Ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic: arsenic Chemical Properties

Tupu anyị atụlee ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic, mata ya itie ke oge Isiokwu na bughi atụmatụ. Ọzọkwa, na-akpọ ihe ndị bụ isi na ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke chemical mmewere.

Ọnọdụ na SS

Basic ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic, chemical Njirimara, ngwa - niile a pụrụ ịchọta site na-achọ na ọnọdụ nke mmewere na oge usoro. Arsenic dị na ise na otu, ndị isi subgroup bụ a nnọchiteanya ezinụlọ nitrogen. O nwere onye ikwu atọm uka nke 74,9216. Basic arsenic ọxịdashọn ogo na-ejikọrọ na otu na nke ọ na-echekwara na MS. Nke a mmewere 33 nwere a Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike na ọkwa kwekọrọ ekwekọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge nke item emi odude, ọ bụ anọ.

Tụlee ndokwa nke electrons ọ bụla nuclear envelopu. On mbụ ume larịị bụ nnọọ abụọ paired electrons, a abụọ shei ahụ ogide asatọ: 2s na 6p. Na-atọ larịị, n'etiti ha, ọ na-emi odude iri d-electrons, nke ahụ bụ nanị afọ 18 ahụ. Mpụga ike larịị bụ a 2s-elektrọn, na atọ p-unpaired elektrọn. Nke ahụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke valence electrons-ekpebi na o kwere omume ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic.

peeji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ọ arsenic na-ezo aka na ise "alchemical" ọcha, mara ebe ndị Middle Ages. Ihe na-akpali na-ekwu bụ eziokwu na anọ n'ime ha na-na-ise otu nke SS. N'oge ndị ahụ na ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ikpebi na-ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic, ma njikọ e ọma na-eji maka imewe nke ọgwụ ọjọọ, na-eke agba.

Mgbe mgbanwe nke Stone Age na oze Age, mmadụ mụtara na-emepụta a alloy pụrụ iche e ji mara. Ọ na-enyo na ọ gụnyere ruo 7 percent nke arsenic na 3 percent tin. Ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na mgbe ndị mbụ n'oké ọla kama malachite, enwe green agba, na-ezighị were green ọla kọpa-arsenic sulfide mineral.

Ịtụnanya arụmọrụ nke dapụtara alloy mere ya na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị oge ochie nke nna ukwu. Ha na-kpọmkwem achọ na ọdịdị minerals nwere kwuru umi.

Ogo nke arsenic ogige na ọxịdashọn nke oma ụdị, agbanwe agbanwe na ya elu valency. Iji mata sulfides nwere arsenic, ịnweta ewe iwe. Ọdịdị nke kpọmkwem garlic isi bụ nkwenye nke ọnụnọ ke arsenic compound. Nke nta nke nta, site n'oké ọla Arsenous jụrụ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mere e ji nchupu nke mmepụta nke ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ na-adịgide adịgide na nsi nke nna ukwu na-arụ ọrụ.

eke minerals

Na ụdị nke ịnweta umi n'okpuru echiche na ọ na-mara site n'oge ochie. Ka ihe atụ, ọxịdashọn nọmba nke 3 na onyinye nke arsenic ngosi mara Ancient China dị ka "Stannaries ájá". Aristotle kwuru na sandarac ịnweta na-anọchite anya arsenic sulfide. Si sụgharịa Latin asụsụ aha ya na-ada ka "gold agba". Anyị itinye ya n'oge ahụ ka a odo e ji esiji ákwà.

Na nke iri na otu na narị afọ alchemists achọpụta atọ dị iche iche iche iche nke bekee. Ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic na ogige na-anọchite anya ndị a umu-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi na otu nọmba. Na-akpọ ya na-acha ọcha arsenic hexavalent oxide, sulfide akpọ odo na-acha uhie uhie - As4S4 (pararealgar).

White n'onwe adịghị e nwetara site sublimation na firing usoro nke ọla kọpa ores, nke ndị mejupụtara nke arsenic gụnyere. Dị ka odide si gaseous ala emee deposition nke arsenic oxide dị ka a na-acha ọcha e dere ede. O nwere kemgbe oge ochie e ji mee ihe dị ka ụzọ nke pesti akara.

