Ngụkọta oge ibu na ntọala. Otu ihe atụ nke na ngụkọta oge nke ibu na ntọala

Ndabere nke ọ bụla isi ọrụ owuwu a tọkwara ntọala. On otú reliably ọ ga-eme ya na-adabere n'ihe na-atụ anya si na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ ndụ. Ọ bụ n'ihi nke a, tọkwara ntọala na ụlọ a na-ewere otu nke kasị mkpa nkebi.

Iji isi ike mfe idi niile na-atụ anya ibu, ọ dị mkpa ọ bụghị nanị na inyocha na ịchọpụtakwa technology nke ya styling, kamakwa tupu gbakọọ ihe niile kwere omume mmetụta ya. Mepụta ziri ezi ngụkọta oge na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ niile ihe ndị pụrụ nwetụrụ mmetụta na ntọala ahụ, nwere ike ịbụ naanị na a ọkachamara, onye nwere n'azụ ya a ọtụtụ ahụmahụ a na ubi. Ma onye ọ bụla nwere ike ime ka a mbido ngụkọta oge nke ngụkọta ibu na ntọala ahụ, si otú ahụ na-aghọta otú ọ ga-esi ike, na-ewepụ na-enweghị isi na-akwụ ụgwọ.

ozi ndị dị mkpa

The ajụjụ mbụ bụ, gịnị ka i kwesịrị ịma iji ọma gbakọọ ibu na ntọala. Ọ bụ dị ka ndị:

• n'ozuzu layout nke ụlọ, ịdị elu, ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ala ahụ, ihe onwunwe nke ga-rụrụ site n'elu ụlọ;
• ala ụdị, omimi nke ala;
• ihe onwunwe na-eji na imewe nke onye na-ewu ihe;
• ewu ebe;
• uru nke penetration nke ntọala;
• omimi nke ala kefriza;
• ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa nke ala na-gụrụ deformable ibu.

Nke a na ozi dị mkpa iji gaa na akaụntụ ahụ obere ọgụgụ izi ezi na calculations.

mere gbakọọ

Gịnị na-enye Mmepụta n'ọdịnihu ngụkọta oge nke ibu na ntọala?

• Ziri ezi ụkpụrụ ga-enyere iji chọta ndị kasị mma na mma-ebe ị nwere ike iru Ọdịdị.
• Ọ bụrụ na ị gbakọọ ya nri, i nwere ike mfe gbochie deformation nke mgbidi ma ọ bụ nke na ntọala ahụ, ma na-akpata ya na ihe owuwu.
• Ngụkọta oge ga-nyere aka gbochie subsidence (nso mbibi nke dum ụlọ).
• Ị ga-enwe ike ịghọta otú ihe ị chọrọ ịzụta ihe na-eme ka ọrụ owuwu. Ọ ga-ukwuu belata n'ozuzu na-eri.

Ọ bụrụ na ngụkọta oge a na-eme oke ma ọ bụ adịghị emepụta na niile, e nwere ike dị otú ahụ deformations nke ụlọ na ntọala dị ka skew, gbagọrọ agbagọ, slump, gbagọrọ agbagọ, mpịakọta, nnofega, ma ọ bụ a kwụ dechapụ.

The isi ụdị nke ibu

Tupu ịmalite na ngụkọta oge nke ibu, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na e nwere ihe atọ na isi ige, nke nwere ike ịbụ ibu:

1. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nke a na udi na-agụnye ịdị arọ nke ihe owuwu ahụ n'onwe ya na onye ọ bụla mmewere nke ụlọ ahụ.
2. The abụọ ụdị - nke a bụ mmetụta mere site ọnọdụ ihu igwe. Ifufe, na mmiri ozuzo na ihe ndị ọzọ ọdịda, kwa, ga-abuana ke ngụkọta oge.
3. Ihe ndị na-enwe na-ama n'ime ụlọ, kwa, nwere a na-enwe nrụgide, otú ahụ ka ngụkọta oge ibu na ntọala ga-agụnye ndị a ọgụgụ.

Mkpụrụ ụdị na-adabere na ụdị ala na nke ya wuru. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa na ngụkọta oge nke ibu n'ala. Fundam nwekwara akpa nsogbu na e ji dị otú ahụ kwa ka ngụkọta kọntaktị ebe na ịdị omimi nke ya na omume.

