Guzobere, Sayensị

Halogenated hydrocarbons: inweta, chemical Njirimara, na ojiji nke

Hydrocarbons - a nnọọ nnukwu klas nke ogige metụtara organic. Ha na-agụnye ọtụtụ nnukwu iche iche nke bekee, otu nke fọrọ nke nta ka onye ọ bụla okụt obosara ngwa ụlọ ọrụ, ndụ, okike. Of otu dị mkpa bụ halogenated hydrocarbons, nke ga-atụle n'isiokwu na-esonụ. Bụghị nanị na ha nwere a elu azụmahịa uru, ma na-ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa n'ihi ọtụtụ chemical syntheses, nkwadebe nke ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ogige. Anyị na-akwụ pụrụ iche anya ka ha molekụla Ọdịdị, Njirimara, na ndị ọzọ na e ji mara.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: general e ji mara

Si ele ihe anya nke onwu, nke a na klas nke ogige gụnyere ndị niile hydrocarbons nke otu onye ma ọ bụ karịa hydrogen atọm na-dochie anya otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ halogen. Nke a bụ a sara mbara nke ukwuu na udi nke bekee, ebe ọ bụ na ha dị oké ulo oru mkpa. N'ime a pụtara mkpirikpi oge mmadụ amụtala synthesize nta niile halogenated hydrocarbons, ojiji nke nke dị mkpa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, chemical ụlọ ọrụ, nri ụlọ ọrụ na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ.

Ihe bụ isi na usoro nke na-akwadebe ndị a ogige - a sịntetik ụzọ na laabu na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka nke ọma dị ka na ọdịdị fọrọ nke nta onye ọ bụla nke ha na-adịghị eme. N'ihi na halogen ha bụ ukwuu reactive. Ọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-ekpebi ha ngwa chemical njikọ dị ka onye n'etiti ngwaahịa.

Dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke halogenated hydrocarbons nwere otutu, ịgụnye ha dị ka dị iche iche ibiere. The ndabere na-ma Ọdịdị na multiplicity nke circuit njikọ, na ihe dị iche na atọm nke halogen na ebe nke ha na ọnọdụ.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: nhazi ọkwa

A mbụ n'onwe nkewa dabeere n'ozuzu nabatara kwuru na niile organic ogige. The nhazi ọkwa dabeere na ihe dị iche na ụdị nke carbon yinye, ya cyclicality. Dabere na nke a emit:

  • ịmachi halogenated hydrocarbons;
  • unsaturated;
  • aromatic;
  • aliphatic;
  • acyclic.

Next nkewa dabeere na a halogen atọm na ya quantitative ọdịnaya molekul. N'ihi ya, tọhapụ:

  • monoderivatives;
  • diproizvodnye;
  • tri-;
  • tetra;
  • pentaproizvodnye na na.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere a halogen, mgbe ahụ, aha nke sub-otu mejupụtara abụọ okwu. Ka ihe atụ, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken na na.

Ọzọkwa, e nwere ihe ọzọ n'onwe nke nhazi ọkwa, nke na-iche site ọkacha halogenated jupụta hydrocarbons. Nke a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm ka nke halogen bụ mmasị. N'ihi ya, tọhapụ:

  • isi nkwekọrịta;
  • abụọ;
  • tertiary, na na.

Onye ọ bụla nnọchiteanya nwere ike họọrọ dị ka ihe nile na-egosi na iji chọpụta full ebe usoro organic ogige. Dị ka ihe atụ, a compound na a mejupụtara nke Kra 3 - Kra 2 -CH = Kra-CCL 3 nwere ike nkewa dị ka. Nke a abụghị a ịgba aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

molekụla Ọdịdị

Ọnụnọ nke halogen atọm ike ma na-emetụta ma ndị anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara, na izugbe Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul. The n'ozuzu usoro maka nke a na klas nke ogige bụ nke ụdị R-Hal, ebe R - hydrocarbon buu free nke ọ bụla Ọdịdị, na Hal - a halogen atọm, otu ma ọ bụ karịa. Nkwurịta okwu n'etiti carbon na halogen ike ekewasị, adịru molekul dị ka a dum nēche abụọ mmetụta:

  • na-adịghị mma inductance;
  • mesomeric mma.

