Gịnị bụ egwu ikpo okwu? Ụdị egwu nyiwe

Mining na ịgbari a rụrụ na-enyemaka nke pụrụ iche engineering owuwu - mkpọpu ala nyiwe. Ha na-enye ndị dị mkpa na ọnọdụ maka mmepe e duziri. Drilling ikpo okwu nwere ike idozi dị iche iche na ogbu - na ọ dabere na miri-nọ ọdụ ego mmanụ na gas.

Egwu ala na ala

Oil ụgha ọ bụghị naanị na ala ma na-na continental anwụrụ, nke a na-gbara ya gburugburu mmiri. Ọ bụ ya mere ụfọdụ ntọala na-onwem na pụrụ iche ọcha, ekele nke na ha na mmiri. Nke a-egwu n'elu ikpo okwu - a monolithic Ọdịdị, nke-eme dị ka a na-akwado ndị ọzọ ọcha. Echichi nke na-ewu a rụrụ ọtụtụ nkebi:

• mbụ gbapuru a ule nke ọma, ị kwesịrị ịchọpụta na ọnọdụ nke nkwụnye ego; ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere atụmanya nke mmepe nke a akpan akpan ebe, mgbe ahụ, ịrụ n'ihu ọrụ;
• njikere n'ala maka rig: ọ aligns gbara ya gburugburu ebe dị ukwuu dị ka o kwere mee;
• wụsara ntọala, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ elu nwere nnukwu ibu;
• kwadebere na ndabere nke na-aga a-egwu ụlọ elu na ndi fọduru nke ya ọcha.

Ụzọ maka mkpebi siri ike nke ego

Drilling nyiwe - bụ isi owuwu nke ekenịmde mmepe nke mmanụ na gas na ala na na mmiri. Construction nke mkpọpu ala nyiwe a rụrụ nanị mgbe ọ na-ekpebisi ọnụnọ nke mmanụ na gas na a kpọmkwem mpaghara. Iji mee nke a nke ọma a na-gbapuru site ụzọ dị iche iche: rotary, rotary, tobaim, volumetric, ịghasa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

The kasị rotary usoro: mgbe ọ na-eji n'ime nkume ẹkenịmde na n'usoro malite ịgba bit. Ewu ewu na nke a technology bụ n'ihi na a ga-gbapuru idi ibu ruo ogologo oge.

The ibu na n'elu ikpo okwu

Drilling rig pụrụ ịbụ nnọọ dị iche iche na imewe, ma ọ ga-wuru n'ụzọ ziri ezi, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa egosi. Ọ bụrụ na ha na-agaghị na-arụ, ndị na-esi nwere ike ịbụ oké njọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ihi ekwesịghị ịdị na mgbawa nke echichi pụrụ nanị ga-ebibi, na-eduga ọ bụghị nanị na ọnwụ nke ego, ma na-ọnwụ nke ndụ. All ibu na-eme ihe na echichi bụ:

• Ịnọgide: n'okpuru ha gụnyere ndị agha na-eme n'oge na-arụ ọrụ n'elu ikpo okwu. Nke a arọ onwe ha owuwu nke echichi, na mmiri na-eguzogide, mgbe ọ na-abịa offshore nyiwe.
• Nwa Oge: dika ibu-eme ihe na ihe owuwu ka ụfọdụ ọnọdụ. Nanị n'oge egbe nke echichi e nwere ike vibration.

Na mba anyị na anyị mepụtara dị iche iche nke mkpọpu ala rigs. Ka ụbọchị, na Russian loop na-arụ ọrụ 8 anyịnya Ngwuputa na usoro.

n'elu ikpo okwu

Oil pụrụ ịgha ụgha ọ bụghị naanị na ala, ma na-n'okpuru mmiri kọlụm. Eme ka ọ dị otú ahụ, tinye mmanụ rigs, nke na-enịm na-ese n'elu mmiri owuwu. Dị ka sere n'elu n'aka na nke a na-eji pontoons, onwe-propelled barges - ọ na-adabere na kpọmkwem e ji mara mmanụ development. Igwu egwu nyiwe nwere ụfọdụ bughi atụmatụ, nwere ike mere see n'elu mmiri. Dabere na ihe ubi omimi nke mmanụ ma ọ bụ gas-egwu rigs na-eji dị iche iche.

