Molekụla na bughi usoro nke phenol

Phenols - nkịtị aha nke aromatic alcohols. On Njirimara nke okwu na-adịghị ike asịd. Otu ihe dị mkpa bara uru ọtụtụ homologues hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (usoro phenol) - mfe nnọchiteanya nke klas. Ka anyị tụlee nke a na ihe zuru ezu.

Phenols. The n'ozuzu usoro na nhazi ọkwa

The n'ozuzu usoro nke organic bekee nke aromatic alcohols, - R-OH. Molekul onwe ya phenols na cresols kpụrụ buu - C6H5 phenyl, nke na-na jikọọ na otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydroxyl iche iche OH (hydroxyl iche iche). Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha kwa molekul phenols na-nkewa n'ime mono-, di- na polyhydric. Monohydric ogige nke a ụdị ndị phenol na cresol. The kasị n'etiti polyhydric hydroxybenzenes - naphthols na-ebu ya mejupụtara 2 gwakọtara ntọala.

Phenol - onye nnọchiteanya nke aromatic alcohols

Textile ọrụ phenol mara ama ke XVIII narị afọ: nke na-akpa ákwà na-eji ya dị ka a dai. Na distillation nke coal tar na 1834 na Germany, na mmiri ọgwụ F. Runge pụta ìhè kristal nke umi na a ji mara ụtọ ísì ụtọ. The Latin aha coal - carbo, otú a na-akpọ compound carbolic acid (carbolic acid). German nchọpụta okpu mata umi. Phenol molekụla usoro e guzobere 1842 O. Laurent, bụ onye kweere carbolic emepụta nke benzene. Maka ọhụrụ acid eji aha "phenyl". Sharl Zherar kpebiri na umi bụ mmanya, na-akpọ ya a phenol. Mbụ ngwa compound - na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na akpụkpọ anụ tanning, mmepụta nke sịntetik dyes. Njirimara nke umi n'okpuru echiche:

• Ò chemical usoro - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Molekụla arọ nke onyinye - na 94,11. e. m.
• The oké usoro nke nchịkọta, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Electronic na gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke a molekul nke phenol

Cyclic Ọdịdị nke benzene usoro awa site German organic mmiri ọgwụ F. Kekule na 1865, na obere oge tupu ya - I. Loschmidt. Ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere a molekul nke organic okwu na ụdị nke a mgbe nile hegzagon na nwetụ otu na abụọ agbụ. Dị ka oge a echiche, na aromatic mgbanaka - a pụrụ iche nke okirikiri Ọdịdị, a na-akpọ "conjugated nkekọ".

Six carbon atọm nwalee usoro sp ² -hybridization elektrọn orbitals. Adịghị etinye aka guzobe C-C nkekọ nke p-elektrọn n'ígwé ojii yitewere n'elu na n'okpuru ụgbọelu nke molekul isi. E nwere ihe abụọ nkịtị elektrọn ígwé ojii na-ekpuchi dum mgbanaka. Phenol bughi usoro nwere ike anya dị iche iche, nyere ndị mere obibia nke nkọwa nke ihe owuwu nke benzene. Iji mesie uma nke unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons, conventionally atụle atọ nke isii abụọ nkekọ nke ọzọ na atọ dị mfe.

Polarization ruru oxy otu

Na mfe aromatic hydrocarbon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - elektrọn ígwé ojii bụ symmetrical. phenol usoro iche site na otu hydroxy otu. Ọnụnọ nke hydroxyl etịbede symmetry na na-apụta ìhè Njirimara nke umi. Na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oxygen na hydrogen na a hydroxy otu - pola covalent. Dechapụ nkịtị ụzọ electrons na oxygen atọm na-eduga ná a na-ezighị ezi ụgwọ ya (ele mmadụ anya n'ihu). Hydrogen tụfuru electrons na-enweta a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu-elekọta ọrụ "+". Ke adianade do, oxygen na O-H otu bụ onye nwe abụọ unshared elektrọn ụzọ abụọ. Otu n'ime ha dọọrọ mmasị elektrọn igwe-oji nke aromatic mgbanaka. N'ihi nke a, nkwurịta okwu na-aghọ ihe ekewasị, hydrogen mfe dochie ọla. The ụdị inye ihe echiche nke asymmetrical ọdịdị nke phenol molekul.