Ebe a, nke mbụ nke nke bụ budata ike, otú ahụ ka Hal atọm na-mgbe na-egosipụta Njirimara nke elektrọn-wezụgara substituent.

Na niile ọzọ bughi atụmatụ nke ụmụ irighiri na-adịghị iche na nke ndị ot hydrocarbons. Properties kọwara Ọdịdị na ya yinye branching, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm, aromatic ike e ji mara.

Special ntị ga nomenclature nke halogenated hydrocarbons. Olee otú a ga-akpọ data njikọ? Iji mee nke a, i kwesịrị ime ihe ole na ole iwu.

  1. yinye Nọmba amalite na onu nke nso bụ a halogen atọm. Ọ bụrụ na e ọ bụla multiple nkekọ, ngụda-amalite na ya, ọ bụghị na elektrọn-wezụgara substituents.
  2. Aha Hal gosiri na nganiihu, kwesịkwara egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm site na nke ọ na-akwali.
  3. The ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ e nyere aha nke isi yinye atọm (ma ọ bụ mgbanaka).

Otu ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ aha: Kra 2 = Kra-CHCL 2 - 3-dichloropropene-1.

The aha nwere ike e nyere na ò nomenclature. Na nke a, na buu ekwupụta na onye ahụ aha, na mgbe ahụ - na suffix -id halogen. Ihe Nlereanya: Kra 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 br - propyl bromide.

Dị ka ndị ọzọ na klas nke organic ogige, halogenated hydrocarbons bụ nke akpan akpan Ọdịdị. Nke a na-enye ohere, ọtụtụ ndị ikpo akụkọ ihe mere eme aha. Ka ihe atụ, Halothane CF 3 CBrClH. Nnweta atọ halogens na molekul na-enye pụrụ iche Njirimara nke umi. Ọ na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ ndị ọzọ yiri ka na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme aha.

sịntetik ụzọ

Ụzọ akwadebe halogenated hydrocarbons bụ nnọọ iche iche. E nwere ise isi ụzọ nke njikọ nke ndị a ogige na laabu na ụlọ ọrụ.

  1. Halogenation nke nkịtị Ọdịdị nke ot hydrocarbons. General mmeghachi omume atụmatụ: RH + Hal 2 → R-Hal + HHal. Atụmatụ nke usoro ndị dị ka ndị: na chlorine na bromine n'aka na-UV radieshon, mmeghachi omume na ayodiin bụ fọrọ-agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na fluorine na mmekọrịta bụ kwa, ya mere iji ifịk halogen ya dị ọcha ụdị ike. Ọzọkwa, na halogenation nke aromatic nkwekọrịta mkpa na-eji pụrụ iche akpali usoro - na Lewis acid. Dị ka ihe atụ, ígwè chloride ma ọ bụ aluminum.
  2. Nkwadebe nke halogenated hydrocarbons na-na-rụrụ site gidrogalogenirovaniya. Otú ọ dị, nke a mbụ compound ga-abụ ihe unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ihe Nlereanya: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Na ọtụtụ yiri electrophilic mgbakwunye na-eji iji nweta chloroethene ma ọ bụ vinyl chloride, ebe a compound bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa maka ulo oru syntheses.
  3. Mmetụta na gidrogalogenov alcohols. The n'ozuzu ụdị nke mmeghachi omume: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H 2 O. Na otu akụkụ obligatory ọnụnọ nke a mkpali. Ihe Nlereanya nke usoro nke accelerators na ike ga-eji: site chlorides, sọlfọ, zinc ma ọ bụ ígwè, na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, a ngwọta nke zinc chloride na hydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
  4. Decarboxylation nke acid salts na oxidizing n'ụlọnga. Aha ọzọ maka usoro - mmeghachi omume Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Ihe kachasi mkpa mejupụtara na cleavage nke a molekul nke carbon dioxide site silver nkwekọrịta nke carboxylic asịd mgbe ọ gụrụ ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga - halogen. N'ihi ya, halogenated hydrocarbons na-guzobere. Jeremaya mere n'ozuzu ndị dị ka ndị: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO 2 + AgHal.
  5. Njikọ galoformov. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, a n'ikuku trigalogenproizvodnyh methane. Ihe kacha ụzọ emepụta ha - n'ebe acetone alkaline ngwọta halogens. N'ihi ya, e nwere a kpụworo galoformnyh ụmụ irighiri. Synthesized na n'otu ụzọ na ụlọ ọrụ halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.

