Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu na ya ngụkọta DNA usoro

N'okpuru mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu ọtụtụ ghọtara dị ka a usoro nke ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi na ọnọdụ nke zipụta ha n'usoro nucleotides na ogige DNKa RNKa na nke kwekọrọ na a dị iche iche ihe ịrịba ama usoro na-egosiputa usoro nke amino acid ogige na protein molekul.

Nke a dị mkpa!

Mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ike na-amụ Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, otu n'ime ndị isi egosipụta a ghọtara. Ee, dị ka iju dị ka ọ na-ada, ndị niile bi ntule na- n'otu a otu, eluigwe na ala, nkịtị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. E hiwere ya ruo ogologo oge, na usoro a biri banyere 3.5 ijeri afọ gara aga. N'ihi ya, n'ime ihe owuwu nke koodu ike deere kọrọ ya evolushọn, si ya inception ruo ugbu a.

Mgbe anyị na-ekwu banyere usoro nke ọcha na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, nke pụtara na ọ bụ jupụtara, ma nke nwere a nditịm kọwaa iji. Na nke a bụkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-ekpebi Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Nke a bụ Ẹkot na ọnọdụ nke akwụkwọ ozi na syllables na okwu. Ọ ga-agbaji na mbụ iji, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị anyị na-agụ na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ peeji nke ghọọ mkpari gibberish.

Isi Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

A, koodu eburu n'onwe ya ozi ọ bụla itinye na koodu na a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Iji itapia ozi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, ọ dị mkpa ịmata pụrụ iche atụmatụ.

Ya mere, ndị bụ isi na Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu - bụ:

• triplet;
• redundancy ma ọ bụ degeneracy;
• ịpụ iche;
• continuity;
• ama kwuru egosipụta.

Ka anyị biri na onye ọ bụla ihe onwunwe.

1. triplet

Nke a compound mgbe atọ nucleotides etolite a daisy yinye n'ime molekul na nucleic acid (i.e. DNA ma ọ bụ RNA). Nke a na-emepụta a compound triplet ma ọ bụ codon. Nke a codon-ebu ụzọ amata otu n'ime amino asịd na-achọta ya ebe ke yinye peptides.

Ịmata Ọdịiche codons (makwaara dị ka koodu okwu!) Site ha serial njikọ na ụdị nke nitrogen ogige (nucleotides) na-gụnyere na ha mejupụtara.

Na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya kpebiri igbunye 64 codon ụdị. Ha nwere ike na-etolite a Nchikota anọ na ụdị nke nucleotides na onye ọ bụla 3. Nke a na-ewu bụ Ẹkot nọmba 4 na nke atọ ruo n'ókè. N'ihi ya, e guzobere 64-nucleotide n'ịgwa.

2. The redundancy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

Nke a ihe onwunwe ike deere ma ọ bụrụ na izo ya ezo nke otu amino acid codon achọ ọtụtụ, na-emekarị n'ime 2-6. Naanị amino asịd methionine na tryptophan nwere ike koodu eji otu n'ime triplet.

3. The iche

Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu dị ka ihe na-egosi nke a ike mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa si n'aka ruo n'aka. Ka ihe atụ, ezi ala nke ọbara, a nkịtị haemoglobin nwere ike ịgwa ndị dọkịta guzo isii ebe ke yinye Continue triplet. Ọ bụ ya na-eburu ọmụma banyere haemoglobin, na otu na-koodu glutamic acid. Ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ bụ onye na-arịa ọrịa anaemia, otu n'ime nucleotides na-anọchi ọzọ koodu leta - Y, nke bụ mgbaàmà nke ọrịa.

4. continuity

Mgbe Ndekọ nke Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu ga-echeta na codons ka yinye njikọ mere ndokwa bụghị na mpaghara, na kpọmkwem mbọhọ ọ bụla ọzọ na a nucleic acid yinye, na agbụ ígwè a na-adịghị etre - ọ na-enweghị mmalite ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwụ.

5. egosipụta

Anyị ekwesịghị ichefu na ihe niile na Earth ịkọrọ a nkịtị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Na n'ihi na primates na ụmụ mmadụ, na ụmụ ahụhụ na anụ ufe centenary yiri mango na sonso kpara si n'ala ahihia yiri triplets na-koodu site yiri amino asịd.

Ya dị na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe ọmụma bụ isi banyere Njirimara nke ihe organism, a ụdị usoro na ahụ na-enweta ihe nketa site n'oge gara aga bụ ndị biri n'ebe ahụ dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu.