Mejupụtara ihe: ihe ọ bụ, Njirimara, mmepụta na ojiji

Mejupụtara ihe na-eji dị iche iche ọrụ. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Nke a ihe onwunwe na ndabere nke ọtụtụ mmiri, nke na-eme ha ịrụ ọrụ na nhazi e ji mara. The ndabere matriks composites dabeere a metal, polima ma ọ bụ seramiiki. Ọzọ excipients mkwado a rụrụ n'ụdị emep uta eri, ajị ihu, dị iche iche ahụ.

N'ihi na composites - n'ọdịnihu?

Ductility, ike, obosara akporo ngwa - nke a bụ dị iche iche karịa oge a ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe. Gịnị ka ọ bụ na okwu nke mmepụta? Ndị a ihe iso nke dara ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị dara mkpụrụ. Aka eji eme ihe yarns, emep uta eri ma ọ bụ flakes nke ukwuu ike. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe nwere ike ịbụ na-akwanyere ùgwù plastic, nke a sikwuo ike na bornite, carbon, iko eriri, ma ọ bụ aluminum mesikwuru na nchara ma ọ bụ beryllium eri. Ọ bụrụ na ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke mmiri, composites nwere ike kwadebere dị iche iche ike, ekwedo, iguzogide abrasion.

The isi ụdị nke

Nhazi ọkwa na-dabere na ha mejupụtara matriks nke nwere ike dara na nonmetallic. Materials nke metal matriks dabeere na aluminum, magnesium, nickel na ha alloys nweta ọzọ ike n'ihi na eriri ihe ma ọ bụ refractory ahụ nke na-adịghị igbari na isi metal.

Composites na a nonmetal matriks na-dabeere Polymers, carbon ma ọ bụ seramiiki. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ewu ewu na polymeric matriks epoxy, polyamide na phenol formaldehyde. Ụdị nke mejupụtara e nyere n'ihi na matriks, nke na-eje ozi dị ka a na njikọ umi. N'ihi na obi ihe eji eriri tows, yarns, multilayer ákwà.

Production nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe dabeere na ndị na-esonụ na nkà na ụzụ na usoro:

• Impregnation nke nwee ume emep uta eri site matriks ihe onwunwe;
• n'ịkpụzi na a ebu teepu na hardener matriks;
• oyi na ịpị mmiri na n'ihu sintering;
• electrochemical mkpuchi nke emep uta eri na n'ihu akpa;
• matriks deposition site plasma spraying na ụdi Mbelata.

Gịnị sikwuo?

N'ọtụtụ ebe nke ụlọ ọrụ na e ji composites. Gịnị ka ọ bụ, anyị kwuru. Ndị a bụ ihe dabere na ọtụtụ mmiri na bụchaghị obi tara mmiri pụrụ iche emep uta eri ma ọ bụ kristal. Si ike na ekwedo nke emep uta eri na-adabere na ike nke composites onwe ha. Na niile composites, dabere na ụdị hardener nwere ike kere:

• on steklovoloknity;
• karbovoloknity na carbon emep uta eri;
• borovoloknity;
• organovoloknity.

Uprochnitelnye ihe nwere ike tọgbọrọ abụọ, atọ, anọ ma ọ bụ karịa eri, ndị ọzọ n'ime ha, ka ike na ndị ọzọ pụrụ ịdabere ga-mejupụtara ihe na iji.

osisi composites

Anyị kwesịkwara banyere osisi mejupụtara. Ọ na-enwetara site na ijikọta dị iche iche nke ngwaọrụ, nke a osisi-eme dị ka ndị isi akụrụngwa. Onye ọ bụla osisi-plastic mejupụtara na-ekewet atọ ọcha:

• comminuted osisi ahụ;
• thermoplastic polima (ịkwanyere, polyethylene, polypropylene);
• mgbagwoju chemical nwekwara n'ụdị a mmegharị - na ha ihe mejupụtara 5%.