Akpan akpan ntị ga-akwụ ụgwọ iji njikọ nke unsaturated nnọchiteanya nke a na klas. Ihe bụ isi usoro - bụ mmetụta na alkynes mercury salts na ọla kọpa na ọnụnọ nke halogens, nke utịp ke a ngwaahịa na a abụọ nkekọ na yinye.

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons nwetara site halogenation Jeremaya mere arenes ma ọ bụ alkylarene n'akụkụ yinye. Ndị a dị mkpa na ulo oru na ngwaahịa, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eji dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ na oru ugbo.

nkịtị Njirimara

The nkịtị Njirimara nke halogenated hydrocarbons bụ kpọmkwem dabere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul. Na esi okpomọkụ ma na-agbaze steeti aggregation emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm na yinye na o kwere omume alaka ke n'akụkụ òkè. The ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu. Ke ofụri ofụri anyị nwere ike mara na anụ ahụ kwa na ọtụtụ ihe.

  1. Ọdịdị: akpa ala nnọchiteanya - aputa, ụdi ka C 12 - mmiri mmiri n'elu - siri ike ahu.
  2. Nwere a nkọ wetara kpọmkwem ísì, fọrọ nke nta niile na-anọchite anya.
  3. Nnọọ agụghị oké soluble na mmiri, ma n'ihi na onwe gị - magburu onwe solvents. The organic ogige na-etisasịwo nke ọma.
  4. Esi na-agbaze okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ọtụtụ carbon atọm na isi yinye.
  5. All njikọ, ma e wezụga fluorine nkwekọrịta, arọ karịa mmiri.
  6. The ọzọ alaka na isi yinye, na ala esi n'ókè nke umi.

Siri ike ịmata ọtụtụ ndị yiri atụmatụ ke nkịtị, n'ihi na ndị nnọchiteanya ịdị iche na nke na mejupụtara na Ọdịdị. Ya mere, a mma n'ihi ụkpụrụ maka onye ọ bụla akpan akpan compound nke usoro isiokwu a nke hydrocarbons.

chemical Njirimara

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa parameters nke ga-gaa na akaụntụ ahụ chemical ụlọ ọrụ na njikọ Jeremaya mere bụ chemical Njirimara nke halogenated hydrocarbons. Ha na-abụghị otu ndị niile nọ, dị ka e nwere ọtụtụ ihe mere maka ihe dị iche.

  1. Ọdịdị nke ahụ carbon yinye. Ihe kacha ụzọ nke nnọchi mmeghachi omume (nucleophilic ụdị) si sekọndrị na tertiary alkyl halides.
  2. Halogen ụdị dịkwa mkpa. Nkwurịta okwu n'etiti carbon na Hal na-ike-ekewasị, nakwa na ọ na-enye ihe dị mfe agbawa nyak free radicals. Otú ọ dị, nke kacha ụzọ na-ekwurịta okwu na-adọwa n'etiti ayodiin na carbon n'ihi eke mgbanwe (Mbelata) na nkịtị ike na usoro: F-cl-br-m.
  3. Ọnụnọ nke aromatic buu ma ọ bụ multiple agbụ.
  4. Structure na branching nke buu.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ kasị mma alkyl halides eme kpọmkwem nucleophilic nnọchi. Mgbe carbon atọm mgbe agbawa ruru halogen lekwasị ikpe mma ego. Nke a na-enye ohere buu dị ka a dum na-acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh ahụ. Dị ka ihe atụ:

  • OH -;
  • NKE 4 2-;
  • NO 2 -;
  • CN - na ndị ọzọ.

Nke a na-akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na si a halogenated hydrocarbon nwere ike ịga na nke nta ọ bụla na klas nke organic ogige na mkpa na-ahọrọ kwesịrị ekwesị reagent nke ga-enye ndị chọrọ arụmọrụ.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ ga-kwuru na chemical Njirimara nke halogenated hydrocarbon nọ ike itinye aka na ndị na-esonụ mmekọrịta.

