị dị mkpa iji maka ọdịnihu mgbanwe

-Ekpochapụ serfdom na Russia na 1861 nwere akwa mmetụta na mkpa ntọala nke buru ibu mba.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na States bi n'usoro ochichi n'ihu ji ụfọdụ mgbanwe bụ ha na-amụ ministri na mkparịta ụka na ndị ọchịchị, mgbe nke ahụ mgbanwe njikere oru na-nyere nzuko omeiwu, na-adịgide adịgide ikpeazụ mkpebi ikpe ahụ, na-Russian ma ministri ma nnọchiteanya ahụ na-adịghị e. Ma serfdom e iwu na steeti larịị. Ịkagbu ya unilaterally Alexander II ike, dị ka ọ ga-emerụ ikike nke na ama, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke autocracy.

Ya mere, na mba na-akwalite ndozigharị na ụma ike a unit kpọmkwem emeso-ekpochapụ serfdom. Ọ na-e-eche na ọ ga-iso nke oru haziri na ubi, onye amụma ga-osụk na esichara na Central Committee, nke, n'aka, na-achị ndị eze.

Ebe ọ bụ na, na ìhè nke forthcoming mgbanwe kasị landlords na-adịkwa ya, mgbe ahụ Alexander II, ihe ngwọta kasị mma ga-abụ, ọ bụrụ na ụzọ maka ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị bụ a okwu nke ama. N'oge na-adịghị na oge tụgharịa.

"Iwu Nazimova"

Ke n'etiti ọdịda 1857 rutere St. Petersburg General Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - Gọvanọ nke Lithuania, onye mere ya na ya a aririọ na-enye nri ya, na ndi nāchi Kovno na Grodno anāchi achi enye ha serfs nnwere onwe ha, ma na-enweghị-enye ha ala.

Na nzaghachi, Alexander II zitere a rescript kwara Nazimova (Imperial onwe leta), nke na-akụziri ndị nwe obodo ahụ na-ahazi ógbè kọmitii. Ọrụ ha bụ ịzụlite ha nsụgharị nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke oru ugbo mgbanwe. Ke leta eze ma nye ya na-atụ aro:

• Inye zuru nnwere onwe nke serfs.
• All akpa nkata nke ala unu ga-anọgide na-maka landlords retaining nwe.
• Enyere tọhapụrụ atọhapụ nkịtị nweta ala akpa nkata n'okpuru ugwo nke dues ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ nke serfdom.
• Kwado ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụta ha na ala na ụlọ.

N'oge na-adịghị rescript ọ pụtara na pịa, nke kwalitere izugbe banyere ajụjụ nke serfdom.

Oruru nke kọmitii

Early na na 1857, ndị Emperor, na-esonụ ya plan, kere a nzuzo kọmitii na oru ugbo ajụjụ, onye na nzuzo aku na mmepe nke mgbanwe kwusi serfdom. Ma nanị mgbe a "rescript Nazimova" ọha na eze, alụmdi emeela zuru ike. Na February nke 1958 o wepụrụ na niile nzuzo, renaming ndị Main Kọmitii na oru ugbo Affairs, nke na-gawa site Prince AF Orlov.

Mgbe ọ na-kere Editorial Commission, nke ewere oru osụk site n'ógbè otu, na-ama na ndabere nke anakọtara data e kere mba version nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu mgbanwe.

Onyeisi oche nke ọrụ a họpụtara a so na State Council General yi Rostovtsev, onye n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-akwado echiche nke-ekpochapụ serfdom.

Ahụ na-emegiderịta na-arụ ọrụ mere

Na N'ezie nke oru ngo isi kọmitii na ọtụtụ ndị n'ógbè nwe ala na-enweghị oké njọ na-emegiderịta. Ka ihe atụ, landlords siri ọnwụ na emancipation nke serfs e bụghị naanị ndokwa nke nnwere onwe na-ala ha na-akpata nwere ike-nwetara naanị na mbinye ego na-enweghị akwụ ụgwọ. The Committee nwekwara chọrọ inye ohere ịzụta a mbụ serf nke ala, na-aghọ full nwe.

