Plastics technology, ụdị, mmepụta na ojiji

Polymeric ihe - a elu molekụla chemical ogige iso nke ọtụtụ malomolekulyarnyh monomers (nkeji) nke otu Ọdịdị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị Polymers na-eji imewe nke ndị na-esonụ monomer mmiri: ethylene, vinyl chloride, vinildenhlorid, vinyl acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Ke ibuotikọ emi anyị ga-atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe polymeric ihe, nakwa dị ka ha chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara, nhazi ọkwa na ụdị.

ụdị Polymers

A atụmatụ nke ụmụ irighiri nke ihe onwunwe bụ nnukwu molekụla arọ, nke kwekọrọ na ndị na-esonụ bara uru: M> 5 * 103. Ogige na a ala larịị nke a oke (M = 500-5000), kwuru na dị ka oligomers. Na ala-molekụla ibu ogige bụ ihe na-erughị 500. na-esonụ ụdị nke polymeric ihe: sịntetik na eke. Nke ikpeazụ na-emekarị kwuru na eke roba, mica, ajị, Asbestos, cellulose, na t. D. Otú ọ dị, ndị bụ isi na sịntetik Polymers ogide ohere agwa nke na-enwetara site na usoro nke chemical njikọ nke ogige nke ala molekụla larịị. Dabere na usoro nke n'ichepụta elu-molekụla ihe, na-na-akwanyere ùgwù Polymers na-ma ọ bụ site polycondensation, ma ọ bụ site na mgbakwunye na mmeghachi omume.

polymerization

Usoro a bụ ihe òtù ala molekụla ibu mmiri na elu molekụla ibu na-enye ogologo ígwè. The ukwu nke polymerization larịị - bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "Mer" na ụmụ irighiri nke mejupụtara. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị polymeric ihe nwere ọtụtụ puku na iri puku kwuru iri puku nke nkeji. Site na polymerization, ndị na-esonụ ogige na-eji: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, na ndị ọzọ.

polycondensation

Usoro a bụ nzọụkwụ omume, nke bụ a compound ma ọ bụ a ukwuu nke yiri monomers, ma ọ bụ a ụzọ nke iche iche iche (A na B) na polycondensors (macromolecule) na n'otu oge guzobere ndị a site-ngwaahịa: methyl mmanya, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, amonia, mmiri na et al. Iji nweta polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides na ndị ọzọ na polymeric ihe.

polyaddition

N'okpuru a usoro ịghọta guzobe Polymers na otutu adianade Jeremaya mere, nke monomeric mmiri nke nwere reactive mkpakọrịta ịgba, na monomers nke unsaturated otu (ifịk cycles ma ọ bụ abụọ nkekọ). N'ụzọ dị iche na polycondensation, polyaddition mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe na-enweghị orùrù nke site-ngwaahịa. Ọrụ kacha mkpa nke a technology kwere n'ịgwọ epoxy resins na polyurethanes n'ikuku.

nhazi ọkwa nke Polymers

Na mejupụtara, niile polima ihe na-ekewa n'ime inorganic, organic na organometallic. Nke mbụ n'ime ha (silicate iko, mica, Asbestos, egbuke, wdg) Ekwela nwere atọm carbon. Ha na-ndabere nke aluminum oxide, magnesium, sịlịkọn na dị ka. D. Organic Polymers nkejikotara kasị ọtụtụ klas, ha nwere carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sọlfọ, oxygen na halogen. Organometallic polymeric ihe - na ogige nke na-ekewet nke isi ígwè ndị ọzọ karịa ndị edepụtara, na sịlịkọn atọm, aluminum, titanium na ndị ọzọ na ihe na ike ga-achọkwa na organic radicals. Ọdịdị nke onye ahụ ihe n'ịgwa na-adịghị eme. Ọ bụ nanị sịntetik Polymers. Ahụkarị ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu a bụ ogige na silicone ndabere, nke isi yinye na-wuru si oxygen na sịlịkọn atọm.

Iji nweta Polymers na chọrọ Njirimara a na-eji na nkà na-adịghị "dị ọcha" umi, na n'ịgwa ya na organic ma ọ bụ inorganic mmiri. A ezi ihe nlereanya bụ polima ụlọ ihe: metal-plastik, faiba glaasi, polima ihe.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ Polymers

The peculiarity nke Njirimara ndị a ihe ruru ha Ọdịdị nke, n'aka, na-ekewa ndị na-esonụ ụdị: linear-branched, linear, nke gbasara ohere molekụla iche iche na nnukwu na nnọọ kpọmkwem geometric owuwu na steepụ. Ka anyị tụlee enyocha onye ọ bụla n'ime ha.