Na nke iri na atọ na narị afọ, Albert Ukwu e nwetara metalloobraznoe umi. Ọ na-ewe iwe na ncha na-acha odo odo arsenic. The umi nwetara site na mmekọrịta amaghịkwa "omimi nkwurịta okwu" asaa mbara ala na ọla. Ikekwe nke a bụ n'ihi na-emegiderịta ekpughe oge ochie alchemists arsenic atụle "iwu na-akwadoghị" mmewere. Ọ bụ na ụbọchị ndị ahụ e kpughere ike inye ọla kọpa na-acha ọcha, n'ihi ya, ọ bịara mara dị ka a n'aka "whitening Venus."

Dị ka otu onye umi na chemical mmewere e kwuru naanị n'etiti iri na asaa na narị afọ. German ọgwụ Johann Schroeder ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche na ya, na-enwe ndị chemical Mbelata carbon oxides. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ọ ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche Nikole Lemeri metal kpo oku potash ncha, arsenic oxide. Na narị afọ nke 18, a metal a mara dị ka ihe ọhụrụ "ọkara".

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18 Swedish mmiri ọgwụ K. V. Sheele e nwetara arsenic acid, nke na-egosipụta kasị elu ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic +5. Na nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ organic bekee nke nwere arsenic na-kọwaa.

N'ịbụ agwa

Higher na ala ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic ime ke eke ogige. Na jikọrọ ọnụ pasent ịta nke a nyere mmewere adịghị gafere 5 grams kwa ton. Na ọtụtụ minerals, na ọ nwere ọnụ na nickel, cobalt, ọla kọpa, ígwè.

Ugbu a, e nwere ihe abụọ na narị abụọ dị iche iche eke minerals, nke na-agụnye ndị chemical mmewere atụle site anyị. Nyere na ha na-egosipụta kasị elu na kasị ala ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic, ha nwere dị iche iche ngwa. Dị ka ihe atụ, na njikọ na antimony arsenic egosi a na-adịghị mma ọxịdashọn ala. Ịtụle eziokwu na nke a metal bụ ala electronegativity, a ala ruo n'ókè nke ọxịdashọn nke arsenic bụ -3. Nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-ahụkarị maka arsenides, nakwa dị ka ịnweta allemontita.

Ọtụtụ ogige na ọla arsenic, nyere specificity nke ndị mejupụtara, bụ ihe intermetallic compound, ji mgbanwe ndị mejupụtara nke chemical mmewere.

Njirimara arsenide

N'ihi arsenide ji ọdịnaya nke ọtụtụ ọla-enwe yiri Ọdịdị nke crystal lattices. Ndị a mineral na-ji a dara luster, bụ opaque, nwere a ala ekweghị ekwe.

Dị ka ihe atụ nke eke arsenide nwere ike tụlee ogige:

• loellingite yiri pyrite;
• nickeline akpọ red nickel pyrite;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

N'ezie, nke a abụghị ihe ike ịgwụcha agwụcha ndepụta nke ndị dị otú minerals - ugbu a na emit banyere iri-na-ise nke ndị a ogige. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị nkịtị na ọdịdị nwere ike kwuru arsenopyrite akpọ arsenical pyrites. Ọ bụ ngwaahịa nwetara site n'ọnọdụ a sọlfọ atọm na pyrite arsenic. Ogige nke dị otú ahụ a plan, nke na-adịghị egosi na ndị kasị elu ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic a na-akpọ sulphosalts.

Ogbo ha kwere cobalt enwu gersdorffite, enargite na Proust. Nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe dị mkpa silver ore, emi odude ke n'elu oyi akwa nke dị oké ọnụ ahịa bi. Ọdịdị sulfosalts pụrụ ịgụnye magburu ọla nke platinum otu. Otu n'ime ha mmasị irarsite na orsit. Ha mejupụtara bụ obere ọla eji dị ka ndị magburu onwe akpali na organic na inorganic syntheses.

The kacha ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic ẹwụtde ke eke sulphides. Ka ihe atụ, epe-odo dimorph na-anọchite anya ihe arsenic sulfide (5). Na zitere nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, eke ego nke orpiment, gụnyere ya otu sulfide, trivalent arsenic, n'ebe ndịda nke Verkhoyansk iche a chọpụtara na. The size nke ahụrụ kristal bụ 60 sentimita n'ogologo, na ibu ibu na-eme atụmatụ na 30 n'arọ.

