Igwe na-agba ume: okirikiri, ọrụ, arụmọrụ. Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwe. Kedu ihe bụ ezigbo igwe ọkụ?

The mkpa maka ojiji nke n'ibu ike na mmepụta emewo ka ntoputa nke kwes ígwè ọrụ.

Ngwaọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ọkụ

Igwe na-eme ka ọkụ dị (ngwaọrụ nke ọkụ) bụ ngwaọrụ maka ịtụgharị ume n'ime ume n'ime ike.

Igwe ọkụ ọ bụla nwere ọkụ, ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ (gas ma ọ bụ uzuoku), nke sitere na kpo oku na-arụ ọrụ (na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ turbine ahụ, na-ebu piston na ihe ndị ọzọ) na friji. Ihe osise dị n'okpuru na-egosi atụmatụ nke ọkụ ọkụ.

Ihe omuma nke ihe oru uzo di iche iche

A na-eji ígwè ahụ arụ ọrụ igwe ọ bụla. Iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ka ọ nwee nrụgide dị n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke piston engine ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. A na-enweta ọdịiche a na engines niile dị ka ndị a: okpomọkụ nke ọrụ ọrụ na-ebili site na ọtụtụ narị ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ puku ogo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Na gas turbines na esịtidem combustion engines (ICE) bụ na-abawanye na okpomọkụ n'ihi na eziokwu na mmanụ ụgbọala na-ọkụ n'ime engine. Friji nwere ike ịbụ ikuku ma ọ bụ nzube pụrụ iche iji condensing ma mee ka mmiri dị jụụ.

Ọdịdị nke Carnot

Cycle (okirikiri usoro) - nhazi nke mgbanwe na ala nke gas, n'ihi nke ọ na-alaghachi na ya ala mbụ (ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ). N'afọ 1824, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Sadi Carnot gosiri na usoro nke ọkụ ọkụ (Carnot cycle), nke mejupụtara usoro abuo - nke dị nfe na adiabatic, bara uru. Onu ogugu n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi eserese nke Carnot: 1-2 na 3-4 - isotherms, 2-3 na 4-1 - adiabats.

Dika iwu nke nchekwa na ume, oru nke ndi oru thermal nke engine na-aru bu:

A = Q ₁ - Q _2,

₁ ebe Q - ego nke okpomọkụ nke na-natara si okpomọkụ, na ₂ Q - ego nke okpomọkụ nke na-ruo mgbe friji.
Nrụ ọrụ nke ọkụ ọkụ bụ nha nke ọrụ A, nke engine na-arụ ọrụ, na ole okpomọkụ nke natara n'aka onye na-ekpo ọkụ:

η = A / Q = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1.

N'akwụkwọ ya "Echiche banyere ọkụ ọkụ na ígwè ọrụ nwere ike ịmalite ike a" (1824), Carnot kọwara otu igwe a na-akpọ thermal igwe nke a na-akpọ "ezigbo igwe ọkụ nke nwere gas dị mma nke na-arụ ọrụ." N'ihi na iwu nke thermodynamics nwere ike gbakọọ arụmọrụ (karịa o kwere omume) na okpomọkụ engine okpomọkụ nke nwere a okpomọkụ T _1, na friji na-enwe a okpomọkụ T _2. Thermal machine Carnot nwere arụmọrụ:

η _max = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Sadi Karno gosipụtara na a chọrọ thermal ezigbo igwe, nke na-arụ ọrụ na a na-enye okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ T ₁ na condenser na okpomọkụ T ₂ bụ anaghị enwe ike arụmọrụ nke ga-gafere na arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engine (ezigbo).

Igwe combustion nke dị n'ime (ice)

ICE anọ na-efe efe nwere otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ cylinders, piston, usoro crank, ihe oriri na ikpochapu valve, na kandụl.

Nhazi ọrụ ahụ nwere usoro anọ:

1) ngwakọta - ngwakọta combustible abanye na cylinder site na valve;
2) mkpakọ - ma valves na-emechi;
3) stroke na - arụ ọrụ - combustion mgbawa nke ngwakọta combustible;
4) ikpochapu - ikpochapu ikuku oku n'ime ikuku.

