Gaseous bekee: Ihe Nlereanya na Njirimara

Taa, anyị maara nke ịdị adị nke ihe karịrị nde 3 dị iche iche bekee. Na a ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto kwa afọ, dị ka sịntetik chemists na ndị ọzọ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere na inweta ọhụrụ ogige na-emepụta mgbe niile na-enwe ihe ọ bụla bara uru Njirimara.

Part nke bekee - bụ eke bi ndammana kpụrụ. The ọzọ ọkara - wuru na sịntetik. Otú ọ dị, ndị mbụ na nke abụọ ahụ, a ịrịba akụkụ mejupụtara gaseous okwu, ihe atụ na e ji mara na anyị na-atụle n'isiokwu a.

Nchịkọta ọnọdụ bekee

Na na Asaa na narị afọ na ọ bụ omenala na iche na niile nke mara ogige nwere ike ịdị na atọ kwuru, sị: siri ike, na mmiri mmiri, gaseous bekee. Otú ọ dị, a nchọnchọ nke ọma nke ikpeazụ afọ iri na ubi nke astronomy, physics, onwu, ohere usoro ndu na ndị ọzọ na sayensị mere egosiwo na e nwere ụdị ọzọ. Nke a plasma.

Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Nke a bụ ikpe ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ionized, haruru. Ọ na-emekwa a bekee na eluigwe na ala dị ka nnọọ ọtụtụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ na plasma ala bụ:

• interstellar okwu;
• w okwu;
• elu n'ígwé nke ikuku;
• Nebula;
• nke ọtụtụ n'ime mbara ala;
• kpakpando.

Taa, ya mere, anyị na-ekwu na e nwere ndị siri ike, na mmiri mmiri, gaseous na plasma. Site n'ụzọ, onye ọ bụla gas nwere ike artificially ghọọ ndị dị otú ahụ a ala, ma ọ bụrụ na isiokwu nke ionization, ya bụ, na-eme uzo n'ime ion.

Gaseous bekee: Ihe Nlereanya

Ihe atụ nke bekee nwere ike ime ka a otutu. Mgbe ikuku ndi a mara ebe ọ bụ na Asaa na narị afọ, mgbe Van Helmont, n'okike, mbụ natara carbon dioxide na malitere inyocha ya Njirimara. Site n'ụzọ, aha otu a nke ogige nwekwara nyere ya, n'ihi na, echiche ya, na-gas - ọ bụ ihe disordered, jupụtara, metụtara na mmụọ na ihe adịghị ahụ anya, ma palpable. Nke a aha rapaara na Russia.

Ọ bụ ike were niile gaseous bekee, ihe atụ ụzọ oge ga-adị mfe. Mgbe niile, ọ na-ekpuchi ihe niile iche iche nke siri ike.

Dị ka ihe ndị mejupụtara na-na-akwanyere ùgwù:

• mfe,
• mgbagwoju ụmụ irighiri.

The mbụ gụnyere ndị nke na-ekewet nke otu atọm nke ọ bụla n'ime ha buru ibu. Ihe Nlereanya: Oxygen - O _2, ozone - O ₃ H - H ₂ chloro - cl ₂ fluoro - F ₂ nitrogen - N _2, na ndị ọzọ.

Nke abụọ, Atiya ga-agụnye ogige nke na-agụnye ọtụtụ atọm. Nke a ga-gas mgbagwoju bekee. Ihe Nlereanya na-agụnye:

• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S;
• chloride - HCL;
• methane - Kra _4;
• sọlfọ dioxide - NKE _2;
• aja aja gas - NO _2;
• Freon - CF ₂ cl _2;
• amonia - NH ₃ na ndị ọzọ.

Nhazi ọkwa site ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ bekee

Ọ dịkwa ike ịgụnye ụdị nke gaseous bekee nke na organic na inorganic ụwa. Nke ahụ bụ ndammana a akụkụ nke atọm. organic, haruru bụ:

• ise mbụ nnọchiteanya nke jupụta hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane). The n'ozuzu usoro nke C _n H _{2n + 2;}
• ethylene - C ₂ H _4;
• ethyne ma ọ bụ acetylene - C ₂ H _2;
• methylamine - Kra ₃ NH ₂ na ndị ọzọ.

The udi nke inorganic, haruru gụnyere chlorine, fluorine, amonia, carbon monoxide, silane, na-achị ọchị gas, inert ma ọ bụ magburu onwe ya, haruru, na ndị ọzọ.

Ọzọ nhazi ọkwa, nke nwere ike doro isiokwu ogige dabeere a nkewa nke na-abata ahụ. Ọ na-emi esịnede atọm, ọ bụghị niile gaseous bekee. Ihe Nlereanya nke owuwu nke e nwere ion, irighiri, photons, electrons, Brownian ahụ, plasma, nwekwara dịịrị ogige ndị dị otú ahụ a na steeti aggregation.

