Gịnị bụ ihe organelle? The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke organelles. Organelles nke osisi cell. Organelles nke anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ

Cell - bụ larịị nke nzukọ nke bi okwu, otu nọọrọ onwe ha ndu usoro, nke nwere isi e ji mara nke ihe nile dị ndụ. Ka ihe atụ, ọ pụrụ inwe ya, ọtụtụ, akpali, imeghari na mgbanwe. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụla pụta ụwa mkpụrụ ndụ metabolism, kpọmkwem Ọdịdị, na ịtụ owuwu na ọrụ.

The sayensị nke na-emekọ na-amụ mkpụrụ ndụ - bụ Cytology. Isiokwu ya bụ a bughi unit nke multicellular ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi, otu-celled ntule - bacteria, mmadụ nje na algae, esịnede a otu cell.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere n'ozuzu nzukọ nke bughi nkeji nke ndu eme ntule, ha iso nke a akpụkpọ ahụ na ntọala na nucleolus. Ọzọkwa, ha nwere organelles nke cell cytoplasm. Iji ụbọchị, a dịgasị iche iche nke ukwuu mepụtara nnyocha ụzọ, ma na-eduga na ebe a na-ji site Microscopy, nke na-enye ohere onye na-amụ Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ na inyocha ya isi bughi ọcha.

Gịnị bụ ihe organelle?

Organelles (na-akpọ ha organelles) - adịgide adịgide constituent ihe nke ọ bụla mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme ka ọ a zuru ezu na ịrụ ụfọdụ ọrụ. Nke a Ọdịdị, nke ndị dị oké mkpa maka ịnọgide na-enwe ya ọrụ.

Site organelles gụnyere ntọala, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum na Golgi ngwa, vacuoles na vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, na cell center (centrosome). Ebe a na-agụnye ihe owuwu na-etolite na cell cytoskeleton (microfilaments na microtubules) melanosomes. Anyị kwesịkwara mata organelle ije. Ọ cilia, flagella na pseudopodia myofibrils.

All ndị a owuwu nwere ihe jikọrọ na-enye a achikota ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụ ya mere ajụjụ a: "Gịnị bụ organelle" - ga-azali bụ a akụrụngwa na ike ga-apụta na aru nke a multicellular organism.

nhazi ọkwa organelles

Mkpụrụ ndụ ịdị iche iche na-aba na udi, nakwa ka ha na ọrụ, ma, ha na-ahụ chemical Ọdịdị na ụkpụrụ nke a otu nzukọ. Ajụjụ nke ihe bụ na ihe bụ organelle Ọdịdị, zuru ezu na-amụ. Ka ihe atụ, lysosomes ma ọ bụ vacuoles na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ka cellular organelles.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere nhazi ọkwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke ndị a mmiri, ndị ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ organelles. Non-akpụkpọ ahụ - a cell center na ribosome. Organelle ije (microtubules na microfilaments) na-na-na-efunahụ nke membranes.

The ndabere Ọdịdị nke membranous organelles ụgha ọnụnọ nke ndu membranes. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles na na-ntekwasa na a edo Ọdịdị, nke bụ a abụọ oyi akwa nke phospholipids na protein ụmụ irighiri. Ọ na-ekewa ndị cytoplasm si mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ na-enyere ịnọgide na-enwe cell udi. Ọ bụ uru na-echeta na na osisi sel na mgbakwunye na nke akpụkpọ ahụ ka e nwere na elu cellulose casing, nke a na-akpọ cell mgbidi. Ọ rụrụ a na-akwado ọrụ.

Site akpụkpọ ahụ organelles gụnyere EPS, lysosomes na mitochondria na plastids na lysosomes. Ha membranes nwere ike iche na on a set nke na-edozi.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere ọtọ ike nke organelles, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-enwe ike synthesize ụfọdụ bekee. N'ihi ya, njikọ nke dị mkpa organelles - mitochondria, nke na-emepụta ATP. Ribosomes plastids (chloroplasts) na ike ike endoplasmic reticulum maka protein njikọ, ezigbo EBL - maka njikọ nke lipids na carbohydrates.

The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke organelles na ihe zuru ezu.

isi

Nke a organelle dị oké mkpa, n'ihi na mgbe ọ na-ewepụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwụsị na-arụ ọrụ ma na-anwụ.

