Natural polima - ngwa nke usoro na

Kacha n'oge a na-ewu ihe, pharmaceuticals, akwa, ezinụlọ isiokwu, nkwakọ ngwaahịa na consumable ihe ndị Polymers. Bụ otu nke ogige enwe ihe e ji mara atụmatụ. A ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ma na n'agbanyeghị nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Polymers na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. Mgbe niile sịntetik chemists chọpụtara kwa afọ ọzọ na ndị ọzọ ọhụrụ bekee. Na nke a, pụrụ iche mgbe niile o nwere a eke polima. Gịnị bụ ndị a dị ịtụnanya ụmụ irighiri? Gịnị dị àgwà ha na ihe bụ atụmatụ? The azịza ajụjụ ndị a na isiokwu.

Polymers: general e ji mara

Si ele ihe anya nke onwu, ndị polima-atụle ga-a molekul enwe a nnukwu molekụla ibu si a puku ole na ole ọtụtụ nde nkeji. Otú ọ dị, e wezụga na nke a mma, a ka nwere ụfọdụ nke umi nwere ike kpomkwem nkewa dị ka eke na sịntetik Polymers. Ha bụ:

• mgbe niile ugboro monomer nkeji, nke ejikọrọ site dị iche iche interactions;
• ogo polymerase (i.e., ọnụ ọgụgụ nke monomers) ga-abụ nnọọ elu, ma ọ bụghị compound ga-atụle ihe oligomer;
• ịchọpụta na gbasara ohere nghazi nke macromolecule;
• a set nke dị mkpa anụ ahụ na nke chemical Njirimara pụrụ iche na otu.

Ke ofụri ofụri, isi ihe nke polymeric uwa distinguishable si ọzọ ezi mfe. Otu nwere naanị anya ya usoro-achọpụtali ya. Otu ihe atụ bụ maara nke ọma polyethylene, na n'ọtụtụ ebe, eji na ezinụlọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ a ngwaahịa nke na polymerization mmeghachi omume, nke na-abanye unsaturated hydrocarbon bụ ethene ma ọ bụ ethylene. The mmeghachi omume na-adịkarị dere dị ka ndị a:

nCH ₂ = Kra ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, ebe n - bụ ogo polymerization nke ụmụ irighiri na-egosi dị ka monomer nkeji gụnyere ya mejupụtara.

Ọzọkwa dị ka ihe atụ, a eke polima nke a maara nke ọma, nke a starch. Ọzọkwa, otu a nke ogige iso amylopectin, cellulose, ọkụkọ protein na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bekee.

Mmeghachi omume, nke rụpụtara na macromolecule pụrụ kpụrụ, bụ nke abụọ na ụdị:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

Ihe dị iche bụ na nke abụọ ahụ, mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa ndị ala molekụla arọ. Ọdịdị nke ahụ polima nwere ike ịdị iche iche, dabere na atọm na mejupụtara ya. Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere linear iche-iche, ma e nwere a atọ akụkụ ntupu, nnọọ mgbagwoju.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere agha na interactions na-jide monomer nkeji ọnụ, ọ bụ ekwe omume ịmata a ole na ole isi:

• Van der Waals agha;
• chemical bonding (covalent, ionic);
• elektronostaticheskoe mmekọrịta.

All Polymers ike ike ikpokọta n'ime onye Atiya n'ihi na ha nwere a kpamkpam dị iche iche ọdịdị, usoro nke guzobere na ịrụ dissimilar ọrụ. Ha Njirimara na-dị iche iche. Ya mere, e a nhazi ọkwa na-enye gị ohere ịkọrọ niile otu a ndị nke bekee n'ime dị iche iche ige. Ọ dabeere pụrụ ịgha ụgha ọtụtụ ihe ịrịba ama.

nhazi ọkwa nke Polymers

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ndabere nke qualitative mejupụtara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, ihe nile nke bekee nwere ike kpebisie na atọ dị iche iche.

1. The organics - ndị nke nwere carbon, hydrogen, sọlfọ, oxygen, site, nitrogen. Nke ahụ bụ, ndị ọcha nke na-biogenic. Ihe Nlereanya bụ ịdị arọ polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, rayon, naịlọn, eke polima - protein, nucleic acid na na.
2. Elementorganic - dị a mejupụtara nke na-agụnye ụfọdụ extraneous inorganic na biogenic mmewere. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ sịlịkọn, aluminum ma ọ bụ titanium. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ macromolecules: organic iko, steklopolimery, ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe.
3. Inorganic - ụgha na ndabere nke yinye sịlịkọn atọm kama carbon. The radicals nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke mpụta alaka. Ha meghere dị ka na-adịbeghị anya dị ka n'etiti XX narị afọ. Ji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ewu, engineering na ndị ọzọ ọrụ. Ihe Nlereanya nke silicone, cinnabar.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na ya kee ihe Polymers na mbido, ọ bụ ike ime ka a mata atọ nke ha otu.