Njirimara nke gas

Njirimara bekee na steeti a na-dị iche iche ndị na-maka siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri ogige. Ihe bụ na Njirimara nke gaseous bekee pụrụ iche. The ahụ bụ mfe na ngwa ngwa mobile, okwu ahụ n'ozuzu bụ isotropic, ya bụ, Njirimara na-adịghị kpebisie ike site na ntụziaka nke ije na-akụkụ nke owuwu.

Ị nwere ike ikpo ihe ndị kasị mkpa anụ ahụ Njirimara nke gaseous bekee, nke ga-ọ dị iche na niile ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ịdị adị nke okwu.

1. Ndị a bụ ogige nwere ike ghara hụrụ na ekwu, na-eche na mbụ mmadụ ụzọ. Iji ghọta ihe Njirimara na iji mata a akpan akpan gas, dabeere na niile anọ na-akọwa ha parameters: mgbali, okpomọkụ, ego nke umi (ahumachi) ego.
2. N'adịghị ka mmiri mmiri, haruru nwere ike ogide dum ohere enweghị fọdụrụnụ, a na-bụghị naanị site na nke nke arịa ma ọ bụ ogige.
3. All, haruru mix mfe na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, nke a ogige nwere interface.
4. E nwere ihe ọzọ ìhè na arọ nnochite anya, ka n'okpuru nduzi nke ike ndọda na oge wee na-ahụ ha nkewa.
5. Mgbasa - otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa Njirimara ndị a ogige. The ike iru n'ime ndị ọzọ bekee na ahụ mejupụta ha n'ime, na-eme otú kpamkpam disordered ije n'ime ya Ọdịdị.
6. Real, haruru eletrik ike rụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere rarefied na ionized bekee, ndị conductivity abawanye sharply.
7. Okpomọkụ na thermal conductivity nke gas bụ ala na dịgasị iche iche umu.
8. Viscosity na-abawanye na-amụba nsogbu na okpomọkụ.
9. E nwere ihe abụọ nhọrọ interphase mgbanwe: evaporation - mmiri mmiri amama n'ime uzuoku, sublimation - siri ike, gafere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri na-aghọ gaseous.

A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke ezi Alụlụụ, haruru na mbụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ nwere ike na-aga n'ime a mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike na-adọ, na nke ikpeazụ bụ. Ọ kwesịkwara kwuru na ike nke isiokwu ogige iguzogide deformation na-ọmụmụ.

Yiri Njirimara nke gaseous bekee ekwe ha nile iji dị iche iche ubi nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba mba. Ke adianade do, kpọmkwem e ji mara onye nke ọ bụla na-nnọchiteanya nke a nditịm mmadu. Anyị atụleela naanị nkịtị ka niile atụmatụ nke ezigbo owuwu.

compressibility

Na dị iche iche okpomọkụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka n'okpuru nduzi nke mgbali, haruru nwere ike abịakọrọ, ịba ụba ya njupụta na mbenata olu were. ha mụbaa na ala na elu okpomọkụ - abịakọrọ.

N'okpuru nduzi nke mgbali na-agbanwe. The njupụta nke gaseous bekee na-ụba na, mgbe oké egwu mgbe, na nke ọ bụla nnọchiteanya nke ya, nwere ike na-edebe mgbanwe steeti ọzọ nke aggregation.

Basic ọkà mmụta sayensị na-mee ka mmepe nke ozizi, haruru

Ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike na-akpọ a otutu, n'ihi na ọmụmụ nke gas - a-agwụ ha ike usoro, na akụkọ ihe mere ụgwọ. Ka anyị biri na ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama bụ ndị na-enwe ike ime ka ọtụtụ ịrịba nchoputa.

1. Amedeo Avogadro na 1811 mere chọpụtara. Ọ bụla ihe, haruru, ọtụtụ ihe, na n'okpuru yiri ọnọdụ otu onye n'ime ha nwere ihe hà olu ego site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri. E nwere a gbakọọ uru nke nwere aha nke ọkà mmụta sayensị aha. Ọ bụ hà 6.03 ^{23 October} ụmụ irighiri 1 ahumachi nke ọ bụla gas.
2. Fermi - o kere ozizi nke ezigbo kwantum gas.
3. Gay-Lussac, Boyle - aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị onye kere nwe akụkụ maka mgbawa.
4. Robert Boyle.
5. Dzhon Dalton.
6. Zhak Sharl na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Structure gaseous bekee

The isi mma na ndị na-ewu nke crystal lattice nke bekee, bụ na ọnụ na ma nke ya atọm ma ọ bụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-Igbere site na-adịghị ike covalent agbụ. Ọzọkwa ugbu ike nke van der Waals mmekọrịta, mgbe ọ na-abịakwute ion, electrons na ndị ọzọ na kwantum usoro.

Ya mere, isi ụdị nke ụlọ grids maka gas, ọ bụ:

• nuclear;
• molekụla.