Ntọala nwere a abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ, nke nwere a plurality nke pores. Site ha na ọ na-na-akpachi anya na endoplasmic reticulum na cytoplasm. Nke a organelle mejupụtara chromatin - chromosomes na-mgbagwoju na-edozi na DNA. N'iburu nke a n'uche, anyị pụrụ ikwu na ọ bụ isi nke organelle na bụ maka ichebe ndị bụ isi ego nke genome.

The mmiri mmiri òkè nke kernel akpọ karyoplasm. O nwere ihe isi owuwu nke ndụ na ngwaahịa. The densest ebe - nucleolus, nke ụlọ ndị ribosome mgbagwoju na-edozi na RNA, nakwa dị ka potassium phosphate, magnesium, zinc, ígwè na calcium. Nucleolus kpamkpam tupu cell nkewa , na a kpụrụ ọzọ na ikpeazụ nkebi nke usoro.

Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)

EPS - odnomembranny organelle. Ọ na-ewe ọkara cell olu na mejupụtara a tubular na tankị, nke ejikọrọ ọnụ, nakwa dị ka cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ na elu shei nke ntọala. The akpụkpọ ahụ nke a organelle nwere otu Ọdịdị dị ka plazmalema. Nke a Ọdịdị na-ike na-adịghị emepe n'ime cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic reticulum bụ ezigbo onye na granular (ike ike). On esịtidem shei nke granular EPM enịm ribosome ebe protein njikọ ewe ebe. N'elu ezigbo endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes bụ abiaghi, ma ebe a na-aga njikọ nke carbohydrates na abụba.

All bekee nke na-guzobere na endoplasmic reticulum, na-agafere site usoro tubules na ducts na ebe ebe-akwakọba na ekemende mee dị iche iche Biochemical Filiks.

Nyere ike nke synthesizing EPS gritty reticulum dị na mkpụrụ ndụ onye isi ọrụ - guzobe edozi na-eji ire ụtọ - na mkpụrụ ndụ synthesizing carbohydrates na abụba. Ke adianade do, ezigbo reticulum akpọkọtara calcium ion ndị dị mkpa maka kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ma ọ bụ dum organism.

Ọ kwesịkwara kwuru na EPS bụ ya bụ ebe guzobe nke Golgi ngwa.

Lysosomes, na ha ọrụ

Lysosomes - bụ cellular organelles nke na-ọkọnọ odnomembrannymi pouches na bụla na hydrolytic digestive enzymes (proteases, lipases na nucleases). Maka ọdịnaya e ji mara acidic na gburugburu ebe obibi nke lysosomes. Membranes formations data anọrọ ha si cytoplasm, na-egbochi mbibi nke ndị ọzọ bughi mmiri nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, enzymes lysosome n'ime cytoplasm nke cell onwe-mbibi emee - autolysis.

Ọ ga-kwuru na enzymes isi synthesized na ike ike endoplasmic reticulum, na mgbe ahụ kwagara Golgi ngwa. N'ebe a, ha na-gbanwetụrụ, packaged ke akpụkpọ ahụ vesicles na-amalite ikewa ma na-onwe ha mmiri nke cell - lysosomes, nke bụ isi na sekọndrị.

Primary lysosomes - owuwu nke na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị Golgi ngwa, na nke abụọ (digestive vacuoles) - ndị nke na-guzobere n'ihi anọ na nke isi lysosomes na endocytotic vacuoles.

Nyere ndị dị otú a Ọdịdị na otu nzukọ nwere ike ịmata isi ọrụ nke lysosomes:

• mgbaze nke dị iche iche bekee n'ime cell;
• mbibi nke cellular owuwu na-adịghị mkpa;
• na-ekere òkè reorganization nke cell Filiks.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye a organelle ndị * Tụkwasị na udi, nke na-ọdọ mmiri na etisasịwo nime ya organic na inorganic ogige. Na guzobe nke data owuwu aka Golgi ngwa na EPS.

The anụmanụ cell vacuoles bit. Ha bụ obere na ogide ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 5% nke olu. Ha isi ọrụ - enye iga bekee gafee cell.

