Iron ogige. Hardware: anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara

The mbụ ngwaahịa nke ígwè na ya alloys e n'oge gwupụtara na ụbọchị site banyere 4th narị afọ iri BC. Nke ahụ bụ, site na ndị Ijipt oge ochie na Sumerians eji meteoric ego nke umi na-emepụta ọla na ihe n'ụlọ, nakwa dị ka ngwá agha.

Taa, iche iche na ụdị ígwè ogige ma dị ọcha metal - a bụ ihe kasị nkịtị na-eji ihe onwunwe. Sịkwa XX narị afọ ígwè e weere. N'ezie, ruo mgbe biakwa obibia na ebe nile plastic na metụtara ihe, a compound bụ nke bụrụkwa mkpa ụmụ mmadụ. Gịnị bụ ọrụ mmewere na nke Nleta umi, anyị na-atụle na nke a akwụkwọ.

Chemical mmewere ígwè

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ihe owuwu nke atọm, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ dee na ya na ọnọdụ na oge usoro.

1. Serial nọmba - 26.
2. Oge - anọ kasị ibu.
3. Group nke asatọ, ndị subgroup sideline.
4. Atomic ibu - 55,847.
5. Ọdịdị nke mpụga electronic shells denoted site usoro 3d ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Chemical mmewere akara - Fe.
7. Aha - ígwè, na-agụ usoro - "Ferrum".
8. Na ọdịdị, e nwere ebe anọ anụ isotopes nke mmewere na uka nọmba 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical mmewere ígwè na-nwere banyere 20 dị iche iche isotopes ndị na-adịghị ike. Ekwe Omume ọxịdashọn nke pụrụ igosipụta ifịk atọm:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Mkpa abụghị naanị mmewere onwe ya, ma ya dị iche iche ogige ma alloys.

nkịtị Njirimara

Dị ka a dị mfe umi, ígwè nkịtị Njirimara nwere a akpọ metallism. Nke ahụ bụ, ọlaọcha-acha ọcha na isi awọ tint metal enwe elu malleability na ductility na elu agbaze na esi isi. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle àgwà na ihe nkowa, mgbe ahụ:

• agbaze okpomọkụ - 1539 ⁰ C;
• Esi - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Arụ Ọrụ - nkezi;
• refractoriness - ukwuu;
• ngosi akpọ magnetik Njirimara.

Dabere na ọnọdụ na okpomọkụ, e nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe nke Nleta ígwè. Physical Njirimara nke ha si dị iche na nke bu eziokwu na dị iche iche crystalline lattice.

1. The Alfa ụdị, ma ọ bụ a ferrite dị ka okpomọkụ nke 769 ⁰ C.
2. Si 769 na 917 ⁰ C - beta ụdị.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-ụdị, ma ọ bụ austenite.
4. N'elu 1394 ⁰ C - sigma ígwè.

All mgbanwe dị iche iche crystal lattice Ọdịdị ụdị, dị ka nke ọma dị ka dị iche iche magnetik Njirimara.

chemical Njirimara

Ka e kwuru, a mfe ígwè compound egosipụta elu reactivity. Otú ọ dị, finely kewara ụdị bụ ike nke na spontaneously edita na ikuku na dị ọcha oxygen Burns na metal onwe ya.

Corrosion ike dị elu, otú ahụ ka alloys kpuchie a umi alloying ogige. Iron bụ ike na-emekọ ihe:

• asịd;
• oxygen (gụnyere ikuku);
• sọlfọ;
• halogens;
• mgbe iwe - nitrogen, site, carbon na sịlịkọn;
• salts na obere reactive ọla, na-eweghachiri ha mfe bekee;
• nnukwu uzuoku;
• na salts ígwè na ọxịdashọn ala +3.

O doro anya na, na-egosipụta ọrụ dị otú ahụ, bụ ike na-etolite dị iche iche metal ogige ma pola iche iche na Njirimara. N'ihi ya, ọ na-eme. Iron na ya ogige dị nnọọ iche iche na-eji dị iche iche ubi nke sayensị, nkà na ụzụ, mmadụ ulo oru ọrụ.