1. Natural Polymers onye were na-ebe-rụrụ na ochie. Ndị a bụ macromolecules maka ihe e kere eke nke onye na-adịghị eme ka ọ bụla mgbalị. Ha na-na ngwaahịa nke ọdịdị nke Jeremaya mere. Ihe atụ: silk, ajị, protein, nucleic acid, starch, cellulose, akpụkpọ anụ, owu na ndị ọzọ.
2. Ru. Ndị a bụ macromolecules na na-kere mmadụ, ma na-adabere na nke eke analogues. Nke a na-dị nnọọ mma ma na-agbanwe Njirimara nke otu dị na eke polima. Ihe atụ: sịntetik roba, roba.
3. Sịntetik - a Polymers, ihe e kere eke nke na naanị ya onye ahụ. Natural analogues ha n'ebe ahụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na ịzụlite ụzọ nke synthesizing ihe ọhụrụ nke ndị dị iche iche ka mma ịrụ ọrụ. N'ihi ya na-amụ ihe sịntetik polymeric ogige nile di iche iche. Ihe atụ: polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, acetate eriri na dị ka.

E nwere ihe ọzọ mma, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke nkewa nke bekee na otu. Nke a reactivity na thermal eguzogide. Igbunye ikpehe iba maka oke:

• thermoplastic;
• thermosets.

Ndị kasị ochie, mkpa na bara uru karịsịa ka a eke polima. Ya Njirimara ndị pụrụ iche. Ya mere, anyị na-esote anya na ọ bụ nke a udi nke macromolecules.

Nke umi bụ a eke polima?

Iji zaa ajụjụ a, na mbụ na anyị anya gburugburu gị. Gbara anyị gburugburu? Ibi ntule nọ anyị gburugburu na-eri, na-eku ume, mụta nwa, oge ntoju na-emepụta mkpụrụ osisi na osisi. Na na ha si a molekụla ele ihe anya? Ọ ogige dị ka:

• na-edozi;
• nucleic asịd;
• polysaccharides.

Ya mere, eke polima bụ, onye ọ bụla nke n'elu ogige. N'ihi ya, ọ na-egosi na ndụ anyị gburugburu, e nwere nanị ekele ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie, ndị mmadụ na-eji ụrọ, mixes na ngwọta maka ike na-ewu ụlọ obibi, kpara yarn, ajị anụ, na-eji na-eke owu uwe, silk, ajị anụ na akpụkpọ nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Natural organic Polymers so nwoke niile nkebi nke ya guzobere na mmepe, na ọtụtụ ụzọ nyeere ya aka iji nweta ihe na-arụpụta na anyị nwere taa.

Ọdịdị nke na-enye ihe niile na ndụ ndị mmadụ dị ka ala dị ka o kwere. N'ime oge ahụ, roba chọpụtara, ọ ghọta ya ịrịba ama Njirimara. Man mụtara iji nri starch, na teknuzu - cellulose. Natural polima na bụ a camphor, nke a na-mara kemgbe oge ochie. Resins, ndi na-edozi, nucleic asịd - niile ihe atụ nke ogige n'okpuru echiche.

Ọdịdị nke eke Polymers

Ọ bụghị ihe niile ndị òtù nke a na klas nke ogige nwere otu Ọdịdị. N'ihi ya, eke na sịntetik Polymers nwere ike iche iche. Ha na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agba mbọ ka ndị kasị eweta uru na-adaba adaba adị ke okwu nke ike. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ eke umu-enwe ike iza na ha mebere atumatu na usoro nke na-agbanwe agbanwe. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị kasị nkịtị variants nke yinye Ọdịdị:

• linear;
• branched;
• stellate;
• ewepụghị;
• ntupu;
• teepu;
• mbo.

Ru na sịntetik macromolecules nnọchiteanya nwere nnọọ nnukwu uka, a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm. Ha na-kere na kpọmkwem chọrọ Njirimara. Ya mere, na Ọdịdị nke ha mbụ zubere ka mmadụ. Natural Polymers na-anọkarịkwa ma n'usoro ma ọ bụ ntupu na Ọdịdị.

