Inweta Plevna Russian agha: nkọwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpali eziokwu

The kpọọ nke Plevna ndị agha Alexander II tụgharịa mmụba nke agha megide ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. Long nnọchibido ekwu na ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị agha na abụọ. Nke a mmeri kwere Russian agha ka na-emeghe ụzọ Constantinople na nyak na Balkans si Turkish yoke. The ọrụ na-ebe e wusiri ike ghọrọ a agha akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị ihe ịga nke ọma. The results nke mkpọsa nwere ruo mgbe ebighị ebi gbanwere geopolitical ọnọdụ na Europe na Middle East.

prerequisites

Up ruo n'etiti iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ndị ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman achịkwa ukwuu nke Balkans na Bulgaria. Turkish mmegbu emekọ fọrọ nke nta niile South Slavic iche iche. The Russian Alaeze Ukwu mgbe egwuri ọrụ nke nchebe nke ndị Slav, na mba ọzọ amụma na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu lekwasịrị anya a tọhapụsịrị ha. Otú ọ dị, ná ngwụsị nke gara aga agha, Russia ka furu efu a nsoro na Black Sea na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndịda. Ọ na-aka nkwekọrịta nke mmekorita n'etiti Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu na Great Britain. N'ihe banyere ad Russian War, na British na ụgwọ-enye agha inyere aka Turks. Ọnọdụ a precluded ekwe omume nke Ịchụpụ nke Ottoman si Europe. Na nloghachi, na Turks kwere nkwa na-akwanyere ikike nke Kraịst ma na-akpagbu ha n'ihi okpukpe.

mmegbu nke ndị Slav

Otú ọ dị, afọ 60 nke narị afọ nke 19 ka ndị ji ọhụrụ mkpagbu nke ndị Kraịst. Ndị Alakụba ukwuu ùgwù tupu iwu. N'ụlọikpe ndị Christian votu megide Muslim enweghị ibu ibu. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị ọnọdụ n'ala ji nke Turks. Enweghị afọ ojuju na ọnọdụ a mere ka uka ngagharị iwe na Bulgaria na Balkan mba. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1975 na-amalite ihe nnupụisi na Bosnia. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na April, na-ewu ewu na nnupụisi ekpuchi Bulgaria. Na njedebe, na Turks aghara aghara efịk nsogbu, na-egbu ọtụtụ iri puku mmadụ. Dị otú ahụ arụrụala megide Christian mere discontent na Europe.

N'okpuru nrụgide nke echiche ọha na eze United Alaeze jụ pro-Turkish iwu. Ọ unties aka nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu, nke na-akwadebe a nkuzi megide Ottoman.

Akasiaha agha

April malitere nke iri na abụọ Russian-Turkish agha. Inweta Plevna n'ezie wuchaa ya na ọnwa isii. Otú ọ dị, tupu a ọ na-aga a ogologo ụzọ. Ka turu ime site Russian n'isi ụlọ ọrụ, ndị agha ndị na-awakpo abụọ ntụziaka. Ìgwè nke mbụ na-aga site na Romanian n'ókèala Balkan, na ndị ọzọ kụrụ Caucasus. On ma ndị a asakde iso ese ndị na-agaghị emerili nsogbu. Balkan iche egbochi ngwa ngwa see Caucasus, na "quadrilateral" nke ewusiri ike - si Romania. Ọzọkwa, ọnọdụ e mgbagwoju anya site na o kwere omume aka nke United Kingdom. N'agbanyeghị nke ọha nsogbu, na British ka nọgidere na-akwado ndị Turks. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa iji merie n'agha dị ka ngwa ngwa o kwere omume, ndị Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu capitulated tupu mbata nke reinforcements.

ngwa mmalite

Ewere Plevna ekenịmde agha nọ n'okpuru iwu nke General Skobelev. Ná mmalite July, Russian gafere Danube gaa n'ụzọ Sofia. Na mkpọsa a sonyeere ha na Romanian agha. Ná mmalite, ndị Turks na-aga ịhụ na ha jikọrọ aka na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Danube. Otú ọ dị, ngwa ngwa tupu amanye Osman Pasha agbahapụ na ebe ewusiri ike. N'ezie mbụ kpọọ nke Plevna bụ ihe June 26. J.Randall ije n'okpuru iwu Ivana Gurko ba n'obodo. Otú ọ dị, nkewa dị naanị iri ise Scout. Almost n'out oge na Russian Cossacks n'obodo gụnyere atọ battalions nke Turks, onye chụpụrụ ha.

Ịghọta na-ewere Plevna Russian nye zuru usoro uru, Osman Pasha kpebie ogide obodo tupu mbata nke isi agha. N'oge a agha ya nọ n'obodo nke Vidin. Site n'ebe ahụ, Turks ndị na-enwe ọganihu, tinyere ndị Danube iji gbochie Russian cross. Otú ọ dị, ihe ize ndụ nke encirclement amanye Alakụba ịhapụ mbụ plan. First July 19 battalions protrude si Vidin. N'ihi na ụbọchị isii ha nọ karịrị abụọ na narị abụọ kilomita site ogbunigwe, ibu, bu adaa n'ala na na. Mgbe chi bọrọ on July 7 Turks banyere ebe e wusiri ike.

