Iwu kachasị yitebe

The Great Dictionary of okwu Ẹkot (Latin na-ada ka aequivalens) na-akọwa otú ihe Ẹkot, ma ọ bụ Ẹkot bụ ihe Ẹkot ọzọ, na ọ nwere ike mfe dochie. Na onwu, iwu nke kachasị yitebe (ihe kemgbe mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18, ọ na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ide chemists na ọkà si mba dị iche iche na ozizi na omume) kwuru na ihe niile ọgwụ eme, dabere n'otú ha kachasị yitebe. Mepee iwu a German mmiri ọgwụ I. Richter, onye ọrụ nwere ogologo a mara. Na ya atọ olu ọrụ bipụtara na oge site na 1792 ka 1794 afọ, bụ "Principles of stoichiometry, ma ọ bụ a na usoro maka ịtụ chemical ọcha", Ọmụmụ gosiri na ọgwụ na-eme dị mfe ruru. Ha na-ẹkenam a okwu ndị dị ka "stoichiometry". Ugbu a ọ bụ a dum ngalaba nke onwu, nke na-akọwa ruru nke reactants abanye chemical mmekọrịta.

Richter mbụ n'ọrụ ya me quantitative mmeghachi omume arụmarụ. Ha na-anọchi anya a nhazi entry nwere qualitative na quantitative ọmụma banyere Filiks aa na na mmekọrịta dị iche iche ọgwụ na-akpọ reagents. Ọbụna n'oge ndị alchemical sayensị iji gosi mfe ọcha na-eme nnyocha na-eji dị iche iche na akara e mesịrị Formula mgbagwoju (esịnede ọtụtụ ọcha) bu chọpụtara kemịkal. Ma I. V. Rihter (n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nkụzi ya na ọkà ihe ọmụma Immanuel Kant, bụ onye kwuru na ụfọdụ ebe nke eke sayensị nwere ihe dị ukwuu n'ezi sayensị dị ka ọ na e dere mgbakọ na mwepụ) na-eji na tesis nke chemical formulas na okwu ahụ bụ "stoichiometry", kọwara mmeghachi omume nke quantitative akụkụ ma meghee a iwu kachasị yitebe. The usoro, Ọ na-egosipụta nwere ike dere, sị: E2 • M1 = E1 • m2. Ebe M1 na m2 - ibu bekee bụ "1" na "2", unreacted, na A1 na A2 - ọ bụ ha chemical kachasị yitebe.

Iji ghọta iwu kachasị yitebe, ọ dị mkpa iji dee na Ẹkot - bụ a ot n'ezie nọmba ma ọ bụ a umi nke nwere ike itinye ndị hydrogen cation na acid-alkali mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ elektrọn dị ka a n'ihi nke redox Jeremaya mere. Ẹkot uka - a uka nke otu Ẹkot. Ọ na-kweere na otu Ẹkot mkpatụ umi (ma ọ bụ displaces) na 1 gram nke hydrogen ma ọ bụ oxygen na 8 grams ma ọ bụ 35,5 grams nke chlorine. Na omume, ego nke umi Ẹkot ugboro ugboro nwere nnọọ obere size, n'ihi ya, ọ na-emekarị kwuru na ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ. Na otu ahumachi nwere a mgbe nile na-ego nke ahụ (atọm, ion ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri) bụ hà ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Avagadro: NA = 6,02214179 (30) × 1023. Ibu ibu nke otu ahumachi nke umi, kwupụtara na grams, bụ numerically hà ya ibu na atọm uka nkeji.

Dabere na kachasị yitebe nke iwu, anyị nwere ike ikwu na acid-isi titration eru site na akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume: Koh + HCl → KCl + H2O, n'ihi na mmekọrịta nke 1 ahumachi nke potassium hydroxide na 1 ahumachi nke hydrochloric acid na-enwetara 1 ahumachi nke nnu akpọ potassium chloride, na 1 ahumachi mmiri. Nke ahụ bụ, na Ẹkot arọ nke potassium hydroxide nhata E Koh = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g hydrochloric acid - E HCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g, potassium chloride - E KCl = 39 + 35 = 74 g, mmiri - E H2O = • 2 1 + 16 = 18 ka kpamkpam neutralize 56 g nke potassium hydroxide mkpa iji 36 g nke hydrochloric acid. N'ihi ga-abụ 74 g nke potassium chloride na 18 g mmiri. Ma ebe ọ bụ na iwu na ibu bekee, unreacted proportional ka ha kachasị yitebe, mgbe ahụ, ebe ọ maara na ego nke reagent nwere ike gbakọọ ego ole ga-aba mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ nke abụọ reagent gbakọọ ngwaahịa mkpụrụ.

Ka ihe atụ, dị ka uche potassium chloride, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-amara na hydrochloric acid kpamkpam neutralized site 100 g nke potassium hydroxide? Iji iwu kachasị yitebe, nwere ike dere, sị: 56 • mKCl = 74 • 100. Mgbe ahụ mKCl = (74 • 100) / 56 = 132 A of hydrochloric acid ka neutralize potassium hydroxide chọrọ 100 64 100 Ọ bụrụ na obodo g potassium hydroxide neutralize na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O, a ga-achọ a dị nnọọ iche ego nke acid. Dị ka e gosiri site stoichiometric ọnụọgụ nke a mmeghachi omume, 2 ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke potassium hydroxide eme 1 ahumachi nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na n'ihi bụ a 1 ahumachi nke potassium sulfate na 2 ahumachi mmiri. Ịmara ihe arọ nke unreacted bekee proportional Ẹkot igwe, onye nwere ike ide: 2 • 56 • 98 • mH2SO4 = 100, mgbe ahụ, 100 na neutralize potassium hydroxide chọrọ mH2SO4 = 88 g nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Nke a Nleta 155 g nke potassium sulphate. The ego nke mmiri kenyere site neutralization nke 100 g nke potassium hydroxide hydrochloric ma ọ bụ na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, ga-abụ otu na hà 32 g.

Emetụta kachasị yitebe Mee onwu (gbasara nyocha, inorganic, organic, wdg) maka ọmụmụ ihe na ndị ọzọ nwere dabeere na ngụkọta oge nke itule nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Ke adianade do, ọ na-eji (maka nkwadebe nke ihe onwunwe ọtùtù) ke imewe na ime ihe nke laabu, pilot ma ọ bụ ulo oru nrụnye maka njikọ nke chemical bekee. Ha mgbe niile na-eji ọkachamara nke chemical, ọgwụ, ndu, ịdị ọcha-epidemiological laboratories, ebe ọ bụ ndabere nke formulas site nke ngụkọta oge nke ọtụtụ ule results.