Na 1860 Rostovtsev anwụ, ya mere na isi nke isiokwu ọrụ, Alexander II ahọpụta agụ VN Panin, onye, na mberede, e were dị ka onye iro nke serfdom kagbuo. N'ịbụ ewere executor nke eze uche, ọ na-amanye ka mezue mgbanwe oru ngo.

Na October nke drafting otu e dechara. Total n'ógbè kọmitii nyere maka echiche nke-ekpochapụ serfdom 82 oru, họọrọ site na olu nke 32 biri ebi mpịakọta. The N'ihi nke ike ọrụ e osụk maka echiche na State Council, na mgbe ya doo na-dị ka ichere eze. Mgbe na-agụ ha na-aka site kwesịrị ekwesị Manifesto na Regulations. February 19, 1861 bụ ukara ụbọchị nke-ekpochapụ serfdom.

March 5 Alexander II gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ihu ndị Izrel.

Isi ndokwa nke manifesto February 19, 1861

Isi ndokwa nke akwụkwọ ndị dị ka ndị a:

• Serfs nke alaeze ukwu natara a zuru ezu onye onwe, ha a na-akpọ "free ime obodo bi."
• Site ugbu a na (ie 19 February 1861) na ebe e wusiri ike e weere zuru ụmụ amaala na mkpa iwu nke mba ahụ.
• All ibughari onwunwe nke nwoke onye oru ugbo, nakwa dị ka ụlọ na ụlọ ghọtara dị ka ihe onwunwe ha.
• N'ihi nwe ala-ejigide ikike ka ala-ha, ma, ha nwere na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo homestead na ubi plots.
• Maka ojiji nke ala nkịtị na-akwụ ụgwọ mgbapụta ahụ dị ka a kpọmkwem nwe n'ókèala na ala.

Dị Mkpa mgbanwe ikwere

The ọhụrụ mgbanwe ike igbo chọrọ nke niile nketa oke. Ha nweghị afọ ojuju na ndị nkịtị onwe ha. Mbụ niile okwu ndị na nke e nyere ha n'ala, nke, na isi, bụ isi n'aka adị. Ya mere, Alexander II si mgbanwe, ma ọ bụ kama, ụfọdụ n'ime ya ndokwa bụ ambiguous.

N'ihi ya, dị ka Manifesto, dum n'ókèala Russia akọwaputa kacha na kacha nta size ala ojiji kwa n'isi n'isi, dabere na eke na ụba na e ji mara na mpaghara.

Ọ na-e chere na ọ bụrụ na nwoke onye oru ugbo òkè bụ nta karịa ebe ahụ akwụkwọ, ọ chọrọ ka onye nwe ulo ka ịgbakwunye efu ebe. Ọ bụrụ na otu - nnukwu, na Kama nke ahụ, bepụ ngafe na, dị ka a na-achị, bụ akụkụ kasị mma nke òkè.

The norms nyere n'òkè

Manifesto nke February 19, 1861 mebiri European akụkụ nke mba ahụ na-atọ lobes: na steppe, na nwa ụwa na Nonchernozem.

• Norma n'òkè maka steppe akụkụ - isii na ọkara iri na abụọ acres.
• Norm maka chernozem mpaghara bụ site atọ na anọ na ọkara acres.
• N'ihi na ndị na-abụghị chernozem belt - atọ na a nkeji iri na ise ka asatọ acres.

Na mba ahụ, n'ógbè malitere ibute ihe na-erughị ya dị n'ihu mgbanwe, nke mere na nwoke onye oru ugbo mgbanwe nke 1861 na-efunahụ ndị "a tọhapụrụ atọhapụ" ihe karịrị 20% nke arable ala.