Mgbe Russian nwere ohere iwere obodo tupu Osman Pasha. Otú ọ dị, ileghara egwuri ụfọdụ ọchịagha. N'ihi na enweghị nke agha ọgụgụ isi, Russian na-aghọta na oge nke Turks ije na obodo. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, inweta nke ebe ewusiri ike nke Plevna na Turks gafere enweghị a agha. Russian General Yuri Schilder-Shuldner mbubreyo dị maka ụbọchị. Ma, mgbe oge a Turks ama igwu na na-elu iji chebe onwe ọnọdụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ deliberation n'isi ụlọ ọrụ kpebie oké ifufe ebe ewusiri ike.

The mgbalị mbụ ọgụ

Russian agha gaa ije obodo si abụọ n'akụkụ. General Schilder-Shuldern enweghị echiche banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Turks na obodo. Ọ na-aga nri n'igbe nke agha, mgbe ekpe bụ na a anya anọ kilomita. Dị ka na mbụ e, kọlụm abụọ na-n'out oge na-abanye n'ime obodo. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọhụma kwadebere kaadị ha dị nnọọ na-eto iche. Around elekere otu isi kọlụm bịara n'obodo. Na mberede, ha na-wakporo site Turks tupu nkeji na were Plevna na awa ole na ole tupu. A agha dara, nke ka toro ihe ogbunigwe duel.

Schilder-Shuldner enweghị echiche banyere omume nke ekpe kọlụm, ya mere, nye iwu ka ha pụọ na shelled ọnọdụ na melite mara ụlọikwuu. The n'aka ekpe n'igbe n'okpuru iwu nke Kleyngauza biaruru obodo si Grivitsa. Ọ e zitere Cossack ọgụgụ isi. Narị ndị agha abụọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ osimiri n'ihi nzube nke ngagharị kacha nso obodo nta na ebe e wusiri ike na ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ nụrụ ụda nke n'agha, ha gbaghachi azụ onwe ha.

na-akpasu iwe

Night na July 8, e kpebiri wakpo. Grivitsa na akụkụ bịara ekpe kọlụm. The n'ozuzu na ọtụtụ ndị ikom ahụ wee dị n'ebe ugwu. Isi ihe nke Osman Pasha ndị nso obodo Opanets. Against ha na n'ihu elu atọ kilomita wee banyere puku mmadụ asatọ na Russian. N'ihi na larịị Schilder-Shuldner furu efu ya ike awụgharị. Ndị agha ya na-aga ka a frontal agha. N'elekere ise nke ụtụtụ malitere ogbunigwe nkwadebe. Vanguard malitere imegide Russian Bukovlek na awa abụọ kụrụ aka na Turks. Ndị ụzọ Pleven e meghere. Arkhangelogorodskaya ndi agha gara isi batrị nke onye iro. Ndị agha gbara na a anya si ogbunigwe ọnọdụ nke Ottoman. Osman Pasha maara na space kara na ya n'akụkụ ma nye iji counterattack. Nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị Turks abụọ regiments kwagara n'ime a ndagwurugwu ahụ. General ka ịrịọ nkwado nke ekpe kọlụm, ma onye iro a na-aga n'ihu kwa ngwa ngwa. Ya mere Schilder-Shuldner nyere iwu a ichighaazu.

Uda nke ọzọ ka iyi tojubigara ókè

N'otu oge Kridener ịka si Grivitsa. N'elekere isii nke ụtụtụ (mgbe isi agha na-ama malitere ogbunigwe nkwadebe) Kọkeshịan agha gbuo nri ka iyi tojubigara ókè nke Turkish agbachitere. Mgbe unstoppable onslaught nke Ottoman Cossacks na a egwu malitere ịgbaga ebe ewusiri ike. Otú ọ dị, na oge nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na Grivitsa Schilder-Shuldner ama gbaghachi azụ. Ya mere, hapụrụ kọlụm na-adapụ ha mbụ na ọnọdụ. Inweta Plevna Russian agha nọ na-akwụsị na-arọ weere maka ikpeazụ. N'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-emetụta enweghị ọgụgụ isi na ntugheriukwu ngwọta General.

Nkwadebe nke a ọhụrụ na-akpasu iwe

Mgbe otu ọma wakpo malitere na-akwadebe maka a ọhụrụ agha. Russian agha natara bukwanu reinforcements. Uru ndi agha na ogbunigwe nkeji. The obodo gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ malitere surveillance nke niile ụzọ, karịsịa maka ndú Lovcen. Ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ọ mụụrụ nyoputa onyeiro na ike. Ịnọgide mgbanwe nke ọkụ ike nụrụ n'oge ehihie na abalị. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ omume na-maara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ottoman agha n'obodo.