Nkesa na ọdịdị

Natural ogige nke ígwè na-nnọọ nkịtị, n'ihi na ọ bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu mmewere n'ụwa mgbe aluminum. Dị ọcha ụdị metal ọ dị oké ụkọ na meteorites, na-egosi ya nnukwu ụyọkọ ọ bụ na mbara igwe. Otutu ihe ndị mejupụtara na-dị na ores, nkume na mineral.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere pasent nke mmewere na ọdịdị, ọ bụ ike nyekwa ndị na-esonụ ọgụgụ.

1. The nuclei nke terrestrial mbara ala - 90%.
2. The Earth jikọrọ ọnụ - 5%.
3. Na Ụwa mantle - 12%.
4. The ụwa isi - 86%.
5. The osimiri mmiri - 2 mg / L.
6. Na oké osimiri, na oké osimiri - 0,02 mg / l.

Kacha nkịtị ụdị ígwè ogige ndị na-esonụ minerals:

• magnetite;
• limonite na limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit na ndị ọzọ.

Ọ bụ n'ebe dị anya na-a zuru ezu ndepụta, n'ihi na ha bụ n'ezie ndị na nke ukwuu. Ke adianade do, ebe dị iche iche alloys na na-kere mmadụ. Nke a, kwa, dị ígwè ogige, na-enweghị, bụ nke siri ike iche n'echiche oge a ndụ ndị mmadụ. A na-agụnye abụọ na isi ụdị:

• igba ígwè;
• ígwè.

Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ a bara uru na mgbakwunye na nke ígwè na mejupụtara nke ọtụtụ nickel alloys.

ígwè ogige (II)

Ndị a gụnyere ndị nke ọxịdashọn ala bụ +2 akpụ mmewere. Ha na-zuru ezu ọtụtụ, n'ihi na ha na-agụnye:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• ọnụọgụ abụọ compound;
• mgbagwoju salts;
• mgbagwoju ogige.

The formulas nke chemical ogige nke ngosi si ígwè ọxịdashọn ala n'ihi na onye ọ bụla na klas nke mmadu. Tụlee ihe ndị kasị mkpa na-ahụkarị n'anya.

1. Iron oxide (II). Black ntụ ntụ, unyi anaghị agbasa na mmiri. Ọdịdị nke njikọ - isi. Nwere ike na ngwa ngwa oxidize Otú ọ dị, na-ebelata ka a dị mfe umi nwekwara ike mfe. Ọ dissolves na acid-etolite kwekọrọ ekwekọ nnu. Formula - FeO.
2. Iron hydroxide (II). Ọ bụ a na-acha ọcha amorphous ịkpali. Salts kpụrụ mmeghachi omume na bases (alkali). Na-egosipụta na-adịghị ike isi Njirimara, ike nke na ngwa ngwa oxidized ikuku ka ígwè ogige bụ +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Salts mmewere na kwuru ọxịdashọn. Ha na-na ọtọ-green ngwọta na-ọma oxidized ọbụna ikuku, na- ọchịchịrị aja aja na agba na-agafe ka 3. The ígwè nnu etisasịwo na mmiri. Ihe Nlereanya nke ogige: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

The bara uru n'etiti kpọrọ bekee nwere ihe ogige. First, ígwè chloride (II). Ọ bụ isi soplaya ion na ahụ mmadụ, onye ọrịa ahụ anaemia. Mgbe ọrịa a na-chọpụtara na a ndidi, ọ ọgwụ mgbagwoju preparations, nke dabeere na compound na ajụjụ. N'ihi ya, e replenishment ígwè erughi ke idem.

Nke abuo, ígwè sulfate, i.e. ferrous sulfate (II), na ọla kọpa na-na-egbu pests a kụrụ akụ. The usoro na-egosi ịdị irè bụ akpa iri na abuo afọ, n'ihi ya, ọ na-nnọọ ekele Gardeners.

Mohr ji nnu

Nke a compound, nke bụ a hydrated ígwè sulfate na ammonium. Formula ya dere dị ka ₄ FeSO * (NH _{4) 2} NKE ₄ * 6H ₂ O. Otu ígwè ogige (II), nke na ọtụtụ-eji omume. Isi ebe ojiji kwesịrị nwoke.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. Ọmụmụ sayensị na laabu titrimetric analysis (ikpebi ọdịnaya nke chromium, potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - dị ka ihe mmako nri n'okpuru ụkọ ígwè na ahụ nke onye ọrịa.
4. Maka impregnation nke osisi na ngwaahịa, dị ka Mohr ji nnu na-echebe megide ire ere Filiks.