Ihe Nlereanya nke eke macromolecules

Natural na sịntetik Polymers bụ nnọọ nso onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Mgbe mbụ ịghọ ihe ndabere maka a abụọ. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ mgbanwe dị ọtụtụ. Lee ụfọdụ n'ime ha.

1. Ot plastic Milky ọcha - nke a bụ a ngwaahịa nwetara site ọgwụgwọ nke cellulose na nitric acid na mgbakwunye na nke eke camphor. The polymerization mmeghachi omume na-eweta hardening nke polima nwetara na akakabarede chọrọ ngwaahịa. A plasticizer - camphor, na-eme ya ike nke na softening mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-agbanwe ha udi.
2. Acetate silk, cuprammonium eriri, viscose - niile ihe atụ nke yarns, emep uta eri, nke na-nwetara na ndabere nke cellulose. Akwa mere si eke owu na linen-adịghị dị ka ike, na-ghar, mfe crease. Ma wuru analogues ndị a erughị eru na-efunahụ, nke na-eme ka ha na-eme bụ nnọọ mma.
3. Ru nkume, ụlọ ihe, mixtures, akpụkpọ - bụkwa ihe atụ nke Polymers ewepụtara eke ihe.

A umi nke bụ eke polima, na ike ga-eji ya ụdị ezi. Ihe atụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ:

• rosin;
• amba;
• starch;
• amylopectin;
• cellulose;
• ajị anụ;
• ajị anụ;
• owu;
• silk;
• ciment;
• ụrọ;
• lime;
• na-edozi;
• nucleic acid na na.

O doro anya na tupu anyị a na klas nke ogige dị nnọọ ukwuu, ihe fọrọ mkpa na ihe bara uru n'ihi na ndị mmadụ. Ugbu a, ka anyị tụlee ihe nkowa ụfọdụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke eke Polymers, nke dị nnọọ ewu ewu n'oge ahụ.

Silk na ajị anụ

The usoro nke eke silk polima mgbagwoju, n'ihi na ya chemical mejupụtara na-kwupụtara na-esonụ components:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• waxes;
• abụba.

Ya onwe ya isi protein - fibroin, nwere a otu nke ọzọ amino acid umu. Ọ bụrụ na ugbu ya polypeptide yinye, ọ ga-ele anya dị ka nke a: (-NH-Kra ₂ -CO-NH-Kra (Kra ₃₎ -CO-NH-Kra ₂ -CO-) _n. Na nke a bụ nanị otu akụkụ nke ya. Ọ bụrụ na anyị chere na ihe owuwu site van der Waals enyekwara bụghị obere mgbagwoju sericin protein molekul, ha na-agwakọta ọnụ n'otu conformation na a wax na abụba, ọ bụ ihe kwere nghọta ihe mere na ọ bụ ike na-egosi usoro eke silk.

Iji ụbọchị, ọtụtụ nke ngwaahịa a ọnọde China, n'ihi na ya na-emeghe oghere, e nwere a eke ebe obibi maka isi na-emeputa - silkworm. Na mbụ, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie, eke silk na-nnọọ ekele. Imeli uwe ya ike na mma, dị ndị ọgaranya. Taa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e ji mara nke anụ ahụ bụ ogbenye. Ihe atụ, o ike magnetized na crumpled, ke adianade do, ikpughe na anyanwụ na-efunari ya luster na imebi. Ya mere, aba ke iji sịntetik nkwekọrịta-ya nile.

Ajị anụ - ọ bụ na-a eke polima dị ka a ngwaahịa nke dị mkpa ọrụ nke anụ ahụ na sebaceous glands nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Dabere na nke a protein ngwaahịa arụpụtara knitwear, nke, dị ka silk, bụ a bara uru ihe onwunwe.

starch

Natural starch bụ ngwaahịa polima osisi ndụ. Ha na-emepụta ya dị ka a N'ihi nke usoro nke photosynthesis na-akpọkọtara n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahu. Ya chemical mejupụtara:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• Alfa-glucose.

The gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke starch na-nnọọ branched, disordered. N'ihi gụnyere amylopectin, ọ bụ ike nke na ozizi ahụ na mmiri, na-aghọ a na-akpọ tapawa. Nke a colloidal ngwọta na-eji na nkà na ụlọ ọrụ. Medicine, nri ụlọ ọrụ, na mmepụta nke wallpaper adhesives - ọ bụ na-na ojiji nke umi.

N'etiti osisi nwere karịa ego nke starch nwere ike mata:

• ọka;
• poteto;
• osikapa;
• wheat;
• akpu;
• oat;
• buckwheat;
• unere;
• sorghum.