The ọhụrụ wakpo

Mgbe na-akwadebe maka Russian mwakpo, ndị Turks ngwa ngwa wuru wusiri ike. Construction weere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ nke ụkọ akwara na mgbe nile bombardments. July iri na asatọ malitere ọzọ wakpo. Inweta Plevna Russian ga pụtara adịkwa agha. Ya mere, Osman Pasha nyere iwu ndị ikom ya na-alụ ọgụ na ọnwụ. Ndị agha nọ na-kpọkwasịwo ogologo ogbunigwe nkwadebe. Ndị agha bugara n'ime agha na abụọ flanks. Ndị agha nọ n'okpuru iwu nke Kridener jisiri weghara mbụ ga-echebe. Otú ọ dị, na nso nso redoubt ha zutere site na ihe karịrị egbe ọkụ. Mgbe ọbara clashes Russian nwere ịkwaga azụ. Skobelev wakpoo ekpe ka iyi tojubigara ókè. Ndị agha ya kụrụ afọ n'ala na-agbaji site na-agbachitere akara nke Turks. The agha kere ụbọchị dum. Site ná mgbede, ndị Turks ulo oru a counteroffensive na ụgbọala ndị agha Krindera si ha trenches. Russian nwere agbahapụ ọzọ. Mgbe nke a meriri, ndị ọchịchị rịọrọ enyem-aka nke Romanians.

mgbochi

Mgbe mbata nke Romanian agha mgbochi na kpọọ nke Plevna ghọrọ apụghị izere ezere. Ya mere, Osman Pasha kpebiri ịkwụsị nke a nọchibido e wusiri ike. Iri Atọ na-akpa August agha ya mere a ntoonu. Mgbe ahụ, na isi-agha si n'obodo na see kacha nso outposts. Mgbe a obere agha, ha na-enwe ike sọ Russian, na ọbụna weghara a otu batrị. Otú ọ dị, reinforcements pụtara na oge na n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Melee n'ihu. The Turks mebiri na ọsọ gbalaa obodo, na-ahapụ n'ọgbọ agha fọrọ nke nta ka iri na ise na narị nke ha agha.

N'ihi na a zuru nnọchibido ọ dị mkpa weghara Lovcen. Ọ bụ site na ya Turks natara reinforcements na ndokwa. Obodo ahụ ji site Turkish agha na inyeaka nkeji bashi-bazouks. Ha na-eme ihe ndị magburu onwe ọrụ punitive arụmọrụ megide ndi nkiti bi, ma ngwa ngwa hapụrụ ọnọdụ na atụmanya nke nzuko na mgbe agha. Ya mere, mgbe August 22 Russian wakporo obodo, Turks ọsọ e-enweghị ọtụtụ ndị na-eguzogide. Mgbe kpọọ nke obodo malitere nnọchigide-n'agha na kpọọ nke Plevna bụ naanị a okwu nke oge. Iji Russian reinforcements bịarutere. Mee natara na Osman Pasha.

The kpọọ nke ebe ewusiri ike nke Pleven: December 10, 1877

Mgbe a zuru gburugburu obodo Turks e kpamkpam ebipụ n'èzí ụwa. Osman Pasha jụrụ atọgbọ wee na-ewusi ndị e wusiri ike. Mgbe a na isi na obodo mgbaba 50,000 Turks megide 120 puku Russian na Romanian agha. Around obodo ya e wuru nnọchibido wusiri ike. Site n'oge ruo n'oge Plevna ogbunigwe shelling. The Turks bịara oriri na mgbọ. The agha ahụhụ si na ọrịa na agụụ.

Osman Pasha kpebiri tiekwa mkpu nke nnọchibido, ịmara na-apụghị izere ezere na-eru nso kpọọ nke Plevna. Itunanya ụbọchị e setịpụrụ maka December 10. N'ụtụtụ Turkish agha guzosie ike stuffed na ulo-agha wee malite ịpụta nke obodo. Ma na ụzọ ha na-aghọ Little Russian na Siberia shelf. Ma Ottoman wee na zuru onwunwe na a nnukwu ibu. N'ezie, ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya maneuverability. Mgbe agha, ebe a itunanya e zigara reinforcements. Akpa, Turks ndị ike tuo na-atụ detachments, ma mgbe agha na iyi tojubigara ókè malitere agbahapụ ka di ala ala. Mgbe Nsonye na ogbunigwe agha na Turks efehe erratically, n'ikpeazụkwa nyefere.

Mgbe mmeri a, General Skobelev nyere iwu usọrọ December 10 dị ka ụbọchị nke Military History. Edetu Plevna na Bulgaria na n'oge anyị. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a mmeri, ndị Kraịst ọkọdọ Bibie Muslim mmegbu.