Vacuoles nke osisi sel bụ nnukwu na-ruo 90% nke olu. Na a tozuru okè cell nwere naanị otu vacuole, nke enyene a Central ọnọdụ. Ya akpụkpọ ahụ a na-akpọ tonoplast na ọdịnaya - cell sap. Isi ọrụ nke osisi vacuoles - enye a cell akpụkpọ ahụ voltaji, ìgwè dị iche iche ogige ma mkpụrụ ndụ na-ala n'iyi. Ọzọkwa, ndị a na osisi cell organelles ezitekwara mmiri dị mkpa maka photosynthesis usoro.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara nke cell sap, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ bekee:

• nnọchi - organic asịd, carbohydrates na-edozi ahụ, ụfọdụ amino acid;
• ogige nke na-guzobere n'oge cell ọrụ na-akwakọba nime ya (alkaloids, phenols na tannins);
• obodo na osisi homonụ;
• pigments, nke mkpụrụ osisi, na mgbọrọgwụ na petals na-ese na ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na agba.

Golgi mgbagwoju

Ọdịdị nke organelles akpọ "Golgi ngwa" bụ nnọọ mfe. Na osisi sel, ha na-egosi dị ka iche iche nwa ehi akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-anọchi anya tankị, ọwa mmiri na egosipụta. The bughi unit nke Golgi mgbagwoju - ya dictyosome, nke na-anọchi anya a tojupụtara nke 4-6 "tankị" na obere egosipụta na e kewapụrụ ha, na ndị na-intracellular iga usoro, na nwere ike ije ozi dị ka isi iyi nke lysosomes. Dictyosomes ọnụ ọgụgụ ike mbio otu ruo ọtụtụ narị.

Golgi mgbagwoju, na-emekarị nke dị nso na ntọala. Na anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ - nso etiti nke cell. Isi ọrụ nke ndị a organelles bụ ndị na-esonụ:

• secretion na ìgwè ndi na-edozi, lipids na saccharides;
• mgbanwe nke organic ogige abanye Golgi mgbagwoju;
• Nke a organelle bụ na saịtị nke guzobere lysosomes.

Ọ na-ahụ kwuru na EPS, lysosome, na vacuole, golgi ngwa na ọnụ na-etolite a tubular vacuolar-usoro nke ekewapụ cell n'ime iche iche ngalaba na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ọrụ. Ke adianade do, nke a usoro na-enye a mgbe nile na-update nke membranes.

Mitochondria - ume osisi sel

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye mkpanaka-dị ka organelles, * Tụkwasị na ma ọ bụ filamentary ụdị, nke synthesize ATP. Ha nwere elu elu na ihe dị n'ime ezigbo akpụkpọ ahụ na ọtụtụ folds, a na-akpọ cristae. Ọ ga-kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cristae nke mitochondria nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na cell na ike mkpa. Ọ bụ n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ ka ọtụtụ enzyme okụre na synthesize adenosine triphosphate. Ebe a na ike nke chemical nkekọ na converted n'ime ume-ọgaranya ATP nkwurịta okwu. Ọzọkwa, na mitochondria aga cleavage nke ọdụdụ asịd na carbohydrates na ntọhapụ nke ike, nke na-echekwara na-eji na Filiks nke ibu na njikọ.

Esịtidem data Wednesday organelles akpọ matriks. Ọ mejupụtara a mgbanaka nke DNA na RNA, obere ribosome. -Akpali mmasị, mitochondria - ọkara kwurula organelles, n'ihi na ha na-adabere na ịrụ ọrụ nke cell, ma n'otu oge, nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe a na-onwe. N'ihi ya, ha na-enwe ike synthesize ha onwe ha na-edozi na enzymes, nakwa dị ka mụta nwa na ha onwe ha.

Ọ na-kweere na mitochondria mere mgbe wepụtara n'ime usu cell aerobic prokaryotic ntule, na-eduga guzobe a kpọmkwem mgbagwoju symbiotic. N'ihi ya, mitochondrial DNA nwere otu Ọdịdị dị ka DNA nke oge a bacteria na protein nsụchi mitochondria na bacteria gbochie ha ịkpa site otu ọgwụ nje.

Plastids - na organelles nke a osisi cell

Plastids bụ nnukwu ezuru organelles. Ha bụ nanị ugbu a na osisi sel na-guzobere si precursors - proplastids nwere DNA. Ndị a organelles akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism na iche na cytoplasm site a abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ. Ke adianade do, ha nwere ike na-etolite ihe nyere iwu usoro nke esịtidem membranes.