Steam turbine

N'elu turbine na steam, mgbagwoju ume na-adabara na ihe dị iche na nrụgide nke mmiri vapo na ntinye na mpụta.
Ihe omimi nke turbines nke oge a ruru 1300 MW.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ nhazi nke igwe turbine 1200 MW

• Mgbagha ahụ (ọhụrụ) bụ 23.5 MPa.
• Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke steam bụ 540 Celsius C.
• Mmiri ụba nke turbine bụ 3600 t / h.
• The rotor ọsọ bụ 3000 rpm.
• Mkpụrụ vaịn na condenser bụ 3,6 kPa.
• Ogologo nke turbine bụ 47.9 m.
• Igwe nke turbine bụ 1900 tọn.

Igwe ọkụ ahụ nwere igwe ntinye ikuku, ebe a na-agba ọkụ na ikuku gas. Ụkpụrụ nke arụ ọrụ: ikuku na-adiabatically banye n'ime compressor, ya mere okpomọkụ ya dị elu 200 ° C ma ọ bụ karịa. Ọzọ, na abịakọrọ ikuku abatakwa combustion ulo ebe elu nsogbu n'out oge ọnọ mmiri mmiri mmanụ ụgbọala - kerosin photogen mmanụ. Mgbe mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ ruo na okpomọkụ nke 1500-2000 ° C, gbasaa, ya na ọsọ ya na-abawanye. Ikuku na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ, a na-ezigakwa ihe ọkụkụ ahụ na turbine. Mgbe ha na-agbanwe site na nrịgo ahụ gaa n'ọdụ ahụ, ihe ndị na-eme ka combustion na-enye ụbụrụ ha na-eme ka ume ha dị ike. Akụkụ nke ume nke turbine na-enweta na-aga na ntụgharị nke mpịakọta; A na-eji akụkụ nke fọduru mee ihe iji gbanwee rotor nke generator eletrik, ụgbọ elu ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri, wiil nke ụgbọ ala.

A pụrụ iji turbine gas, na mgbakwunye na ngbanwe nke wiil ụgbọ ala na ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ ihe nkedo ụgbọ mmiri, dị ka igwe jet engine. A na-ahapụ ụgbọ elu na ihe ọkụkụ na nnukwu ọsọ site na gas turbine, ya mere, a ga-eji arụ ọrụ na-emepụta usoro a maka njem ụgbọelu (ụgbọelu) na mmiri (ụgbọ mmiri) ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, engines na-emepụta An-24, An-124 (Ruslan), An-225 (Nrọ). Ya mere, "Nrọ" na ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ nke 700-850 km / h nwere ike ibufe 250 tọn ibu dị nso nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 15,000. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọelu kachasị elu n'ụwa.

Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ígwè ọrụ

Mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnọdụ ihu igwe bụ ọnọdụ nke ikuku, karịsịa njide carbon dioxide na mmiri vapo. Ya mere, ngbanwe nke ọdịnaya carbon carbon dioxide na-eduga n'ịdịwanye njọ ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ike gwụ na-eme ka okpukpu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ pụta, nke carbon dioxide na-etinye n'ime okpomọkụ nke ụwa na-abanye na mbara igwe, na-egbu ya na ikuku ma si otú ahụ mee ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke elu na ala dị elu nke ikuku dịkwuo elu. Ọdịiche nke mmetụta griin na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mbelata mgbatị. Na enweghị ya, nkezi okpomọkụ nke ụwa agaghị abụ + 15 Celsius C, mana ala site na 30-40 Celsius C.

Ugbu a n'ime ụwa, e nwere ihe karịrị nde 300 n'ụgbọala dị iche iche, nke na-emepụta ihe karịrị ọkara nke mmetọ niile nke ikuku.

N'ime 1 afọ n'ime ikuku si thermal ike si combustion nke manu na-ekenyela 150 nde tọn sọlfọ oxides, 50 nde tọn nke nitrogen oxide, 50 nde tọn ash, 200 nde tọn carbon monoxide, 3 nde tọn Feona.