  1. Na nucleophilic ahụ nke a dị iche iche ụdị - na nnọchi mmeghachi omume. N'ihi nwere: alcohols, ethers, esters, Nitro ogige, amines, nitriles, carboxylic asịd.
  2. Mkpochapu mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ dehydrohalogenation. Dị ka a n'ihi nke onye aṅụrụma ngwọta nke alkali halide molekul na-kewaa anya. N'ihi ya kpụrụ alkene, ala molekụla ibu site-ngwaahịa - na nnu mmiri. Ihe Nlereanya nke mmeghachi omume: Kra 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 br + NaOH (mmanya) → Kra 3 -CH 2 -CH = Kra 2 + NaBr + H 2 O. Ndị a Filiks - otu n'ime ndị isi na usoro maka njikọ nke alkenes mkpa. The usoro a na-esokarị site na okpomọkụ.
  3. Nkwadebe alkanes nkịtị Ọdịdị nke Wurtz njikọ usoro. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime mmeghachi omume mejupụtara ikpughe okirikiri ọkụ n'isi-nnọchianya hydrocarbon (abụọ ụmụ irighiri) sodium metal. Olee otú ike electropositive ion, sodium anabata halogen atọm si compound. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị wepụtara hydrocarbon radicals na-emechi n'etiti a nkekọ, alkane akpụ ọhụrụ Ọdịdị. Ihe Nlereanya: Kra 3 -CH 2 cl + Kra 3 -CH 2 cl + 2Na → Kra 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 + 2NaCl.
  4. Njikọ homologues nke aromatic hydrocarbons site Friedel-Crafts mmeghachi omume. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro - nke na-edo na-haloalkyl benzene na ọnụnọ nke aluminum chloride. Dị ka a n'ihi nke nnọchi Jeremaya mere, nke toluene na guzobe hydrogen chloride. Na nke a na ọnụnọ nke a mkpali dị mkpa. E wezụga benzene n'ụzọ a nwere ike oxidized na ya homologs.
  5. Nkwadebe Grenyara mmiri mmiri. Nke a reagent bụ a okirikiri ọkụ n'isi-nnọchianya hydrocarbon na a magnesium ion na mejupụtara. Ná mmalite ọ rụrụ mmetụta nke magnesium metal na ikuku na a emepụta haloalkyl. N'ihi bụ a mgbagwoju compound nke n'ozuzu usoro RMgHal, zoro Grenyara reagent.
  6. Mbelata na alkane (alkene, arene). Rụrụ n'okpuru edinam nke hydrogen. N'ihi bụ a hydrocarbon na site-ngwaahịa - hydrogen halide. Otu ihe atụ nke a n'ozuzu ụdị: R-Hal + H 2 → RH + HHal.

Nke a bụ isi na mmekọrịta, nke nwere ike mfe ịbanye halogenated hydrocarbons nke dị iche iche Ọdịdị. N'ezie, e nwekwara kpọmkwem Jeremaya mere, nke a ga-atụle nke ọ bụla nnọchiteanya.

isomer ụmụ irighiri

Isomerism halogenated hydrocarbons - a kpam kpam eke onu. Ọ maara na ndị ọzọ carbon atọm na yinye, na elu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isomeric iche-iche. Ke adianade do, unsaturated nnọchiteanya nwere otutu agbụ, nke na-aghọ a na-akpata isomers.

Isi ihe abụọ iche a onu a na klas nke ogige ahụ nwere ike mata.

  1. Isomerism buu na a carbon ọkpụkpụ nke isi yinye. Nke a na-nwere ike ekewet ọnọdụ nke multiple nkekọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ugbu a na molekul. Dị ka na mfe hydrocarbons, si atọ nnọchiteanya usoro ike idekọ ogige enwe yiri molekụla ma dị iche iche bughi formular okwu. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isomeric iche nke iwu nke ịdị ukwuu elu karịa kwekọrọ ekwekọ alkanes (alkenes, alkynes, arenes na na) na halogen hydrocarbons.
  2. Ọnọdụ nke halogen na molekul. Ya oche nọmba gosiri na aha, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe nanị otu, Njirimara nke a isomers ga-adị nnọọ iche.

Gbasara ohere isomerism ebe anyị na-adịghị ekwu okwu, dị ka halogen atọm ka a agaghị ekwe omume. Dị ka ndị ọzọ niile na organic ogige ke haloalkyls isomers iche bụghị naanị na Ọdịdị kamakwa anụ ahụ na chemical e ji mara.

