Gill arches nke azụ. Ọrụ mesho arches

The usoro nke na-eku ume azụ bụ nke abụọ na ụdị: ikuku na mmiri. Ndịrịta iche ndị a bilie, zuo okè na N'ezie nke evolushọn, n'okpuru nduzi nke dị iche iche na mpụga ihe. Ọ bụrụ na azụ nwere naanị a mmiri ụdị ume, nke a ha mere na-enyemaka nke anụ ahụ na gills. Azụ, na ikuku na-eku ume ụdị usoro a rụrụ iji nadzhabernyh ozu, igwu mmiri eriri afo, bowel na site na akpụkpọ. The isi akụkụ nke respiration, n'ezie, bụ gills, na ndị fọdụrụ - inyeaka. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-akwado ma ọ bụ ọzọ na ozu ịrụ a esote, ọtụtụ mgbe ha na-kasị mkpa.

Na-eku ume azu umu

Cartilaginous na naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nwere a dị iche iche Ọdịdị nke ahụ mesho ekpuchi. N'ihi ya, na mbụ nwere partitions mesho slits, nke na-enye atugharị mmalite gills iche iche oghere. Ndị a mgbidi na-kpuchie na mesho petals tọgbọrọ aghara aghara n'aka nke ya, a na netwọk nke ọbara arịa. Nke a Ọdịdị nke ahụ mesho mkpuchite na-ọma n'ihe ka ụzarị na umu azu shark.

N'otu oge ahụ, na-data ụdị bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ septum belata ka na-enweghị isi, dị ka ndị mesho mkpuchite bụ mobile onwe ha. Gill arches nke azụ na-arụ ọrụ nke nkwado, na nke na-mesho filaments.

mesho ọrụ. mesho arches

The kasị mkpa ọrụ nke gills bụ, n'ezie, ndị gas mgbanwe. Na enyemaka ha etinye obi gị dum oxygen si na mmiri, na ya carbon dioxide a tọhapụrụ (carbon dioxide). Ma ole na ole maara na ndị gills nke azụ na-enyere ịkọrọ mmiri na saline okwu. N'ihi ya, mgbe nhazi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewepụtara urea, amonia, nnu mgbanwe emee n'etiti mmiri na azụ ahụ, na karịsịa nke a metụtara sodium ion.

Na usoro nke evolushọn na mgbanwe nke subgroups azụ mesho ngwa a na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, na bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ gills anya dị ka crests, na cartilaginous ha iso nke efere na nwere cyclostomes nwa etolite gills. Dabere na Ọdịdị nke akụkụ okuku ume na usoro na Ọdịdị bụ dị iche iche, nakwa dị ka ọrụ nke mesho njiko nke azụ.

Ọdịdị

The gills na-emi odude ke n'akụkụ nke nwoke cavities nke bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ na-echebe site na a cover. Onye ọ bụla mesho mejupụtara ise arches. Anọ mesho arches-n'ụzọ zuru ezu kpụrụ, na otu - rudimentary. Si n'èzí branchial njiko ọzọ convex n'akụkụ nke arcs na mesho filaments ịgbatị, na-dabeere cartilaginous ụzarị. Gill arches eje ozi dị ka a na-akwado maka arịọnụ lobes nke na-ha na ya na isi ya isi na free n'ọnụ diverge n'ime na atugharị na nnukwu n'akuku. Na mesho filaments onwe ha bụ ndị a na-akpọ nke abụọ efere nke ndị na-ndokwa transversely n'ọnụ ọnụ (ma ọ bụ petals, dị ka ha na-akpọ). Mgbe gills nwere a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke petals, dị iche iche azụ nwere ike ịbụ 14 ruo 35 kwa millimeter, na a elu nke karịa 200 microns. Na ha bụ otú obere size na ha obosara adịghị eru ruo 20 m.

Isi ọrụ nke mesho arches

Gill aak vertebrates rụọ ọrụ nke nyo usoro eji mesho rakers positioned na ihe aak nke nke chere ihu na onu oghere nke azụ. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume ka oge na nkwusioru na ọnụ na-na mmiri kọlụm, na a dịgasị iche iche nke na-edozi microorganisms.

Dabere na ihe na-azụ azụ mesho rakers nwekwara mutate; ha na-dabeere na-agụnye ọkpụkpụ efere. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na azụ - a eri ibe, mgbe ahụ, o nwere stamens na-emi odude obere yiri ka-ala, na azù na-eri nanị plankton ndụ na mmiri kọlụm, mesho rakers elu na odude n'etiti. Ndị azụ bụ omnivores, stamens nwere ihe nkezi ọnọdụ n'agbata anụ na planktivorous.