The usoro maka ịgbakọ ibu na ala

Iji chọpụta ụkpụrụ, anyị na-eji ndị na-esonụ isi usoro:

H = Hf + HG + HB + HC,

ebe H - mbụ uru, ya bụ, na ngụkọta ibu na n'ala, NF - uru na-egosi na ibu na ntọala ahụ, nd - bụ ibu n'ụlọ, ya bụ, ibu na Ọdịdị, HC - n'oge a kara aka ibu nke snow, NV - ibu site ifufe.

Nd niile iche nke ntọala na gbakọọ otú ahụ. NF na gbakọọ dị iche iche dabere na ụdị nke ntọala.

Ibu Ibu teepu na monolithic isi

isi ibu index na ala ga-enyere iji chọpụta na ezigbo size of n'okpuru ala ebe na-amata ibu kwere maka ya. N'ihi na nke a ngụkọta oge, structurally adabara warara ntọala. ibu ngụkọta oge a rụrụ dị ka ndị na-esonụ usoro:

Nflm = V × Q,

ebe V - bụ mkpokọta olu nke na ntọala ahụ, nke e nwetara site na-amụba na-elu, ogologo ya ma obosara nke isi (teepu ma ọ bụ nkedo); Q - kpọmkwem nnukwu mpo (njupụta) nke ihe onwunwe e ji mee n'oge na-ewu nke mkpụrụ. Nke a bara uru na gbakọọ enweghị niile dị mkpa kwa pụrụ ịchọta tebụl nke directories.

Next index Rr ekewa isi ebe (S) a nwetara na a uru nke ibu (hy), nke ga-abụ ihe na-erughị allowable akwụkwọ uru ala-eguzogide (ČR):

Ọfọn = Nflm / S ≤ ČR.

Iji zere njehie na mgbawa na mmetụta nke ndị dị otú ahụ ndiiche ga gafere 25%. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nwetara uru karịa ndị kwuru okwu ya, obosara nke ntọala nke a mma na-abawanye, ma ọ ga-amalite na ịgbawa na imi.

Ngụkọta oge ibu na ntọala efere na ikpe nke a monolithic ewu nke isi yiri nke ahụ. Ọ dị mkpa iji jide n'aka na n'ime akaụntụ deformation ibu, na voltaji ntọala na anoghi n'ulo oba. Iji mee nke a, na ịtọ ntọala na ụba oke nke gbakọọ ụkpụrụ.

Ibu Ibu columnar ntọala

Na ngụkọta oge ga-gbakọọ na ezi ọgụgụ nke ikpo ma ọ bụ nanị ihe ndabere maka mma ewu.

Specific ibu - a bụ uru na-egosi a kacha imewe mgbali nke ala pụrụ ịkwagide na na nke a, e nweghị subsidence na Ndahie. The kpọmkwem uru na-adabere na ụdị ala na ajụjụ, na ihe igwe na mpaghara na-ewu nke ụlọ na-zubere. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ịgbakọ nkezi mgbe iri - 2 kg / cm2.

Ngụkọta ibu, nke na-enye n'ala outsole columnar isi mejupụtara a na-ekesa uka nke ihe owuwu na ibu ibu nke na kọlụm. Ya mere, na ngụkọta oge ibu na pie ntọala ga-dị ka ndị a:

• VC = SC x HC;
• Pc = VC xq;
• Pfc = Pc x N;
• Sfc = SC x N;

ebe SC - akwado ogidi ebe, HC - elu, VC - kọlụm olu, Pc - arọ nke kọlụm, q - njupụta kọlụm ihe onwunwe, N - ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okporo osisi, Pfc - ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke na ntọala ahụ, Sfc - ngụkọta nke ebe support.

Ibu Ibu ikpo ntọala

The eji nke a usoro iji mee ka ngụkọta oge nke ibu na ikpo ntọala, na-ekwe omume, ma ọ ga-gbanwetụrụ ubé. Ya bụ, mgbe n'ihi na-enwetara ama site gara aga usoro, ọ ga-uba site ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikpo, mgbe ahụ, tinye a ibu belt (na nke a, ma ọ bụrụ na belt e ji na-ewu). Iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ size, ba uba n'ihi site na njupụta (kpọmkwem arọ) nke ihe na e ji na mmepụta nke ikpo.

Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mara helical akwado (N) na ibu ibu nke ihe owuwu (P), na ụgbọelu na-akwado a otu ihe onwunwe bụ ruru nke P / N. Ga-adị njikere ka na-ahọrọ ndị kasị kwesị ekwesị ikpo, na a na-amị ike nakwa na ogologo na dabara obodo geological atụmatụ.