Ke adianade do, e nwere a udi nke serfs, onye, ke ofụri ofụri, ọ bụghị enweta ihe ọ bụla ala. Nke a yad ndị mmadụ, nkịtị onye n'oge gara aga bụ ala-agụụ na-agụ ma ama, na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ mmepụta ihe.

ala nyefe ọnọdụ na ihe onwunwe

Dị ka mgbanwe na February 19, 1861, e nyere ala na nkịtị bụghị na ihe onwunwe, ma naanị maka ojiji. Ma ha nwere ohere ịzụta ya si nwe, ya bụ, ka ha banye a na-akpọ mgbapụta azụmahịa. Iji otu ihe ha na-atụle ihe ndị na nwa oge na maka ojiji nke ala ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ serfdom, nke bụ ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 40 ụbọchị otu afọ n'ihi na ndị ikom na ndị 30 - n'ihi na ndị inyom. Ma ọ bụ na-akwụ ụgwọ dues, ego nke nke e tinyere na maka n'elu 8-12 rubles, na oru nke tax chọrọ iji gaa na akaụntụ ala ọmụmụ. Na nke a, na nwa oge na-adịghị nwere ikike dị nnọọ mbà na òkè nyere, ya bụ, serfdom ka ga na-arụ ọrụ.

Mgbe mgbapụta azụmahịa mmezu ọrụ ugbo na-aghọ full ala nwe.

Na steeti adịghị anọgide n'efu

On February 19, 1861, n'ihi na Manifesto, steeti nwere ohere juputa-àkù. Nke a na-akpata ihe e meghere n'ihi na nke usoro eji na-gbakọọ size of mgbapụta ugwo.

The ego na a ọrụ ugbo aghaghị ime maka ala ahụ, bụ Ẹkot a na-akpọ keonodu isi obodo, nke a na-tọgbọrọ State Bank na 6% kwa annum. Ma ndị a percentages apụta na ego nke mbụ natara site na onye nwe ulo dues.

Nke ahụ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ala nwere otu mkpụrụ obi na afọ 10 rubles dues, na ngụkọta oge dị ka usoro: 10 rubles e kewara 6 (mmasị na isi obodo), na mgbe ahụ na uba site na 100 (ngụkọta ego nke mmasị) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

N'ihi ya, na ngụkọta ego nke dues dịrị 166 rubles 70 kopeks - ego "impossibly elu" maka a mbụ serf. Ma, ebe a na-abanye azụmahịa na steeti: na ọrụ ugbo na-akwụ ụgwọ iji na onye nwe ulo n'otu oge naanị 20% nke na-eme atụmatụ price. Ndị fọdụrụ 80% na-abịa site na ala, ma ọ bụghị naanị otú ahụ, na-enye ogologo oge ego na a okè nke 49 afọ na 5 ọnwa.

Ugbu a ndị nwoke onye oru ugbo aghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ kwa afọ na State Bank 6% of mgbapụta ugwo. Ọ tụgharịrị na ego na mbụ serf mere ka àkù karịrị ego ugboro atọ. N'eziokwu, February 19, 1861 bụ ụbọchị mgbe mbụ serf, họrọ otu n'agbụ, dabara ọzọ. Na n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na size nke mgbapụta ego karịa ndị ahịa uru nke òkè.

Results nke mgbanwe

The mgbanwe edise ke February 19, 1861 (-ekpochapụ serfdom), n'agbanyeghị na-adịghị emezi emezi, nyere a siri ike ikwado na mba. The nnwere onwe nyere 23 nde mmadụ, bụ nke mere ka a isi mgbanwe na-elekọta mmadụ na Ọdịdị nke Russian otu, na n'ihu mata mkpa a mgbanwe nke dum usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Bịara n'Ezi Oge manifesto tọhapụrụ February 19, 1861, nke ọnọdụ pụrụ iduga a dị oké njọ nlaghachi azụ, bụ na-akpali akpali na-akpata mmepe nke ikeketeorie na Russian ala. N'ihi ya, mkpochapu serfdom, n'ezie, bụ otu n'ime Central ihe ndị mere nke mba.