The ọbara usoro nke akpa ume mgbasa

Gills nke azụ na-egbuke egbuke pink na agba n'ihi na nnukwu ego nke ọbara enriched na oxygen. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ufiop mgbasa usoro. The ọbara, nke dị mkpa na-eme ka oxygen (venous), anakọtara site dum nke azụ na abdominal aorta abatakwa mesho arches. Abdominal aorta bifurcates abụọ bronchial akwara, sochiri ọbara branchial njiko, nke, n'aka, kewara a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke paddles akwara kpuchiri mesho filaments, mere ndokwa tinyere n'ime onu nke cartilaginous ụzarị. Ma nke a abụghị na ịgba. Flap akwara onwe ha na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ capillaries, wrapping a oké ntupu nke na n'ime na elu petals. Na dayameta nke capillaries nnọọ nta nke na ọ bụ hà ịdị ukwuu nke erythrocyte eburu oxygen na ọbara. N'ihi ya, mesho arches ịrụ ọrụ nke nkwado maka stamens, na-enye gas mgbanwe.

N'aka nke ọzọ niile petals keokere arterioles jikota n'ime otu arịa, eru na veins, ndị na-ebu ọbara, nke n'aka nke na-aga n'ime bronchial, na mgbe ahụ na dorsal aorta.

Ọ bụrụ na a ntụle zuru ezu nke mesho arches nke azụ na-eduzi a histological ọmụmụ, ọ kasị mma na-amụ longitudinal ngalaba. Ya mere ọ bụghị naanị na ọ ga na-ahụ stamens na petals, ma akụkụ okuku ume na folds na ndị a mgbochi n'agbata okenye ọkara na ọbara.

Ndị a folds na-agbakọta na a otu oyi akwa nke epithelium, na n'ime - capillaries akwado Pilar sel (akwụkwọ). The mgbochi nke capillaries na akụkụ okuku ume na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ukwuu ngwangwa mmetụta nke mpụga ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere onye na-adịghị ọcha na-egbu egbu bekee na mmiri, ndị a mgbidi zaa, delamination emee, ha thicken. Ọ bụ fraught na akwa ya pụta, dị ka ihe isi ike na usoro nke gas mgbanwe na ọbara, nke na-emecha na-eduga ná hypoxia.

Gas mgbanwe ke azụ

Nkwadebe nke azụ n'ezinụlọ oxygen emee site gas mgbanwe. Isi ọnọdụ nke ọbara na oxygen inwetara bụ a-abata mgbe niile mmiri na gills, na a na-achọ na mesho njiko na dum ngwa retains ya Ọdịdị, mgbe ahụ, ọrụ nke mesho arches azụ na-adịghị mie ala. Asị ibe n'elu ga-ịnọgide na-enwe ya ike n'ezi maka kwesịrị ekwesị oxygenation haemoglobin.

Maka mmejuputa iwu n'ezinụlọ gas mgbanwe ke ọbara capillaries azụ Nkea na-abụghị ntụziaka nke oruru ọbara na gills. Nke a na atụmatụ na-eme ka fọrọ nke nta ka zuru ezu mmịpụta nke oxygen si na mmiri na-eme ka ọbara ha. Ụfọdụ ndị tụọ ọbara oxygen ịta na-akwanyere ndị mejupụtara na mmiri bụ 80%. mmiri site gills bụ n'ihi na pumping ya site na mesho uji eze, na isi ọrụ a rụrụ site ije nke mouthparts, na mesho ekpuchi.

Gịnị na-ekpebi na ọnụego nke respiration nke azụ?

N'ihi na e ji mara atụmatụ nwere ike gbakọọ respiration ọnụego nke azụ na-adabere na ije nke mesho ekpuchi. Ịta nke oxygen na mmiri na carbon dioxide ọdịnaya ọbara emetụta ugboro nke respiration nke azụ. Ọzọkwa, ndị a ibu aquatic anụmanụ susceptible ka ala kasịnụ nke oxygen, nke ukwuu ego nke carbon dioxide na ọbara. The akụkụ okuku ume ugboro a na-emetụta site mmiri okpomọkụ, onye Onyenwe anyị +, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.

The azụ nwere a akpan akpan ike wepụ mba ọzọ okwu si n'elu mesho arches na ha cavities. Ikike a na-akpọ ụkwara. Operculums oge na-kpuchie, na iji agbara mmiri nkwusioru Motion niile dị na gills, saa mmiri ugbu a. Nke a pụta ìhè nke azụ kasị-abụkarị ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-metọọ nsi ma ọ bụ suspensions.

Ọzọ atụmatụ nke gills

E wezụga ihe ndị bụ isi, akụkụ okuku ume na, gills mee osmoregulation na excretory ọrụ. Fish bụ ammoniotelicheskimi ntule na, n'eziokwu, dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ nile na-ebi na mmiri. Nke a pụtara na ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa nke ire ere nke nitrogen-nwere ahu bụ amonia. Ọ bụ site gills ọ na-anọchi si aru nke azụ na ụdị ammonium ion, si otú ọcha ahu. Ke adianade oxygen, site na ha gills na ọbara dị ka a n'ihi nke n'ezinụlọ mgbasa, salts-eme ihe, ala molekụla ibu ogige nakwa dị ka a nnukwu ego nke inorganic ion na mmiri kọlụm. E wezụga gills, absorption nke a bekee a rụrụ site pụrụ iche owuwu.