The ibu na ntọala nke ụlọ

Iji mee ka n'ozuzu ibu na ngụkọta oge nke ulo ntọala, na nchikota nke uka nke onye akụkụ nke ulo:

• Slabs na niile mgbidi.
• Ụzọ na windo.
• Systems na ụlọ trusses.
• Kpo oku na ventilashion ọjà, Ịme Plọmba.
• All ji achọ mkpụbelata, uzuoku na mmiri proofing.
• Dị iche iche ngwa, ngwá ụlọ na steepụ.
• All iche iche nke fasteners.
• Ndị mmadụ na-ma na-ebi na ụlọ.

Nke a ga-achọ ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tebụl (nkezi dabere na ihe onwunwe nke na-ewu nke ọ bụla) na mbụ gbakọọ ọkachamara. Ugbu a ọ bụ ike nanị iji ya. Dị ka ihe atụ:

1. Maka owuwu na ozu, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke nke bụ ihe karịrị 150 mm, itinye ọnụego nke 50 kg / m2.
2. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ mgbidi mere nke aerated ihe, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke nwere ruo 50 cm, - 600 kg / m2.
3. Mgbidi ihe ọkpụrụkpụ nke 15 cm na-akpa a ibu nke 350 kg / m2.
4. Uwe, na ndabere nke nke a imewe na ndabere nke ihe e ji, enwe na a ike nke 500 kg / m2.
5. Ekpuchi na okpomọkụ na ibé osisi - 300 kg / m2.
6. Ụlọ - nkezi nke 50 kg / m2.
7. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa uru nke na-egosi na oge nsogbu nke snow, na ọ na-abụkarị pụtara uru nke 190 kg / m2 - n'ebe ugwu ebe, 50kg / m2 - ndịda, 100 kg / m2 - maka n'etiti gbalaga, ma ọ bụ ọ chọtara site amụba na atumatu nke ebe ụlọ na kpọmkwem akwụkwọ ibu nke snow.
8. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ gbakọọ ifufe ibu, mgbe bara uru ka ndị na-esonụ usoro:

HB = R × (40 × H + 15),

ebe P - bụ ngụkọta nke ebe nke ụlọ, na H - ngụkọta elu nke ụlọ.

atụ ngụkọta oge

Iji n'elu mgbawa ga-ekwe ka n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-ekpebi ndị dị mkpa size of ntọala na iji nwetara onwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ a pụrụ ịdabere na Ọdịdị. Na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịghọta otú iji ụkpụrụ ga-ahụ ihe atụ ndị dabeere na ntọala ibu.

Dị ka ihe atụ, na-data n'ihi na otu onye-storey ulo aerated ihe dị na ebe na-echebe site na snow na ifufe. Gable n'elu ụlọ na ọchịchọ nke 45%. Fundam - monolithic teepu 6h3h0,5 m Walls: .. Elu nke 3 m na 40 cm oké ala - ụrọ.

1. ụlọ ibu gbakọọ ibu 1 m2 ntule, na ihe atụ a -. 1.5 m Specific ike ndọda si 6 - 50 kg / m2 / HC = 50 * 1.5 = 75 n'arọ.
2. Wall ibu kpebisiri ike site amụba dị elu na ọkpụrụkpụ na a kpọmkwem akwụkwọ ibu si 2: HC = 600 + 3 * 0.4 = 720 n'arọ.
3. Ibu Ibu yitewere na-amụba na ibu ohere site ego si 4: H = (6 * 3/6 * 2) * 500 = 750 n'arọ. Ibu ebe kpebisiri ike site ebe ruru nke ntọala ruo ogologo akuku-ya nile, na nke pịa lags yitewere.
4. The ibu si belt isi (Q ihe na gravel - 230 kg / m2): 6 3 * 0.4 * 230 = 1656 n'arọ.
5. Ibu Ibu otu mita bases: Ma = 75 + 720 + 750 + 1656 = 3201 n'arọ.
6. Background nke ibu uru maka ụrọ: ČR = 1.5 kg / cm2. Na ihe atụ nke ibu na ikwu na bases nke square bụ hà: hy = 3201/1800 = 1.8 kg / cm2, ebe 6x3 = 18 m2 = 1800 cm2.

The atụ na-egosi na ihe ndị a na mbụ data size họrọ ntọala bụ ezughi oke, ebe ọ bụ gbakọọ uru dị ukwuu karịa allowable akwụkwọ na anaghị ekwe nkwa ido ntụkwasị obi nke na-ewu. The chọrọ uru kpebisiri ike site stepwise nhọrọ.

Mgbe atụmatụ na-ewu nke niile na analysis rụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ma ọ bụghị ndị na-esi nke na-ekwesịghị ịdị ụkpụrụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe juru.