Polymeric ihe na linear-branched Ọdịdị karịa idé ụmụ irighiri nwere n'akụkụ alaka. Dị otú ahụ Polymers gụnyere polypropylene na polyisobutylene.

Materials na a linear Ọdịdị nwere ogologo zigzag ma ọ gbagọrọ n'ime a helix yinye. Ha macromolecules isi ji repetitions nke ala ahụ n'otu bughi unit ma ọ bụ ìgwè nke nkeji nke chemical yinye. Polymers na linear Ọdịdị ji ọnụnọ nke oké ogologo macromolecules na a ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche na odidi nke nkekọ tinyere yinye, na n'etiti ha. Anyị pụtara intermolecular na chemical agbụ. Macromolecules dị otú ahụ ihe onwunwe bụ nnọọ mgbanwe. Na nke a onwunwe bụ ihe ndabere nke polima ígwè, nke na-eduga qualitatively ọhụrụ e ji mara: elu ekwedo, nakwa dị ka enweghị brittleness na gwọrọ ala.

Na ugbu a anyị na-amụta na ndị dị otú polymeric ihe na a gbasara ohere Ọdịdị. Ndị bekee na-etolite site na ijikọta na onye ọ bụla ọzọ macromolecules ike chemical nkekọ na transverse direction. N'ihi bụ a net Ọdịdị, nke nwere a na-abụghị edo gbasara ohere okporo kpuchie ya. Polymers nke ụdị nwere a elu okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na rigidity karịa linear. Ndị a ihe bụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị dara ewu ihe.

Ụmụ irighiri nke polima ihe na ubube Ọdịdị esịnede a ụzọ nkpọrọ nke na-ejikọrọ na a chemical nkekọ. Ndị a gụnyere silicone Polymers na-ji ụba rigidity, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, Ọzọkwa, ha adịghị emekọ organic solvents.

The na-adọ mejupụtara nke Polymers

Ndị a ihe ndị na sistemụ na-iso nke amorphous na crystalline mpaghara. Nke mbụ n'ime ha na-enyere aka belata isi, na-eme ka na-agbanwe polima na bụ ike nke na nnukwu deformations nke a reversible okike. The crystalline adọ na-eme ka dịkwuo ha ike, ekweghị ekwe, na-agbanwe modulus, na ndị ọzọ kwa, mgbe n'ibelata molekụla mgbanwe umi. The ruru nke olu nke niile ebe ndị a na mkpokọta olu na-akpọ ogo crystallization, agaghi asu kacha larịị (80%) bụ polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, elu njupụta polyethylenes. A ala larịị ogo crystallization nwere polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes nke ala njupụta.

Dabere na omume nke polymeric ihe n'elu kpo oku, ha nwere ike kere n'ime thermosetting na thermoplastic.

thermosetting Polymers

Ndị a bụ isi ihe nwere a linear Ọdịdị. Mgbe ewe iwe, ha nro, ma Ọdịdị mgbanwe gbasara ohere na ihe onwunwe na-converted n'ime a siri ike dị ka a n'ihi nke leakage na chemical Jeremaya mere. N'ọdịnihu, àgwà a na-nọgidere na-enwe. On ụkpụrụ a polymeric mejupụtara ihe. Ha ụdi kpo oku anaghị nro na ihe onwunwe, na-eduga naanị ya nkịtị. Njikere thermosetting ngwakọta anaghị igbari ma gbazee, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ adịghị anakwere maka imegharị ihe maka iji. Site na nke a ụdị ihe na-agụnye epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde na ndị ọzọ na resins.

thermoplastic Polymers

Ndị a ihe mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, mbụ nro wee gbazee na ụdi jụrụ solidifies. Thermoplastic Polymers mgbe ndị dị otú ahụ nhazi adịghị ata chemical mgbanwe. Nke a na-eme ka usoro kpamkpam reversible. Bekee nke ụdị bụ n'usoro ma ọ bụ branched linear Ọdịdị nke macromolecules, otu nke e nwere a obere ike, na e nwere nnọọ dịghị chemical agbụ. Ndị a gụnyere polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, na ndị ọzọ. The technology nke polymeric ihe ndị dị ka thermoplastic enye maka ha rụpụta site injection ịkpụzi n'ime mmiri-obi jụrụ forms ịkpụzi, extrusion, igbu ịkpụzi, na ụzọ ndị ọzọ.

chemical Njirimara

The Polymers nwere ike na-akpọ na-esonụ na ọnọdụ: siri ike, na mmiri mmiri, amorphous, crystalline adọ, na ukwuu na-agbanwe, viscous eruba na deformation iko. The nile iji polymeric ihe ruru ha elu iguzogide dị iche iche na corrosive media, dị ka lekwasị asịd na alkalis. Ha na-adịghị enwe electrochemical corrosion. Ọzọkwa, na-amụba molekụla ibu ihe onwunwe bụ a ọnụ nke solubility na organic solvents. Na Polymers enwe gbasara ohere Ọdịdị, n'ozuzu bụghị gụrụ kwuru oke mmiri.