E nwere ndị ọzọ ebe nke umi na-eji. Aha ya na ọ na-aha mgbe German mmiri ọgwụ, mbụ chọpụtara Njirimara gosipụtawo.

Bekee na a ogo ọxịdashọn nke ígwè (III)

Njirimara nke ígwè ogige nke ọ nwere ọxịdashọn ala +3, iche dịtụ n'elu. Ya mere, ọdịdị nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ oxide na hydroxide adịghị isi ma amphoteric kwuru. Ka anyị na-akọwa na isi bekee.

1. Iron oxide (III). Ntụ ntụ ezi-na-grained, ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja na agba. The mmiri unyi anaghị agbasa, weakly acidic na-egosi Njirimara karịa amphoteric. Formula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). A umi na ịkpali n'oge edinam nke alkalis ka kwekọrọ ekwekọ ígwè salts. Ọdịdị nke ya akpọ amphoteric, agba aja aja-aja aja. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Salts nke na-agụnye cation Fe ^3+. Dị otú ahụ plurality ekenyela, ma e wezụga carbonate, dị ka hydrolysis emee ma na-amị carbon dioxide. Ihe atụ nke ụfọdụ salts nke usoro: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (NKE _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, na ndị ọzọ.

N'etiti ihe atụ ndị dị irè okwu bụ ihe dị mkpa dị otú ahụ crystalline ka FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ O, ma ọ bụ ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). Ọ na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-akwụsị ọbara ọgbụgba na replenishment ígwè ion na ahụ na ikpe nke anaemia.

Nonahydrate ígwè sulfate (III) na-eji maka adi-ọcha nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ, dị ka eme ka a coagulant.

ígwè ogige (VI)

Formula chemical ogige nke ígwè, ebe ọ na-egosipụta otu ọxịdashọn steeti +6, nwere ike e dere dị ka ndị a:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ na ndị ọzọ.

Ha niile nwere a nkịtị aha - ferrates - na nwere yiri Njirimara (ike mbenata mmadụ). ha nwekwara ike akuru na nwere a bactericidal mmetụta. Nke a na-enye ohere ha na ojiji maka ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na onye na ulo oru n'ike.

mgbagwoju ogige

Ezigbo mkpa na gbasara nyocha onwu, ma ọ bụghị naanị na pụrụ iche bekee. Dị otú ahụ na ụdị ke okenye nnu ngwọta. Nke a mgbagwoju compound ígwè. Ndị kasị ewu ewu na mma-amụ ndị a bụ ndị na-esonụ.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Aha ọzọ maka na njikọ - odo ọbara nnu. Ọ na-eji maka qualitative mkpebi siri ike nke ígwè ion na ngwọta Fe ^3+. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ngwọta na-aghọ mara mma na-egbuke egbuke-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba na e hiwere site ọzọ mgbagwoju - Prussian-acha anụnụ anụnụ KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Kemgbe oge ochie na-eji dị ka a ji esiji ákwà maka ákwà.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Aha ọzọ - ọbara uhie nnu. Eji dị ka a qualitative mbo reagent Fe ²⁺ ígwè ion. N'ihi bụ a-acha anụnụ anụnụ ịkpali ndị nwere aha turnbuleva acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ọ na-eji dị ka a ji esiji ákwà maka ákwà.

Iron bụ a akụkụ nke organic bekee

Iron na ya ogige bụ, dị ka anyị hụworo, ndị dị oké bara uru na aku na uba na ndụ nke onye. Otú ọ dị, ke adianade do, ya ndu ọrụ ahụ abụghị obere ukwu, dị nnọọ iche.

E nwere ihe dị nnọọ mkpa organic compound, a protein, nke na-agụnye nọ n'ọrụ mmewere. Nke a haemoglobin. Ọ bụ ekele ya na-aga na iga nke oxygen na mere edo na-adọ mgbanwe nke gas. Ya mere, ọrụ nke ígwè dị oké mkpa Filiks - ume - bụ nnukwu.

Dị nnọọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ nwere ihe 4 grams ígwè, nke a ga-mgbe niile na-replenished site nri gwusia.