Banyere 30% nke mmanụ amịpụtara si offshore ubi bụ ya mere na-esiwanye na-ewu nke ọma na ọ bụ na mmiri. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eme na-emighị emi mmiri na-enyemaka nke gwara ndị ikpo na echichi nke nyiwe, rigs, ndị dị mkpa akụrụngwa. N'ihi na egwu ala na mmiri na-eji-ese n'elu mmiri nyiwe. Mgbe ụfọdụ rụrụ akọrọ mmiri ọma mkpọpu ala, ọ dịịrị ndị na-emighị emi oghere na 80m.

sere n'elu ikpo okwu

Sere n'elu nyiwe arụnyere a omimi nke 2-150 m na ike ga-eji dị iche iche na ọnọdụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ na aghụghọ nwere ike ịbụ kọmpat na-arụ ọrụ na obere osimiri na a pụrụ arụnyere na na n'oké osimiri. A sere n'elu-egwu n'elu ikpo okwu - a bara uru na-ewu, ebe ọ bụ na ọbụna na obere akụkụ ya nwere ike imipu a nnukwu olu nke mmanụ ma ọ bụ gas. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịzọpụta na-akwụ ụgwọ nke iga. Nke a n'elu ikpo okwu na-esetịpụ na oké osimiri ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, wee laghachi isi efu na tankị.

ofu n'elu ikpo okwu

Ofu offshore mkpọpu ala ikpo okwu bụ a Ọdịdị na mejupụtara nke elu Ọdịdị na-akwado isi. Ọ bụ ofu n'ala. The imewe atụmatụ nke ndị a na usoro dị iche iche, n'ihi ya, ndị na-esonụ iche nke ofu nrụnye:

• Gravity: nkwụsi ike nke ndị a owuwu a na-nyere site ya arọ na arọ nke Ọdịdị nke ahụ natara dị arọ;
• amụbawanye ha nweta ndị na-eguzogide ruru ka ikpo chụpụrụ n'ime ala;
• Poolu: nkwụsi ike nke ndị a owuwu a na-nyere site nkwado ma ọ bụ ndị chọrọ ego nke buoyancy.

Dabere na omimi a na-mepụtara mmanụ na gas, niile gas nrụnye na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị:

• deepwater na ogidi: a isi dị otú ahụ nrụnye na kọntaktị na ala nke mmiri ebe, na-eji dị ka support ogidi;
• emighị emi-mmiri n'elu ikpo okwu na ogidi: ha nwere otu Ọdịdị dị ka miri-usoro;
• bughi Island: a n'elu ikpo okwu na-anọchi na metal isi;
• monopod - a-emighị emi n'elu ikpo okwu na otu nkwado, a rụrụ n'ime ụlọ elu ụdị na nwere vetikal ma ọ bụ sloping mgbidi.

Ọ bụ na ofu nyiwe ajụjụ maka nnukwu mmepụta ike, dị ka ha na-ọzọ uru akụ na ụba na-adị mfe iji wụnye na-arụ ọrụ. Na a simplified n'onwe dị nrụnye bụ ígwè bobbin isi nke-eme dị ka a naakwagide Ọdịdị. Ma iji anyịnya nyiwe dị mkpa, na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ static na mmiri omimi na-egwu ebe.

Nrụnye nke isi mee nke mesikwuru ihe, tọrọ na ala. Ha adịghị mkpa ọzọ kpọgide. Ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro na-eji na-emighị emi ego na ya.

egwu nnukwu ugbo mmiri

Exploration mkpọpu ala na oké osimiri na-rụrụ site na mobile nkeji nke ndị na-esonụ ụdị: onwe-elu, ọkara submersibles, malite ịgba ụgbọ mmiri na barges. Barges na-eji na-emighị emi ubi, na e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke barges na nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na a dị nnọọ iche omimi si 4 m na 5000 m.

Drilling n'elu ikpo okwu na ụdị a nnukwu ugbo mmiri a na-eji na mbụ nkebi nke mmepe, mgbe ọ dị mkpa ka igwu na-emighị emi mmiri ma ọ bụ na-echebe ebe. Ndị dị otú ahụ na-eji osisi na ọnụ nke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, swamps, ọwa mmiri, na a omimi nke 2-5 m. Ndị a barges ndị ka ukwuu n'ime ndị ogbi, ya mere ha na-enweghị ike rụrụ ọrụ na n'oké osimiri.

