Benzene - a ... bughi usoro, Njirimara na mmepụta nke benzene

A compound dị ka benzene, Nwada Chemistry na ya ugbo nwere akpatre enwetara naanị na 1833. Benzene - a compound nwere a obere n'obi, anyị nwere ike ikwu, ọbụna na-agbawa agbawa. Dị ka ọ na-chọpụtara?

akụkọ

Johann Glauber chere ihu ya n'ebe ndị njikọ 1649, bụ nke e guzobere ọma mgbe mmiri ọgwụ aku na nhazi nke coal tar. Ma, ọ họọrọ ịnọgide incognito.

Mgbe ihe 170 afọ, na-karị kpọmkwem, ke ufọt ufọt iri abụọ nke XIX narị afọ, site na oge nke-enye ìhè gas, ya bụ na iche ghọọ mmanụ amịpụtara benzene. Ya mere mgbalị nke ụmụ mmadụ nweta ka Michael Faraday, ọkà mmụta sayensị si England.

The baton maka nnweta nke benzene intercepted German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Nke a na-eme mgbe nhazi nke gafere anhydrous benzoic acid calcium salts. Ikekwe, ya mere, anyị nyere a aha njikọ - benzene. Ma, dị ka otu nhọrọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ ya mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọku nēsì ísì utọ, ma ọ bụrụ na na Arabic.

Benzene mara mma na gbaa udo, na njikọ na ndị a Ogyust Loran gwara ịkpọ ya "ntutu" ma ọ bụ "benzene". Bright, enwu - ma ọ bụrụ na si sụgharịa Greek.

Dabere na uche nke Laịnọs Pauling, echiche nke ọdịdị nke electronic nkwukọrịta, nke àgwà nke benzene, a ọkà mmụta sayensị nyere compound molekul dị ka ndị a. Nke a hegzagon. Ọ na-e dere gburugburu. Ihe e kwuru n'elu na-egosi na ike n'ezi ihe nke electronic ígwé ojii nke benzene, nke ọma na-ekwubi na isii (na-enweghị isịneke) carbon okirikiri. Bonded ọnụọgụ abụọ mmekọrịta na-hụrụ.

Na benzene mbụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a mgbaze. Na ihu ọma na, dị ka ha na-ekwu, adịghị etinye aka, m na-adịghị aka. Ma, ọ bụ na XIX narị afọ. Na XX narị afọ na e nwere ịrịba mgbanwe. benzene Njirimara na-egosipụta ihe ndị kasị bara uru àgwà nke nyeere ya aka na-karia ma na-ewu ewu. The octane nọmba, nke gosiri na elu, nyere ohere iji ya dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala ọcha maka akpata mmụba ugbo ala. A edinam kwalite ọtụtụ mwepụ nke benzene, mmịpụta ya a rụrụ dị ka a abụọ ngwaahịa n'ichepụta coking ígwè.

Site na forties na ubi nke chemical benzene malitere iwesa na mmepụta nke bekee ngwa ngwa agbawa. XX narị afọ kpuwere ya onwe ya na ejegharịrị ụlọ ọrụ azụlitewo ka benzene, nke ghọọ-ezitekwara chemical ụlọ ọrụ.

benzene Njirimara

Unsaturated hydrocarbons ndị yiri nnọọ ka benzene. Dị ka ihe atụ, a hydrocarbon nke ethylene usoro e ji mara ya dị ka unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ọ e ji ihe-mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume. Benzene ngwa ngwa na-abanye nnọchi Jeremaya mere. All a ekele na atọm ndị na-na otu ụgbọelu. Na dị ka a eziokwu - conjugated elektrọn ígwé ojii.