Na ndabere nke a biopolymer ime achịcha, ka pasta, esi nri jelii, ọka na ndị ọzọ na nri na ngwaahịa.

cellulose

Si ele ihe anya nke onwu, umi - bụ a polima onye mejupụtara na-kwupụtara nke usoro (C ₆ H ₅ O _{5) n.} Monomer unit yinye bụ a beta-glucose. Main ebe cellulose content - bụ cell mgbidi osisi. Ọ bụ ya mere osisi - a iyi bara uru nke a compound.

Cellulose - a eke polima nwere a linear gbasara ohere Ọdịdị. Ọ na-eji maka mmepụta nke ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke na ngwaahịa:

• pulp na akwụkwọ ngwaahịa;
• wuru aji;
• dị iche iche nke mmadụ mere emep uta eri;
• owu;
• plastik;
• Ahịhịa anwụrụ na powder;
• fim na na.

O doro anya na ya na ulo oru uru dị ukwuu. Iji a compound ike ga-eji na mmepụta, ọ kwesịrị ka na-amalite iji wepụ si osisi. Nke a na-eme site na-aga n'ihu nri nke osisi pụrụ iche na ngwaọrụ. Ọzọkwa nhazi, nakwa dị ka reagents eji maka mgbaze dị iche iche. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ:

• sulfite;
• nitrate;
• na soda;
• sulfate.

Mgbe dị ọgwụgwọ, ngwaahịa ka nwere adịghị. Na obi ndị a lignin na hemicellulose. Iji tufuo ha, pulp-emeso ya na chlorine ma ọ bụ alkali.

Na ụmụ mmadụ, ọ dịghị otú ahụ ndu akpali na jisiri gbarie a mgbagwoju biopolymer. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ (herbivores), na-emegharị ka a. Ha afo dozie ụfọdụ bacteria na-eme ka ya maka ha. Kama ntule erite ike maka ndụ na ebe obibi. Nke a na ụdị symbiosis bụ nnọọ na-abara ma ndị ọzọ.

roba

Nke a eke polima-enwe bara uru uru akụ na ụba. N'ihi na oge mbụ ọ na-kọwara Robert Cook, bụ onye otu n'ime njem ya hụrụ ya. Ọ mere na dị ka nke a. Mgbe ọdịda n'àgwàetiti ebe natives biri amaghị ya, e ji obi ụtọ kelee ha. Ya anya na ya dọọrọ mmasị obodo ụmụaka, bụ ndị na-egwuri ihe ọhụrụ isiokwu. Nke a * Tụkwasị na, ahụ na-akpata oyi n'ahụ si n'ala na malie akwa na ikuku, wee laghachi.

Jụọ obodo ndị mmadụ banyere ihe na-mere site na nke a ji egwuri egwu, Cook mụtara na a solidifies ihe ọṅụṅụ nke a osisi - Hevea. Ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ hụrụ na nke a bụ a biopolymer roba.

The chemical ọdịdị nke compound mara - bụ isoprene, eke agbanweela polymerization. Formula roba (C ₅ H _{8) n.} Ya Njirimara, n'ihi na nke ọ na-kpọrọ ihe otú, dị ka ndị a:

• ekwedo;
• anwụ ngwa ngwa;
• eletriki mkpuchi;
• mmiri ghara ịba n'ime.

Otú ọ dị, e nwere drawbacks. Na oyi na ọnọdụ ọ na-aghọ-emebi emebi na kenkuwa, na okpomọkụ - nnyapade na viscous. Ọ bụ ya mere e nwere mkpa maka njikọ nke analogues nke wuru ma ọ bụ sịntetik isi. Taa rubbers na-ọtụtụ-eji engineering na ulo oru ngwa. Ihe kacha mkpa ngwaahịa dabeere na ha:

• roba;
• ojii.

amba

Ọ bụ eke polima, ebe ọ bụ na resin bụ na ya Ọdịdị, mmanu ndi mere onwe ya udi. Gbasara ohere Ọdịdị - brick amorphous polima. Ukwuu flammable, ọ nwere ike edita bụ ire ọkụ nke a egwuregwu. Ọ nwere luminescence Njirimara. Nke a bụ a dị nnọọ mkpa na ndị bara uru àgwà, nke na-eji ọla. Ornaments na ndabere nke amba bụ nnọọ mara mma ma na na ina.

Ke adianade do, biopolymer eji na ahụ ike na nzube. N'ihi na ọ na-arụpụtara sandpaper agba coatings iche iche na-ebupụta.