Iku ume - a bụ usoro nke ndụ

Iku ume - bụ a mgbagwoju multistage n'ahụ usoro nnoo mejupụtara na absorption nke oxygen si na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ya ụdi òkè redox Jeremaya mere.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ pụta ụwa bụghị naanị na elu na ụmụ anụmanụ, ma n'ihi na niile aerobic ntule, gụnyere unicellular ya mere anyị nwere ike ikwu na nke a bụ isi usoro nke na-amị elu-ike ogige. Guzobere na-eku ume usoro ume iwesa ọtụtụ mkpa nke organism. Banyere 20% nke oxygen iwesa ụbụrụ, n'ihi na na-ebu elu-ọsọ pulses nọrọ a otutu substrates. A onye na-eku ume pụtara na abụọ isi n'ụzọ: mpụga ume (a usoro nke gas mgbanwe n'etiti mgbidi nke alveoli na akpa ume capillaries) na esịtidem - n'ihu iga nke oxygen na niile mkpụrụ ndụ na arọ.

Na-eku ume na cellular larịị

Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ bụ n'ihi na akụkụ na anụ ahụ, ma ndị cellular respiration - usoro a na molekụla na atọm etoju na oxygen a chọrọ maka elektrọn iga agbụ ígwè na mkpochapu na-ezighị ezi ndebe nke O2 na mmiri na-etolite a elu-ike ogige. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na na-aga n'ihu eruba n'ime ndị a Jeremaya mere achọ pụrụ iche na-edozi na proton-enye onyinye. Na-eku ume elu ntule na respiration Filiks nke ahụ, tụrụ na a micrometer, ndị budata dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, bacteria dị iche na nke 3 ụdị mmekọrịta oxygen. Jighi aerobes molekụla oxygen na-enwetara na: a metụtara ojiji oxygen (carbon dioxide, sọlfọ oxide na al.), Molekụla ha otu ihe ahụ na-egbu egbu. Mixed ụdị eku ume facultative bacteria-agụnye iji ihe ma ibikwa na molekụla oxygen dabere na ọnọdụ.

Usoro nke mmadụ respiration

N'ihi ya, mpụga respiration - a usoro nke na-ebu site Ọdịdị nke ahụ karị na uru nke ǹgụ na diaphragm, nke mgbali na ngụgụ tụlee, na, haruru na-akpali n'ime. Ume e kupụrụ ekupụ - reverse usoro nke ikuku (tumadi carbon dioxide) gbatịrị atugharị. Kwesịrị airway gas eruba bụ laminar, i.e. yiri mgbidi nke bronchi na ihe omume nke ihe mgbochi (obturation mba ọzọ ihe, ìgwè imi) ime ka ọgba aghara eddies. Blood oxygen saturation pụtara na akpa ume, whereupon ya oxygenated bufee site capillaries na-aga n'ime ibu arịa na-emecha abatakwa n'obi. Site n'ebe ahụ ọ na-aga na aorta na-abatakwa systemic mgbasa.

daa ọrịa

Ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti na-eku ume na ventilashion. Nke abụọ - nke a bụ usoro nke mbenata intercostal uru na miri obi ịgbanwe ya size, ikuku eruba nke oghere eji ekunye ume na bronchi na alveoli. N'aka nke ya, ume - usoro a abụghị obere ọrụ, ma ọ bụ gas mgbanwe na alveolar-capillary larịị. Akpata ogbenye ventilashion ike ọrịa na akụkụ okuku ume na tract ọnya, obi deformation, ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ mmachi (emphysema, ụkwara ume ọkụ, bronchitis), systemic scleroderma. Oke akpa ume ventilashion nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị nchịkwa ọnọdụ: ọrịa, na pharmacological edinam nke ọgwụ ọjọọ, overexcitation ọnọdụ, elu ahụ siri ike.