Igwe nke ikuku na-agụnye ozone, nke na-echebe ndụ niile dị n'elu ala site na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụzarị ultraviolet. N'afọ 1982, J. Farman, onye na-eme nchọpụta nke Bekee, chọpụtara otu olulu nke dị n'elu Antarctica - obere oge na ozone na ikuku. N'oge oge kachasị elu nke oghere ozone na October 7, 1987, ọnụọgụ ozone dị na ya belatara site na isi 2. Osimiri ozone ma eleghị anya sitere na ihe anthropogenic, gụnyere iji chlorine nwere chladones (freons) na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke na-emebi oyi akwa ozone. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha nke 1990s. Okwenyeghị echiche a. O yikarịrị ka ọdịdị nke oghere ozone anaghị emetụta ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ usoro okike. N'afọ 1992, a chọtara oghere ozone n'elu Arctic.

Ọ bụrụ na ozone niile na mbara igwe na-anakọta na oyi akwa dị n'elu ụwa ma na-eme ka ikuku dị elu na ikuku na ihu igwe na 0 Celsius C, oke nke ozone shield ga-abụ 2-3 mm! Nke ahụ bụ ọta dum.

A bit nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ...

• July nke 1769. Na Meudon park na Paris, onye agha engine N.J. Cunyo na "ụgbọ ọkụ ọkụ," nke nwere ngwa abụọ ụgbọ mmiri vaịn, na-ebu ọtụtụ mita mita.
• Afọ 1885. Karl Benz, onye sayensi Germany, wuru mmanụ ụgbọ ala mbụ nke anọ na-adọkpụ ụgbọala atọ nke ụgbọala Motorbigen nwere ikike nke 0,66 kW, nke na January 29, 1886 nwetara patent. Ịgba ụgbọ ala ahụ ruru 15-18 km / h.
• 1891 afọ. Gottlieb Daimler, onye Germany na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ, mepụtara ụgbọala ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè na-eji ígwè eletrik 2.9 kW (4 horsepower). The ọsọ kacha ụgbọala esịmde 10 km / h, na ikike na dị iche iche ụdị bụ site 2 to 5 tọn.
• Afọ 1899. Belgian K. Zhenatzi n'ụgbọala ya "Jame Contant" ("Na-enweghị afọ ojuju") maka oge mbụ meriri ọsọ ọsọ 100-kilomita.

Ihe atụ nke nyocha nsogbu

Nsogbu 1. The okpomọkụ nke okpomọkụ ezigbo okpomọkụ engine bụ hà 2000 K, na friji okpomọkụ - 100 Celsius C. Kpebisie ike.

ngwọta:
Ụdị a, nke na-ekpebi ịrụ ọrụ nke igwe ọkụ (kachasị):

n = T ₁ T ₂ / T _1.
Ŋ = (2000AT-373К) / 2000 К = 0.81.

A: engine arụmọrụ - 81%.

Task 2. N'ime igwe ọkụ, mgbe ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, a natara 200 kJ nke okpomọkụ, a kpụgakwara 120 kJ nke ọkụ na friji. Kedu ọrụ nke engine?

Ngwọta:
Usoro iji chọpụta arụmọrụ bụ:

Ŋ = Q1 - Q2 / Q1.
n = (2 × 10 ⁵ J - 1.2 x 10 ⁵ J) / 2 x 10 ⁵ J = 0.4.

A: The thermal arụmọrụ nke engine - 40%.

Nsogbu 3. Gịnị bụ arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engine, mgbe na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ si okpomọkụ mgbe na-anata ego nke okpomọkụ nke 1.6 MJ rụrụ ọrụ 400 King James Version? Kedu ka okpomọkụ si agafe na friji?

Ngwọta:
Enwere ike kpebisie ike site na usoro ahụ

n = A / Q _1.

n = 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J / 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J = 0,25.

A na-ekpebi ụdị okpomọkụ a na-ebufe na refrjiraeto site na usoro

Q ₁ - A = Q _2.
Q ₂ = 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J - 0.4 · 10 ⁶ J = 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.
A: The okpomọkụ engine nwere arụmọrụ nke 25%; ukwu nke okpomọkụ zigara friji - 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.