Igneous rocks

Ka ụbọchị, ndị magmatic nkume bụ kasị umu, nke mejupụtara ihe 65% nke mkpokọta olu nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ndị bekee na-kpụrụ si mmiri mmiri magma na bụ n'ihi ya crystallization.

Igneous nkume na usoro nke ha guzobere

Ọ bụ mba na nzuzo na na ngiri-afọ-nke ụwa bụ magma - a viscous umi, nke nwere a mgbagwoju silicate okụre, mma gas na mmiri vapors. ebe wụrụ awụ magma okpomọkụ nwere ike 1200 degrees Celsius. Dị ka a n'ihi nke dị iche iche geological Filiks (e.g., na divergence nke tectonic efere, mgbawa ugwu eruptions) akpali wụrụ awụ magma ka elu.

Dị ka okpomọkụ ịrị elu nke umi dara magma - ya mere e nwere usoro nke crystallization na e guzobere ọhụrụ mineral. N'ụzọ bụ isi crystallized umi na a elu agbaze ebe - ya amphibole na pyroxene. Nke a na-eme ka anya dị ka dum uka nke magma anaghị ghọọ a na-eguzogide ọgwụ oké nkume.

Igneous nkume na ha mebere atumatu

The nkume na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site ha mebere atumatu, nke bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi dabere na ndị na-agba na nke sikwuo ike magma. Ọ bụrụ na umi bụ mma nwayọọ nwayọọ, na-ebili site n'ụwa, ọ na-eduga ná guzobe nnukwu kristal. Ma ngwa ngwa jụrụ nwere na-abụghị mmetụta - obere kristal na-guzobere.

Ma, ọtụtụ mgbe ebili na obi jụrụ magma bụ mbuaha. Dabere na size nke kristal, igneous nkume na-ekewa n'ime:

• ravnozernistuyu enwe Ọdịdị - ha iso nke kristal na-akwanyere ndị otu size (e.g., plutonic);
• inequigranular enwe Ọdịdị - ha nwere kristal ná mgbanwe nke nha.

Nhazi ọkwa nke igneous nkume site na usoro nke ugwu na obi jụrụ magma:

1. Solid - ii mgbe magma a na-atụpụ na-aga n'ihu iyi. N'etiti ndị a umu-esonụ ụdị:

• miri - na magma cools na omimi. Ndị a gụnyere diorite na konkiri;
• effusive - magma na-mma na ụwa (porphyrite, basalt).

2. Vulkanooblomochnye ụdị - aha ya na-egosi otú ndị magma abịa nke Ụwa n'ime ime. Wụrụ awụ rock bilitere n'ụdị sprays na splashes, ịjụ oyi na ikuku. Ha bụ:

• rụrụ rock (ájá na ntụ si n'ugwu);
• sikwuo (e.g., mgbawa ugwu tuff).

Igneous nkume na mineralogical mejupụtara

Ka ụbọchị, e nwere ebe anọ isi ụdị nke mineral. Fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla igneous rock esịnede ha. Ha bụ:

• Quartz - a ịnweta esịnede crystalline silica. Nke a opaque kristal na a typical iko luster. Umi-adịru mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na unaffected site asịd (ewepu hydrofluoric acid).
• Feldspar - a nnukwu ìgwè minerals, nke na-ji ala (tụnyere quartz) ekweghị ekwe na nke zuru okè cleavage. Ha na-ese na-egbuke egbuke shades nke dị iche iche na agba. Feldspars na-ekewa n'ime plagioclase na orthoclase. Ndị a mineral na-adị mfe weathered, mbịne ụrọ.
• Mica - ịnweta na zuru okè cleavage na ala ekweghị ekwe. The kasị nnọchiteanya nke otu a - muscovite (uzo mica) na biotite (nwa). Ọ bụrụ na oké nkume mee nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mica, ya n'ibu Njirimara njọ budata.
• Pyroxene na amphibole - rock na-akpụ minerals, nke nwere a yiri chemical mejupụtara. A, nke a magnesium silicates ma ọ bụ abụọ salts nke calcium na magnesium.

Igneous nkume dị nnọọ iche si sedimentary karịsịa ya chemical mejupụtara: ha na-ekewet nke silicates ma ọ bụ aluminum silicates.