Njirimara arsenates

Ekwe Omume ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic salts nwere ike-atụle ihe atụ. N'ihi ya, arsenic acid ogige zoro arsenate ngosi karịa ọnụego maka metal: 5. Dị ka ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ ogige ugbu erythrite enwe a na-egbuke egbuke pink na agba. The nnu zoro cobalt agba, o nwere usoro Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Ọ dịkwa ike iji mara Gasparo aja aja-acha ọbara ọbara hue ka (Ce, La, nd) ArO _4.

Ke ufọt Sweden hụrụ langbanovskie ferromanganese ọrụ, ebe e dere ya na ji banyere iri ise dị iche iche arsenates. A ogige na-kpụrụ imeghachi omume arsenous acid na manganese hydroxide, (2) na ala okpomọkụ.

Gịnị na-egosi arsenate ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic? Njirimara ndị a salts-egosi ọnụnọ nke sọlfọ na ha. N'agbanyeghị enweghị ulo oru ngwa, ha aesthetic anya na-eme ka ha kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na-eke mineralogical ịnakọta.

Ihe na-akpali akụkọ nwere kupfernikel na ọkụ na ịnweta Nichelino. Medieval German miners Nickel akpọ ugwu nke mmụọ ọjọọ, na "adịgboroja ọla kọpa" na-akpọ "kupfernikelem". Nna-ukwu ekpughere oyiyi ọla kọpa-acha ọbara ọbara kristal nke ịnweta ọla kọpa ores. Na-eji ha na iko na-enye a ngwaahịa na-enwetara green. Naanị ke ufọt ufọt iri na asatọ na narị afọ mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche si ịnweta nickel.

Properties na ọdịdị

Arsenic bụ ukwuu inert, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike dị na ndị obodo na steeti. Dị otú ahụ metal akụkụ nwere si abụọ iri na isii percent nke adịghị, tumadi ha bụ ọlaọcha, ígwè, cobalt, nickel. Na mba anyị, a chọpụtara site geologists nwa afọ arsenic na Amur region, Transbaikalia.

Ọ nwere ike dị na nkume na mineral, na osisi, n'ihi ya, ọ na-ezi mgbe kwuru na dị ka a ubiquitous mmewere.

Gịnị bụ karịa na kacha nta ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic? The kasị elu uru kwekọrọ na otu nọmba, nke nọ n'ọrụ mmewere na-emi odude, na bụ +5. Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara maka ogige nke ọ na-egosi na mbenata Njirimara. GỤKWUO ogige nke a pụrụ iche metal ga-atụle mgbe e mesịrị.

The ụwa arsenic ekesa nnọọ n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị. Ihe kpatara ya bụ guzobe nke lithosphere na sorption na desorption Filiks aa na sediments na Ona.

N'ihi ihe ndị magburu onwe solubility nke metal na mmiri na ya n'egbughị migrates. Ihe atụ, na iru mmiri climates ya emee leaching si ala, sochiri ije ọnụ na ala, osimiri.

n'ahụ mmetụta

The ọkpụrụkpụ ego nke arsenic dị na ịnweta mmiri. E nwere ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ na ọdịnaya nke metal. Mgbe uku na ime ụkpụrụ e nwere a dị oké njọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ka ahụ mmadụ. N'oge chemical nnyocha, ọ hụrụ na na eke mmiri arsenic nwere ike ugbu a na ụdị dị iche iche. Gịnị kwesịrị ịbụ ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic? Njirimara nke ogige dị na mmiri iji gosi na ọnụnọ nke metal n'ụdị arsenous acid ngwọta.

Arsenic na ndụ n'ụdị nwere banyere 6 mg kwa 1 n'arọ. Part nke algae pụrụ ịnọ na-a umi kwuru na ndị dị otú ahụ ruo n'ókè nke na ọ pụrụ ịdị ize ndụ n'ihi na ahụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ nke umu hụrụ na Asian mba, na-enwe ike proliferate na a dị ọcha acid ngwọta. Ha na-eji dị ka a n'aka akara oke. Na ụbụrụ mmadụ anụ ahụ, na a zuru ezu ego nke metal na uru ahụ ya. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ugbu ke ntu efere na-akwakọba na ntutu isi.

anụ ahụ nkọwa

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na arsenic yiri a metal, ọ na-nwere a na-abụghị ndị dara ịrịba ama. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụghị ike nke na-akpụ salts na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid eme acidifying mmewere. Arsenic nwere ike ịdị iche iche allotropic mgbanwe chetara site. The kasị mụ bụ isi awọ arsenic, nke sublimes mgbe ewe iwe n'otu aka ahụ, ayodiin.