Plastids bụ nke atọ ụdị:

1. Chloroplasts - kasị ọtụtụ plastids na-ahụ maka photosynthesis nke organic ogige na-guzobere na free oxygen. Ndị a owuwu nwere a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị na ndị ibughari na cytoplasm n'ebe ìhè isi iyi. Isi umi na a hụrụ na chloroplasts - chlorophyll, na nke osisi nwere ike iji anyanwụ ike. Ọ ga-kwuru na chloroplasts ndị yiri mitochondria semiautonomous owuwu nwere enwebeghị ike nke onwe ha nkewa na njikọ nke ya na-edozi.
2. Leucoplasts - colorless plastids, nke, n'okpuru ihe nke ìhè ghọọ chloroplasts. Ndị a cell mmiri nkejikotara enzymes. Na ha, glucose na converted ma echekwara n'ụdị starch nsogbu dị iche iche. Na ụfọdụ osisi ndị a plastids pụrụ ịnọ lipids ma ọ bụ na-edozi n'ụdị kristal na amorphous ozu. The ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke leucoplasts lekwasị ke sel nke ala akụkụ nke osisi.
3. Chromoplasts - nkwekọrịta nke ọzọ abụọ na ụdị plastids. Ha na-guzobere carotenoids (na chlorophyll mbibi), nke bụ red, odo ma ọ bụ oroma. Chromoplasts - ikpeazụ mgbanwe nke plastids. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, petals na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ epupụta.

ribosomes

Gịnị bụ ihe organelle akpọ ndị ribosome? Ribosomes na-akpọ ndị na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ organelle, esịnede abụọ iberibe (obere na nnukwu subunit). Ha n'obosara bụ banyere 20 nm. Ha na-hụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe nile ụdị. Nke a organelles nke anụmanụ na osisi sel, bacteria. Ndị a owuwu ii na isi, na na mgbe ahụ na-agafere banye na cytoplasm ebe enịm rụrụ ma ọ bụ mmasị ka EPS. Dabere na Njirimara nke synthesizing ribosome ọrụ naanị ma ọ bụ jikọtara n'ime okụre, akpụ polyribosomes. Na nke a, ndị a na-abụghị ndị akpụkpọ ahụ agbụ organelles ozi RNA molekul.

A ribosome nwere 4 ụmụ irighiri nke p-RNAs, nke mejupụtara a etiti, yana dị iche iche na-edozi. Isi ihe nke organoid - achịkọta polypeptide yinye, nke bụ ihe mbụ ogbo nke protein njikọ. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-emepụta site ribosomes nke endoplasmic reticulum, ike ga-eji ofụri idem. Ndi na-edozi n'ihi na onye mkpa nke ndị na cell na-synthesized site ribosomes, nke na-emi odude ke cytoplasm. Ọ ga-kwuru na ribosomes na-hụrụ na mitochondria na plastids.

cell cytoskeleton

The cell cytoskeleton kpụrụ microtubules na microfilaments. Microtubules bụ cylindrical guzobere 24 nm n'obosara. Ha ogologo bụ 100 mm-1 mm. The isi mmiri - a protein na-akpọ tubulin. Ọ bụ enweghị kpum na ike ga-ebibi site n'oru nke colchicine. Microtubules na-dị na hyaloplasm na ịrụ ndị na-esonụ na ọrụ:

• ike na-agbanwe, ma n'otu oge, a siri ike ọkpụkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-enye ohere ya na-ejigide ya udi;
• na-akụkụ na nkesa nke cell chromosomes;
• enye ije nke organelles;
• ẹdude ke cell center, nakwa dị ka flagella na cilia.

Microfilaments - yarns na-enịm n'okpuru ndị plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na-emi esịnede protein actin ma ọ bụ myosin. Ha nwere ike belata, na n'ihi na e nwere ije nke cytoplasm na cell akpụkpọ ahụ protrusion. Ke adianade do, ndị a mmiri na-etinye aka guzobe nke ukwu n'oge cell nkewa.

Cell center (centrosome)

Nke a organelle emi esịnede abụọ centrioles na tsentrosfery. Centriole cylindrical udi. Mgbidi ya na-kpụrụ atọ microtubules, nke jikota na onye ọ bụla ọzọ site na crosslinks. Centriole ụzọ abụọ na-mere ndokwa na nri akụkụ ọ bụla ọzọ. Ọ ga-kwuru na elu osisi sel enweghị ndị a organelles.