The kasị ewu ewu na ụdị osisi composites - a ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara osisi. Ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche na ọ na-agwakọta Njirimara na osisi na Polymers, nke budata kọwakwuru akporo nke ya ngwa. N'ihi ya, dị iche iche osisi densities (na ya isi resin akụrụngwa na-emetụta ndị njupụta na osisi ahụ), mma iguzogide ekwe. Mgbe ihe a bụ environmentally friendly, na-azọpụta udidi, na agba na-esi ísì ụtọ nke osisi. The ojiji nke ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara mbadamba nnọọ mma. N'ihi polima nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara osisi okụt a elu larịị nke anwụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-eguzogide. Ọ ga-eji ihe ịchọ mma nke mpụga, ubi ụzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ha na akaụntụ maka a nnukwu ibu.

mmepụta Atụmatụ

Wood composites nwere a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị site na ijikọta ha na a polima isi osisi. N'etiti ihe nke ụdị nwere ike kwuru chipboard, fibreboard nke dị iche iche densities, efere si gbakwasara osisi ibe na osisi-plastic mejupụtara. Production nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe ndị a ụdị a rụrụ ọtụtụ nkebi:

1. Shredded osisi. N'ihi nke a, ndị crusher. Mgbe ndinuak osisi sieved na kewara ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ọdịnaya nke ngwaọrụ - n'elu 15%, na ọ na-mịrị amị nke ọma.
2. Dosed na weere isi mmiri na kpọmkwem n'ike-n'ike.
3. The okokụre ngwaahịa na-abịakọrọ na Ị maka nnweta nke ngosi.

Key Atụmatụ

Anyị kọwara ndị kasị ewu ewu polima mejupụtara ihe. Gịnị bụ ya, ugbu a, o doro anya. N'ihi na layered Ọdịdị nwere ike mkwado nke ọ bụla oyi akwa yiri na filaments. Ọ bụ uru na-ekwu banyere ndị e ji mara oge a composites, nke na-ji:

• a elu uru nke ike ọdụdọ na ike ọgwụgwụ ịgba;
• elu nke ekwedo;
• ike, nke na-enweta site mkwado n'ígwé;
• n'ihi na ike nwee ume eriri composites nwere nnukwu iguzogide tensile nsogbu.

Composites dabeere na ọla nwere nnukwu ike na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, si otú ha bụ ihe fọrọ inelastic. N'ihi na Ọdịdị nke ahụ esiwọrọ mbelata mgbape Mgbasa ọnụego, nke na mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosi na matriks.

polima ihe

Polymer composites na-adade ke a dịgasị iche iche nke nhọrọ na-emepe elu oké ohere ka ha were na dịgasị iche iche sitere na site dentistry ka mmepụta ugbo elu. Igbo composites dabeere Polymers rụrụ site iche iche bekee.

The kasị ekwe ebe ojiji nwere ike ga-atụle ka ewu, mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ, okporo ụzọ na okporo ígwè iga. Na òkè nke ndị a ọrụ na akaụntụ maka banyere 60% nke eji polima mejupụtara ihe.

Ruru ya elu iguzogide corrosion polima composites, a ezigbo onye na oké elu nke na ngwaahịa, nke na-enwetara site na-akpụ, na-amụba pụrụ ịdabere na anwụ ngwa ngwa nke ikpeazụ ngwaahịa.

Tụlee ihe na-ewu ewu ụdị nke polymeric ihe.

GRP

N'ihi na mkwado mejupụtara ihe na-eji iko esiwọrọ kpụrụ si wụrụ awụ inorganic iko. The matriks dabeere thermosetting resins na thermoplastic sịntetik Polymers nke na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site elu ike, ala thermal conductivity, elu eletriki mkpuchi Njirimara. Ná mmalite, ha na-eji na imewe nke poolu radomes ka a dome ekara owuwu. N'ụwa taa nke iko plastik na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ, shipbuilding, ezinụlọ na ngwá na ngwaahịa ihe egwuregwu, ngwá electronic.