Atụmatụ nnyonye atọm na phenol

Otu elektrọn igwe-oji nke aromatic nuclei na phenol molekul mkpatụ na a hydroxyl otu. Ọ na-adị onu, conjugation aha, nke ihe oxygen atọm nke ụzọ electrons mmasị hydroxy iche iche nke a benzene mgbanaka usoro. Mbenata ọjọọ ụgwọ ụgwọ atụrụ site a ukwuu polarization ruru ka O-H otu.

The aromatic mgbanaka nwekwara dịgasị electronic nkesa usoro. Ọ na-ebelata site carbon na-agbụ na oxygen, na a na-ụba na ezigbo thereto atọm na Ụlọ ọnọdụ (2 na 6). Pairing bụ ìgwè nke ụgwọ na ha "-". Ọzọkwa "mgbanwe njupụta - ya ije si atọm na meta-ọnọdụ (3 na 5) na carbon na para-ọkwá (4). phenol ọmụmụ usoro maka na mma na ibe njikọ emekarị mejupụtara nọmba na atọm nke benzene mgbanaka.

Nkọwa phenol chemical Njirimara dabere na ha electronic Ọdịdị

Filiks conjugation nke aromatic mgbanaka na hydroxyl emetụta Njirimara nke ma ahụ na niile bekee. Dị ka ihe atụ, a elu elektrọn njupụta na atọm na Ụlọ na para ọnọdụ (2, 4, 6) na-eme ka C-H nkekọ nke ihe aromatic phenol okirikiri ọzọ reactive. Belata ọjọọ ndebe nke carbon atọm na meta ọnọdụ (3 na 5). Attack nke electrophilic ahụ na chemical Jeremaya mere kpughere carbon na Ụlọ na para ọnọdụ. The bromination mmeghachi omume nke benzene mgbanwe ime n'okpuru ike kpo oku na ọnụnọ nke a mkpali. Kpụrụ monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Formula phenol enye ohere umi-eme eme na bromine n'ụzọ instantaneously enweghị kpo oku ngwakọta.

Aromatic mgbanaka na-emetụta ndị na njikọ polarity hydroxy otu, na-amụba ya. Hydrogen na-aghọ ihe na-agbanwe, ka tụnyere jupụta alcohols. Phenol mkpatụ na alkalis, akpụ salts - phenates. Ethanol anaghị eme na alkali, ma ọ bụ kama, mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa - ethanolates - amalite irekasị. Na chemical okwu phenols - siri ike acid karịa alcohols.

Anọchitekwa anya nke aromatic alcohols klas

Molekụla usoro homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. Substance ke eke ngwaọrụ mgbe esokwa phenol, na-nwere antiseptik Njirimara. Ọzọ homologues nke phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical usoro - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Umi molekụla usoro - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Ọ na-eji na imewe nke e ji esiji ákwà, ọgwụ, na aromatic ogige.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical usoro - C ₆ H ₃ Kra ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Ji sịntetik organic onwu, na ọgwụ.
• Vanillin ma e wezụga phenolic buu nwere ihe ether ìgwè na ihe aldehyde fọduru. Molekụla usoro compound - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin na ọtụtụ-eji dị ka keakamere ekpomeekpo.

Formula reagent maka nchọpụta nke phenols

Qualitative mkpebi siri ike nke phenol nwere ike rụrụ iji bromine. Dị ka a N'ihi nke na nnọchi mmeghachi omume a na-acha ọcha ịkpali tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) na-acha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na agba na ọnụnọ nke etisasịwo ferric chloride. Na otu reagent mkpatụ phenol na a triphenol a kpụrụ na-enwe a violet agba. Qualitative mmeghachi omume resorcinol - ọdịdị nke ọchịchịrị violet na agba na ọnụnọ nke ferric chloride. Nke nta nke nta, agba nke ngwọta amama nwa. The usoro nke reagent, nke a na-eji na-aghọta ụfọdụ phenol na ya homologs, - FeCl ₃ (ferric chloride (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - niile phenols. The n'ozuzu usoro nke umi iji chọpụta otu n'ime ndị a ogige na aromatic usoro. All ndị organic ogige nwere na ha usoro phenyl buu C ₆ H _5, na nke hydroxy iche iche na-ozugbo jikọrọ igosipụta pụrụ iche Njirimara. Ha si dị iche na-aba n'anya na-kacha mma owụt acidic okike. E jiri ya tụnyere bekee homologous usoro benzene, phenols - karị chemical compound.