Drilling nnukwu ugbo mmiri nwere atọ isi mmiri: ihe mmiri n'okpuru osimiri submersible pontoon, nke a na n'elu ala elu n'elu ikpo okwu na a na-arụ ọrụ na oche na ihe owuwu na-ejikọ ndị abụọ.

Jack-elu n'elu ikpo okwu

Self-elu-egwu nyiwe yiri egwu ala barges, ma ndị nke mbụ na-ọzọ modernized na mma. Ha ịrị osisi ọkọlọtọ-jacks, nke zuru ike na ala.

Structurally, a nkeji iso nke 3-5 okporo osisi na akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-lowered na-enwe n'ime n'ala na oge nke-egwu. Dị otú ahụ owuwu pụrụ enịm na armature, ma support - ọzọ ala mode nke ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na-arịọnụ, ụlọ anaghị emetụ mmiri n'elu. Jackup ikpo okwu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na a omimi nke 150 m.

Nke a na ụdị nke echichi adahade n'elu oké osimiri n'elu n'ihi na ogidi na zuru ike n'ala. The elu oche nke pontoon - a ebe ndị dị mkpa ngwá arụnyere. All usoro bụ onwe-elu ụdị a pontoon, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke support na ogidi, na udi nke ha cross-ngalaba na imewe atụmatụ. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, nke pontoon nwere a zita, akụkụ anọ udi. Number nke ogidi - 3-4, ma ná mmalite drafts nke usoro guzobere 8 ogidi. Derrick onwe ya ma ọ bụ dị na elu oche, na gbatịruru etak ubom.

egwu ship

Ndị a rigs bụ onwe-propelled na ịchọ towing na saịtị ahụ, ebe ọrụ. Emebe dị otú ahụ na usoro a na-eme kpọmkwem maka echichi na a na-emighị emi omimi, ya mere ha anaghị iche kwụsie ike. Drilling arịa na-eji na ngagharị nke mmanụ na gas na ogbu nke 200-3000 m na miri. Na ndị dị otú a ụgbọ mmiri a na-etinye Derrick na-egwu a rụrụ kpọmkwem site na nkà na ụzụ onu na oche.

Na nke a, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-onwem na niile dị mkpa ngwá ọrụ na-enwe ike ịchịkwa ya niile ọnọdụ ihu igwe. Anchor usoro-enye ohere maka a kwesịrị ekwesị larịị nke kwụsie ike na mmiri. The amịpụtara mmanụ mgbe ọcha echekwara na pụrụ iche containers na ụlọ, na mgbe ahụ na reloaded n'ime ibu ụgbọ mmiri tanker.

The ọkara submersible rig

Ọkara submersible -. Otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na rigs na oké osimiri, ebe ọ bụ na ya nwere ike ejikwara na a omimi nke n'elu 1,500 mita nke sere n'elu owuwu pụrụ ịmaba a bukwanu omimi. Echichi na-complemented vetikal na-achọ struts na ogidi na-enye ndị kwụsiri ike nke dum Ọdịdị.

The elu ozu ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro - a ndụ ụlọ na-onwem na ọhụrụ technology na dị mkpa mee. Ewu ewu na nke ọkara submersible rigs bụ n'ihi na a dịgasị iche iche nke variants nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ ngwọta. Ha na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pontoons.

Ọkara submersible nkeji nwere 3 ụdị ọdịda: mkpọpu ala, oké ifufe sedimenti ọchịchị na Transition. Buoyancy System na-enye nkwado, nke nwekwara-ekwe ka echichi ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ziri ezi onodu. Ọ ga-kwuru na-arụ ọrụ na-egwu nyiwe Russia ugwo a elu, ma, ọ chọrọ ka nwere bụghị naanị a kwesịrị ekwesị ọzụzụ, ma na-a akwa ahụmahụ.

Nchoputa

N'ihi ya, egwu n'elu ikpo okwu - a kwalite usoro nke dị iche iche ụdị, nke nwere ike igwu olulu dị iche iche ogbu. Designs na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ. Tupu ọ bụla echichi esetịpụrụ kpọmkwem ebumnobi, ya mere, ha dị iche na imewe atụmatụ na ọrụ na, na ego nke nhazi, na njem ego.