Kpọtụrụ n'ime mfe adọwa, Otú ọ dị, ndị a ogige enweghị a mgbe nile na-udi, ma jupụta dum gbasara ohere olu. Nke a na-akọwa enweghị eletriki conductivity na ogbenye thermal conductivity. Ma, ihe ọma mkpuchi si gas, n'ihi na, ekele mgbasa, ha na-enwe ike iru n'ime solids na ogide free ohere ụyọkọ n'ime ha. Ikuku na-adịghị gafere, okpomọkụ na-ejigide ya. Nke a na-dabere na ojiji nke gas na solids na nchịkọta maka ewu na nzube.

Simple bekee nke gas

Gịnị na ihe owuwu ma na Ọdịdị nke gas nke a, Atiya, anyị ugbua gosiri n'elu. Bụ ndị na-ekewet nke otu atọm. Ihe Nlereanya dị ọtụtụ, n'ihi na a ịrịba òkè nke ndị na-abụghị ọla si dum oge usoro n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ e nwere na ndị dị otú ahụ a na steeti aggregation. Dị ka ihe atụ:

• White site - otu allotropic mgbanwe nke mmewere;
• nitrogen;
• oxygen;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• helium;
• Neon;
• argon;
• krypton;
• xenon.

The ụmụ irighiri ndị a, haruru nwere ike ịbụ ma mono- (magburu, haruru), na polyhydric (ozone - O _3). Ụdị nkwurịta okwu - na-abụghị pola covalent, ọtụtụ mgbe, na-adịghị ike, ma ọ bụghị ihe niile. The crystal lattice molekụla ụdị na-enye ohere a bekee rue mfe site na otu obodo ọzọ. N'ihi ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ayodiin n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ - Dark violet kristal na dara luster. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ewe iwe ka sublimate klọb na-egbuke egbuke violet gas - m _2.

Site n'ụzọ, ọ bụla ihe, gụnyere ọla, nwere ike ịdị a gaseous ala n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ.

Mgbagwoju gaseous compound agwa

Ndị dị otú ahụ, haruru, n'ezie, ọtụtụ. Dị iche iche ihe n'ịgwa nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri, jikọtara na covalent agbụ na van der Waals interactions, na-enye ohere na-n'ịwa ọtụtụ narị dị iche iche ndị nnọchiteanya nke na-ewere ala nke aggregation.

Ihe Nlereanya bụ mgbagwoju bekee na, haruru nwere ike niile ogige esịnede abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa dị iche iche ọcha. Ndị a gụnyere:

• propane;
• butane;
• acetylene;
• amonia;
• silane;
• phosphine;
• methane;
• carbon disulfide;
• sọlfọ dioxide;
• aja aja gas;
• freon;
• ethylene na ndị ọzọ.

The crystal lattice molekụla ụdị. Ọtụtụ nnochite anya bụ ngwa ngwa soluble na mmiri na-etolite kwekọrọ ekwekọ acid. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na njikọ - akụkụ dị mkpa nke chemical syntheses rụrụ na njem.

Methane na ya homologues

Mgbe ụfọdụ, okwu "gas" ịpụta eke minerals, nke na-anọchite anya dum ngwaahịa gas ngwakọta predominantly organic okike. Na na ọ nwere bekee dị ka:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane;
• butane;
• ethylene;
• acetylene;
• pentane na ndị ọzọ.

Na ụlọ ọrụ na ha dị nnọọ mkpa, n'ihi na ọ bụ propane-butane ngwakọta - bụ eke gas, ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwadebe nri, nke na-eji dị ka ike na okpomọkụ isi iyi.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eji njikọ nke alcohols, aldehydes, asịd na ndị ọzọ organic bekee. Kwa Afọ oriri nke eke gas na gbakọọ na puku ijeri cubic mita, na n'ụzọ ziri ezi otú ahụ.

Oxygen na carbon dioxide

Gịnị bekee, haruru nwere ike na-akpọ ndị kasị nile na a maara nke ọma na ọbụna mbụ graders? Azịza ya doro anya - oxygen na carbon dioxide. Mgbe nke a na ha bụ kpọmkwem na-etinye aka na gas mgbanwe na-aputa ihe n'akparamagwa niile dị ndụ na mbara ala.

Ọ maara na site oxygen nke ndụ bụ na o kwere omume, n'ihi na na-enweghị ya, nwere ike ịdị na ụdị ụfọdụ nke anaerobic bacteria. A carbon dioxide - a dị mkpa ngwaahịa "nri" niile osisi, nke banye ya mejuputa usoro nke photosynthesis.

Si chemical ele ihe anya, na oxygen na carbon dioxide - mkpa bekee maka syntheses nke ogige. Nke mbụ bụ a siri ike oxidant, nke abụọ kasị reductant.

halogens

Ọ bụ ihe dị otú a otu nke ogige nke atọm - a urughuru gaseous umi pairwise ejikọrọ ọnụ site a na-abụghị pola covalent nkekọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ndị niile halogens - aputa. Bromo - ọ bụ a mmiri mmiri n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, na iodo - mfe sublimed siri ike. Fluoro na chloro - egbu egbu ize ndụ ahụ ike nke ihe dị ndụ bekee nke ndị dị ike oxidants, na-eji ọtụtụ ebe ná njikọ.