nkịtị Njirimara

Kasị Polymers bụ insulators, ke adianade do, ha bụ ndị na-abụghị magnetik ihe. Of niile eji bughi ihe naanị na ha nwere kasị ala thermal conductivity na kacha okpomọkụ ike, na thermal shrinkage (banyere iri abụọ ugboro ukwuu karịa nke metal). Ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke tightness nke dị iche iche akara mgbakọ na ala okpomọkụ bụ ndị na-akpọ vitrification roba, nakwa dị ka a dị ịrịba ama dị iche n'etiti ọnụọgụ nke mgbasa nke metal na roba na vitrified ala.

n'ibu Njirimara

Polymeric ihe nwere a dịgasị iche iche nke n'ibu Njirimara nke nwere ihe dị ukwuu dabere na ha mebere atumatu. E wezụga nke a ọnọdụ, a oké mmetụta na n'ibu Njirimara nke ihe nwere ike a dịgasị iche iche nke mpụga ihe. Ndị a gụnyere :. okpomọkụ, ugboro ole, oge, ma ọ bụ ọnụego nke loading, ụdị mesiri ala, nsogbu, ọdịdị nke gburugburu ebe obibi, okpomọkụ omume, wdg The peculiarity nke n'ibu Njirimara nke polymeric ihe dị ha dịtụ elu ike na nnọọ ala isi (dị ka tụnyere ọla).

The Polymers nwere ike kere n'ime siri ike, nke kwekọrọ na modulus nke ekwedo E = 1.10 GPa (eriri, film, plastic), na juu Elastomeric ihe onwunwe, na ekwedo modulus bụ E = 1-10 MPa (roba). Na usoro nke mbibi nke ma ndị dị iche iche.

N'ihi polymeric ihe ji a akpọ anisotropy nke Njirimara, nakwa dị ka Mbelata ike, creep development nyere ogologo oge loading. N'otu oge ha nwere a pụtara elu iguzogide ike ọgwụgwụ. Tụnyere ọla, ha ihe, ha siri ike na nduzi nke n'ibu Njirimara na okpomọkụ. Otu n'ime ndị isi e ji mara polymeric ihe bụ a deformability (ductility). Dị ka a oke na a dịgasị iche iche nke okpomọkụ nakweere inwale ha bụ isi arụmọrụ na nkà na ụzụ Njirimara.

Polymeric ihe maka n'ala

Ugbu a, tụlee otu n'onwe ihe bara uru ngwa nke Polymers, igosipụta niile kwere omume nso nke ndị a ihe. Ndị bekee chọpụtara na mbara ngwa na-ewu na ndozi na finishing ọrụ, akpan akpan na mkpuchi nke ala. The nnukwu ewu ewu bụ n'ihi na e ji mara nke bekee na ajụjụ: ha na-eguzogide ọgwụ abrasion, maloteploprovodny, nwere obere mmiri absorption, ike zuru ezu na ike, nwere elu àgwà nke agba. Imewe nke polymeric ihe nwere ike kere atọ iche iche: linoleum (mpịakọta), mpempe akwụkwọ ngwaahịa na mixtures ngwaọrụ screed. Ugbu a, ka anyị tụlee anya na onye ọ bụla nke ha.

Linoleum emepụta site iche iche na ụdị fillers na Polymers. Ha mejupụtara pụkwara ịgụnye plasticizers, nhazi ihe, pigments. Dabere ụdị nke polima ihe onwunwe, ịmata ihe dị iche polyester (Gliphtal), polyvinyl chloride, roba, kolloksilinovye na ndị ọzọ na coatings. Ọzọkwa, ha structurally kewara kere na na sound-, egbochi ihe ntọala unilamellar na multilamellar, na-eji ire ụtọ, corrugated na fleecy elu ma single- na multi-agba.

Tiling ihe mere dabeere na polymeric mmiri, nwere nnọọ ala abrasion eguzogide, chemical-eguzogide ma na anwụ ngwa ngwa. Dabere ụdị nke akụrụngwa, ụdị polima ngwaahịa na-ekewa n'ime kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, ịkwanyere, roba, fenolitovye, bitumen taịl, nakwa dị ka urughuru osisi na fiberboard.

Materials maka screeds ndị kasị adaba na ịdị ọcha iji, ha nwere nnukwu ike. Ndị a mixtures nwere ike kere n'ime Polymer-, polima ihe na polyvinyl acetate.