Site na nke a mgbanwe nke eletriki conductivity usụhọde ka ọla kọpa ma elu karịa mercury. N'elu jụrụ arsenic vapors nwere ike inwe soft uzo odo agba umi yiri odo site. N'oge kpo oku, ọ na-converted n'ime a dị iche iche allotropic mgbanwe nke chemical mmewere.

Mgbe arsenic Alụlụụ deposition na iko nwere ike na-edebe ihe ọdịdị nke mirror film.

arsenic ogige

Ogo ọxịdashọn nke arsenic na n'elu oxide bụ 5, nke ahụ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ya elu valence. Ma sublimation nke metal Alụlụụ na iru mmiri ikuku kpụrụ nwa film arsenic ya anhydride As2O _3. Ọ bụ na ndị dị otú a n'ụdị dị ihu ọma na oxide nke mmewere. Nke a oxide egosipụta amphoteric chemical Njirimara.

Na ọxịdashọn usoro ọ na-ghọrọ ka a elu oxide, nke na-egosi na ọ dị mkpa arsenic ọxịdashọn ala +5.

The dị ọcha metal na-oxidized na itughari nitric acid ka ortomyshyakovistoy acid H ₃ AsO _3, ebe o nwere a valence nke 3. ha chemical atụmatụ ọ na-atụle a na-ajụ ike acid analogously boric acid. Salts tụlee arsenite egosi na-egbuke egbuke nke mweghachi Njirimara.

The metal chloride nwere ọxịdashọn ala +3, eme ka a na-ahụkarị metal mmewere. Saltlike arsenides, kpụrụ mmeghachi omume na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọla-ata okenye hydrolysis. Ka ihe atụ, arsine (Ash ₃₎ bụ a na-egbu egbu colorless gas, nke na-enweghị isi.

organometallic ogige

Arsenic bụ ike nke na-akpụ dị iche iche organometallic ogige. Ka ihe atụ, ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 18 distillative oxide nke arsenic (3) potassium acetate, e nwetara fuming mmiri mmiri na-enwe onye wetara isi. Ihe ngwaahịa na aha ya bụ alarsinom. Ụdi ọmụmụ gosiri na ya nke arsenic bụ ugbu.

Ke mbubreyo iri na itoolu na narị afọ, aromatic arsines na-synthesized. Mmeghachi omume e rụrụ n'okpuru edinam nke a ngwakọta nke arsenic trichloride na ihe aryl halide na dara sodium. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na ngwaahịa nwere gosiri antimicrobial Njirimara. Ka ụbọchị, njikọ nke ọtụtụ iri puku ndị arsenic organic bekee.

The ojiji nke arsenic

Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị na-emepụta metal na-eji na ụdị dị iche iche ogige. Ya dị ọcha ụdị, ọ na-fọrọ nke nta mgbe eji. Obere obere ọ na-ẹkenam n'ime amị alloys. Ndị dị otú ahụ nwekwara nwere nti mmetụta na ekweghị ekwe nke okokụre ngwaahịa, ya mere ha mkpa imewe nke eletriki Gịnị na batrị.

The kacha nta dose of arsenic-eme ka mma corrosion eguzogide, melite thermal egosi, ọla na ọla kọpa. Ọ bụrụ na nke a mmewere anaghị nwere ọzọ adịghị, nke ikpe ya na-ekwu na imewe nke okporo ọkụ ngwaọrụ. Ka ịmepụta ha, arsenic na-alloyed na germanium ma ọ bụ sịlịkọn.

Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe dopant ike ígwè. Dị ka ndị bara Atụmatụ arsenic mkpa na ndị na-abụghị ferrous nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. N'agbanyeghị na ya ala ọdịnaya alloy nwere ike mma n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ike nke emebere ngwaahịa. Arsenic enwekwu fluidity n'oge mgbatị nke ọla kọpa, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji nweta a waya.

E nwekwara a na-ezighị ezi mmetụta nke mgbanwe a metal mmepụta. Ya edidu ke ore usoro amama n'ime a ize ndụ ụlọ ọrụ.

N'etiti dị iche iche arsenic ogige nke mmasị bụ ya trivalent oxide. Ọ bụ ugbu a na a na-eji ke iko ụlọ ọrụ. Salts na-egosi ina 5 dị ka antiseptics. Mgbanwe a mmewere bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na oge a na chemical ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi na ngosi sọrọ Njirimara dabere na usoro eruba nke ọkara.