Isi ọrụ nke cell center - huu ọbụna nkesa chromosomes n'oge cell nkewa. Ọ bụkwa center nke nzukọ nke cytoskeleton.

organelle ije

Na-ebu organelles ije nke cilia na flagella. Nke a obere growths n'ụdị ntutu. Flagellum 20 mejupụtara microtubules. Ya na ntọala dị na cytoplasm na a na-akpọ basal ahu. flagellum ogologo bụ 100 m ma ọ bụ karịa. Flagella, nke bụ nanị 10-20 microns, a na-akpọ cilia. Eji microtubules nke cilia na flagella na-enwe ike oscillate, na-eme na ije nke cell. The cytoplasm nwere ike ịnwe contractile fibrils, nke na-akpọ myofibrils - ya organelles anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Myofibrils na-na-enịm ke muscle mkpụrụ ndụ - muscle mkpụrụ ndụ, nakwa dị ka na mkpụrụ ndụ nke obi. Ha iso nke nta emep uta eri (protofibrils).

Ọ ga-kwuru na myofibril n'ùkwù n'ùkwù iso nke ọchịchịrị eriri - bụ anisotropic discs, nakwa dị ka ihe ndị pụtara ìhè - ọ bụ isotropic diski. Structural unit nke a myofibril - sarcomere. Nke a òkè n'etiti anisotropic na isotropic disk nke nwere actin na myosin filaments. Na ha gliding sarcomere shortening emee, nke na-eduga ná ije nke niile muscle emep uta eri. Nke a na-eji ike nke ATP na calcium ion.

Site n'enyemaka nke flagella mmadụ nje na spermatozoa akpụ akpụ ụmụ anụmanụ. Cilia bu aru mmegharị ciliate-akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na ha na-ekpuchi pneumatic karị ma na-enyere tufuo ezi particulate okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ájá. Ke adianade do, e nwere pseudopodia nke na-enye amoeboid ije na-ọcha nke ọtụtụ unicellular ntule na ụmụ anụmanụ na (e.g., leukocytes) mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ọtụtụ osisi enweghị ike ịga na ohere. Ha mmegharị bụ na ibu, akwukwo mmegharị na mgbanwe ndị na-eruba cell cytoplasm.

ọgwụgwụ

N'agbanyeghị nile dịgasị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ha niile nwere a yiri Ọdịdị na nzukọ. Structure na ọrụ nke organelles nwere yiri Njirimara, huu nkịtị ọrụ dị ka otu mkpụrụ, na dum organism.

anyị pụrụ igosipụta ụkpụrụ a na-esote.

Isiokwu "organelles nke eukaryotic sel,"

organelle	osisi cell	zooblast	nkiti ọrụ
isi	bụ	bụ	Ịchekwa DNA, RNA transcription na protein njikọ
endoplasmic reticulum	bụ	bụ	njikọ nke na-edozi, lipids na carbohydrates, ìgwè calcium ion, Golgi mgbagwoju guzobere
mitochondria	bụ	bụ	ATP njikọ nke enzymes na ndi na-edozi
plastids	bụ	dịghị	isonye na photosynthesis, ìgwè starch, lipids, ndi na-edozi, carotenoids
ribosome	bụ	bụ	achịkọta polypeptide yinye (protein njikọ)
microtubules na microfilaments	bụ	bụ	ekwe ka cell ịnọgide na-enwe a na-udi bụ ihe akụkụ nke cell center, cilia na flagella enye ije nke organelles
lysosomes	bụ	bụ	mgbaze nke bekee n'ime cell, na-ebibi ya achọghị owuwu abuana ke reorganization nke mkpụrụ ndụ ime ka autolysis
a nnukwu Central vacuole	bụ	dịghị	Ọ na-enye cell mgbidi voltaji accumulates nri na cell n'efu ngwaahịa, obodo na phytohormones, nakwa dị ka pigments, a mmiri na-esite
Golgi mgbagwoju	bụ	bụ	atanyekwa na accumulates na-edozi, lipids na carbohydrates, modifies nri tinye cell, bụ nke e guzobere lysosomes
cytocentrum	e, ma e wezụga elu osisi	bụ	Ọ bụ n'etiti nzukọ nke cytoskeleton, na-enye edo chromosome segregation n'oge cell nkewa
myofibrils	dịghị	bụ	enye Mbelata ke muscle anụ ahụ

Ọ bụrụ na ndị kwuru, anyị nwere ike ikwu na e nwere obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi sel. Na nke a na Ọdịdị atụmatụ na organelles (tebụl gosiri n'elu, na-akwado ya) nwere izugbe nzukọ edumbet. The cell ọrụ dị ka a achikota na integrated usoro. Na nke a, organelles ọrụ ibe iji na akwado arụmọrụ na ịnọgide na-enwe cell viability.