Nke a na-agụnye kpọmkwem chloride mkpụrụ ndụ na-arụ ọrụ osmoregulation ọrụ. Ha nwere ike na-akpụ akpụ ion na sodium chloride, mgbe na-akpụ akpụ na a direction na ncherita-a nnukwu mgbasa grajentị.

Movement nke chlorine ion na-adabere na azụ ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, freshwater azụ monovalent chloride ion na-agafere si na mmiri na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara, dochie ndị na e efu dị ka a n'ihi nke ọrụ nke excretory usoro nke azụ. Ma na mmiri azụ usoro a rụrụ na-abụghị direction: nhọrọ ewepụtara ọbara n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ịta mụbara budata emerụ chemical ọcha, mgbe inyeaka ọrụ osmoregulyatsionnaya gills nwere ike mie ala. N'ihi ya, ọbara abatakwa bụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bekee ga-abụ, bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndọpụ, nke nwere ike imetụta ọnọdụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Nke a specificity nwere bụghị mgbe niile na-adịghị mma. Ya mere, ebe ọ maara na nke a mma nke gills, anyị nwere ike na-alụ ọgụ ọtụtụ ọrịa nke azụ, na-eme ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ọjọọ na ọgwụ mgbochi kpọmkwem n'ime mmiri.

Skin respiration nke dị iche iche azụ

Nnọọ niile azụ nwere ike akpụkpọ ume. Nke ahụ bụ nnọọ ókè nke na ọ na-mepụtara - ọ na-adabere ọtụtụ ihe: a na afọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ bụrụ na azụ bi na net mmiri, pasent nke cutaneous respiration bụ obere na ana naanị 10.2%, ebe ẹmbrayo akụkụ okuku ume na ọrụ a rụrụ nanị site na anụ ahụ, na obi usoro cholic pouch.

Colonic ume

Dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị ụzọ na-eku ume azụ. N'ihi ya, ebe okpomọkụ azụ okpo na loach azụ ifịk ifịk ume na-enyemaka nke na eriri afọ. Mgbe ingested ikuku ọkọkpọhi e ama site ok netwọk nke ọbara arịa n'ime ọbara. Nke a na usoro wee malite ịkpa azụ n'ihi na kpọmkwem ọnọdụ nke ebe obibi. The mmiri ha ọdọ na njikọ na okpomọkụ, nwere a ala oxygen ịta, nke a na-kawanye njọ site na enweghị eruba na turbidity. Dị ka a n'ihi nke evolutionary mgbanwe azụ ponds dị otú ahụ mụtara na-adị ndụ, iji oxygen site n'ikuku.

Ihe ọzọ ọrụ nke igwu mmiri eriri afo

Igwu mmiri eriri afo e mere maka hydrostatic iwu. Nke a bụ isi ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị azụ igwu mmiri eriri afo bụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na iku ume. Ọ na-eji dị ka a na-esite maka ikuku.

ụlọ na ụdị nke igwu mmiri eriri afo

Dabere na anatomical Ọdịdị nke ahụ igwu eriri afo nile di iche iche nke azụ na-ekewa n'ime:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Ìgwè nke mbụ bụ ihe kasị ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ onye bụ isi, mgbe otu zakrytopuzyrnyh azụ dị ala. Ọ na-agụnye, perch, mullet, okporoko, stickleback na ndị ọzọ nwere physostomous azụ, nke dabeere na aha, na igwu mmiri eriri afo na meghere na-ekwurịta okwu na isi nsia eruba, mgbe zakrytopuzyrnyh, karị, -. Mba

Azu kaapu nwekwara a kpọmkwem Ọdịdị nke ahụ igwu mmiri eriri afo. Ọ na-ekewa n'ihu ma n'azụ ime-ulo nke ejikọrọ obere na warara ọwa. Ihu-ulo mgbidi eriri afo iso nke abụọ shells, mputa na n'ime ime, mgbe n'èzí abụghị ndị nọ n'azụ ụlọ.

Vystlan swimbladder otu n'usoro nke squamous epithelium, mgbe nke na e nwere a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke omume rụrụ connective, muscle na vaskụla anụ ahụ oyi akwa. Swimbladder nwere peculiar naanị ya pearlescent echiche, nke na-nyere site a pụrụ iche na ok connective anụ ahụ na-enwe a fibrous Ọdịdị. Iji hụ na ike nke na afụ n'èzí abụọ ulo-na-kpuchie na ihe na-agbanwe serous akpụkpọ ahụ.

labyrinth ngwa

A ole na ole nke okpomọkụ azụ mepụtara a kpọmkwem ngwa dị ka a labyrinth na nadzhaberny. Iji a umu iso makropody, gourami, cockerels na snakehead. Formation pụrụ hụrụ ka mgbanwe na pharynx, nke na-ghọọ nadzhaberny ngwa ma ọ bụ fụliri elu mesho oghere (na-akpọ labyrinth ahu). Ha isi nzube - ekwe omume inweta oxygen site n'ikuku.