Nkwekọrịta nke unsaturated hydrocarbon

Ndị dị otú ahụ ogige, n'ezie, a otutu. Otú ọ dị, anyị nwere mmasị halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ha nwekwara ike a ga-ekewa atọ isi dị iche iche.

  1. Vinyl - mgbe Hal atọm na-emi odude na na carbon atọm multiple nkekọ. GOSIRI molekul: Kra 2 = CCL 2.
  2. Na ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ọnọdụ. The halogen atọm na multiple nkekọ dị na-abụghị akụkụ nke molekul. Ihe Nlereanya: Kra 2 = Kra-Kra 2 -CH 2 -Cl.
  3. Allyl nkwekọrịta - a halogen atọm abụọ nkekọ na-emi odude site otu carbon atọm, na-echekwara na Alfa ọnọdụ. Ihe Nlereanya: Kra 2 = Kra-Kra 2 -CL.

Of otu dị mkpa bụ a compound dị ka vinyl chloride, Kra 2 = CHCL. Ọ bụ ike polymerization Jeremaya mere na-etolite dị mkpa, ndị dị ka mkpuchi, waterproof ákwà na na.

Ọzọ nnọchiteanya nke unsaturated halogenated nkwekọrịta - chloroprene. Formula ya - SN₂ = CCL-Kra = SN₂. Nke a compound bụ a na-amalite ihe maka njikọ nke rubbers nke dị iche na ọkụ na-eguzogide, ogologo ndụ, ala permeability ka, haruru.

Tetrafluoroethylene (ma ọ bụ Teflon), - a polima nke nwere a quality nkọwa. Ọ na-eji maka imewe nke bara uru cover n'ihi na teknuzu nkọwa, efere, a dịgasị iche iche nke ngwaọrụ. Formula - CF 2 = CF 2.

Aromatic hydrocarbons na ha emepụta

Aromatic ogige bụ ndị, nke na-agụnye benzene mgbanaka. Otu n'ime ha na-enwe na a dum ìgwè nke halogen. Isi ihe abụọ na ụdị nke ha na Ọdịdị nwere ike mata.

  1. Ọ bụrụ na Hal atọm na-bonded ozugbo na isi, i.e. na aromatic mgbanaka, mgbe ahụ compound na-akpọ haloarenes.
  2. The halogen atọm agbụ na mgbaaka na akụkụ yinye atọm, i.e. a buu effluent n'ime n'akụkụ alaka. Ndị dị otú ahụ ogige na-akpọ aryl alkyl halides.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị bekee na ajụjụ nwere ike na-akpọ ọtụtụ ndị nke nwere onye kasị ukwuu bara uru.

  1. Hexachlorobenzene - C 6 cl 6. Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke XX narị afọ e ji mee ka a dị ike na fungicide na ụmụ ahụhụ. Ọ nwere ezi disinfecting mmetụta, n'ihi ya, ọ na-eji maka mkpụrụ ọgwụgwọ tupu screenings. Nwere onye wetara isi, ezuru mmiri mmiri caustic, doo anya, nwere ike ime ka na-adọgbu adọgbu.
  2. Benzyl bromide C 6 H 5 Kra 2 br. Ọ na-eji dị ka ihe dị mkpa reactant na njikọ nke organometallic ogige.
  3. Chlorobenzene C 6 H 5 cl. Colorless mmiri mmiri umi-enwe kpọmkwem isi. Ji imewe nke e ji esiji ákwà, ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mma organic solvents.

Jiri na ụlọ ọrụ

Halogenated hydrocarbons iji ya ụlọ ọrụ na chemical njikọ ndị sara mbara nke ukwuu. About unsaturated na aromatic nnọchiteanya anyị kwuru. Ugbu a ịpụta n'ozuzu na ojiji nke ogige nke usoro isiokwu a.

  1. Na-ewu.
  2. Ka solvents.
  3. Na mmepụta nke textiles, roba, roba, colorants, polymeric ihe.
  4. N'ihi na njikọ nke ọtụtụ organic ogige.
  5. Fluorine nkwekọrịta (CFCs) - a refrigerants na friji na usoro.
  6. Mee ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, fungicides, mmanụ, varnishes, resins, lubricants.
  7. Gaa Nlụpụta egbochi ihe ihe, na otú pụta.

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