N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, faiba glaasi emepụta na ndabere nke deposition. Karịsịa irè bụ usoro a na obere na-ajụ usoro mmepụta, n'ihi na ihe atụ hulls nke ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ mmiri, cabins maka ụzọ iga, ụgbọ okporo ígwè e ji ebu ihe. spraying technology bụ adaba echekwa, ebe ọ dịghị iko ihe a na-ebipụ.

carbon composites

Njirimara nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe dabeere na Polymers eme ka o kwe eji ha dịgasị iche iche. Ha na-eji dị ka dịanyā carbon esiwọrọ ewepụtara sịntetik na eke emep uta eri dabeere na cellulose, pitches. The eriri bụ okpomọkụ emeso ke ọtụtụ nkebi. E jiri ya tụnyere faiba glaasi carbon composites iche ala njupụta na a elu modulus nke lightness na ike nke ihe onwunwe. N'ihi na pụrụ iche arụmọrụ e ji mara carbon composites na-eji n'ibu injinịa na rocketry, ohere na mmepụta nke ọgwụ na ahụ ike na ngwá, anyịnya igwe na egwuregwu na ngwa.

Boroplastiki

Nke a multi-akụrụngwa ihe nke dabeere boron esiwọrọ ẹkenam n'ime a thermoset polima matriks. The emep uta eri onwe ha na-ọkọnọ filaments, tows, nke na-akpa inyeaka iko eri. Ọtụtụ ekweghị ekwe yarn enye ike na-eguzogide nke ihe onwunwe na ike ike ihe, ma boroplastiki na-emebi emebi, nke sikwuoro nhazi. Boron emep uta eri na-oké ọnụ, ya mere akporo ngwa na-ejedebeghị ihu ọma boroplastikov aerospace ụlọ ọrụ.

organoplastics

Na ndị a composites dị ka fillers eme tumadi eri - tows, yarns, akwa, akwụkwọ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kpọmkwem Njirimara ndị a Polymers nwere ike kwuru ala njupụta, mfe tụnyere iko na carbon eriri, elu ike ọdụdọ na elu iguzogide ihe ịtụnanya na ike ibu. A ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe na ọtụtụ-eji na ubi ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka n'ibu injinịa, shipbuilding, akpakanamde engineering, ohere technology na mmepụta, chemical engineering.

Gịnị bụ arụmọrụ?

Mejupụtara ihe ruru ka pụrụ iche mejupụtara ike ga-eji dị iche iche ubi:

• ke imewe nke ugbo elu akụkụ na ugbo elu engines;
• Space Technology n'ihi na mmepụta nke ibu-amị ngwaọrụ, nke bụ isiokwu kpo oku;
• akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ ike a fechaa ozu, okpokolo agba, ogwe, bumpers;
• Ngwuputa ụlọ ọrụ na mmepụta nke-egwu ngwá ọrụ;
• obodo engineering ike a àkwà mmiri e jikọrọ abụọ abụọ, prefabricated ọcha na elu ụlọ.

The ojiji nke composites na-eme ka o kwe omume dịkwuo ike nke engines, ike osisi, mgbe mbenata ibu nke ugbo ala na akụrụngwa.

Gịnị bụ atụmanya?

Dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke nọ nke Russian ụlọ ọrụ, na ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe onwunwe bụ a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ihe. Ọ na-zubere na site 2020 ga-amụba na olu nke ụlọ mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara ụlọ ọrụ. Ugbua, mba ulo oru pilot Ngo iji na-emepe emepe a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe.

The ojiji nke composites na-expedient na ọtụtụ dị iche iche ebe, ma ọ bụ kasị dị irè na ọrụ metụtara elu technology. Ka ihe atụ, taa, ọ dịghị ụgbọ elu bụ kere n'ejighị composites, na ụfọdụ ji banyere 60% nke polima composites.

N'ihi na o na-na ijikọta dị iche iche nwee ume ọcha na matriks mejupụtara nwere ike kwadebere na a akpan akpan set nke e ji mara. Na nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji ndị a ihe dị iche iche ubi.