Ọ bụrụ na usoro bụ ugbu a na a benzene mgbanaka, mgbe ahụ onye pụrụ ịbịakwute isi kwuo na nke a - benzene, bughi usoro nke nke anya kpọmkwem n'otu.

nkịtị Njirimara

Benzene - a mmiri mmiri nke na-enweghị agba, ma o nwere ihe ndabara ọjọọ ísì ụtọ. Benzene agbaze mgbe okpomọkụ esịmde 5,52 degrees Celsius. Juda na 80,1. Njupụta dị 0,879 g / cm ^3, a ezengwenri uka hà 78,11 g / mol. Na combustion ese siga kpamkpam. Ya site na-agbawa agbawa ogige, mgbe ikuku penetrates. Oké mmali organic umu (benzene, ether, wdg) na kọwara umi jikọọ na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọ na-emepụta azeotropic compound na mmiri. Heating tupu vaporization pụtara na 69,25 degrees (91% benzene). Na 25 degrees Celsius nwere ike etisasịwo ke mmiri 1,79 g / L.

chemical Njirimara

Benzene na-meghachi omume na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na nitric acid. Na-na alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. nnọchi mmeghachi omume - na bụ peculiar ya. Okpomọkụ na-emetụta ndị mgbali itunanya benzene mgbanaka nke gbatịrị na a pụtara njọ.

Onye ọ bụla akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume nke benzene anyị pụrụ ịhụ ihe zuru ezu.

1. Electrophilic nnọchi. Bromo, na ọnụnọ nke a mkpali, na-emeghachi omume na chlorine. N'ihi bụ a chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-Crafts mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ alkylation nke benzene. Ntoputa nke alkylbenzenes-ewe ebe ruru ka njikọ na alkanes, nke bụ halogen nkwekọrịta:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 Electrophilic nnọchi. Ebe a bụ mmeghachi omume nke nitration na sulfonation. Lee benzene akụkụ bụ dị ka ndị:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. Benzene n'oge combustion:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

N'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, ọ na a ọdịdị pụta ụwa jupụta hydrocarbons. Na-elektrọn ígwé ojii, bụ nke dị na Ọdịdị nke ahụ umi na ajụjụ, na-akọwa mmeghachi omume ndị a.

Site pụrụ iche technology adabere na iche iche nke benzene. N'ihi ya, na-akanye nke mmanụ ala benzene. Dị ka ihe atụ, ukwuu ọcha na ịdị ọcha maka njikọ. Ga-amasị m gosi homologues nke benzene, na ọ bụrụ na ihe - ha chemical Njirimara. Ọ alkylbenzenes.

Homologues nke benzene bụ ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ka ikwu. Ma hotara na mbụ mmeghachi omume nke benzene, ya bụ homologues rue na ụfọdụ iche iche.

halogenation nke alkylbenzenes

Ụdị nke akụkụ bụ dị ka ndị:

S6H5-CH3 + br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Ọchịchọ nke bromine na benzene mgbanaka na-adịghị hụrụ. Ọ na-aga n'ime n'akụkụ yinye. Ma ekele nnu mkpali Al (+3) bromo uko uko ke mgbanaka.

nitration nke alkylbenzenes

N'ihi na igirigi ibu sulphuric na nitric asịd, nitrating benzenes na alkyl benzenes. Mere alkyl benzenes. Abụọ na ngwaahịa na-enwetara site na atọ ọkọnọ - a para- na Ụlọ-isomers. Ịnwere ike idekọ otu n'ime formulas:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

ọxịdashọn

Benzene bụ adịghị anakwere. Ma alkyl benzenes eme ngwa ngwa. Ka ihe atụ, benzoic acid. The usoro bụ dị ka ndị:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene na benzene, hydrogenation of

Na ọnụnọ nke hydrogen ampilifaya amalite na-eme na benzene, si otú kpụrụ cyclohexane, dị ka e kwuru n'elu. N'otu aka ahụ alkibenzoly seamlessly converted n'ime alkylcyclohexanes. N'ihi alkylcyclohexane ka doro chọrọ alkyl benzene hydrogenation. Ihe ọ bụ a dị mkpa usoro maka mmepụta nke unalloyed ngwaahịa. Ma nke a abụghị niile mmeghachi omume nke benzene na alkyl benzene.

Production nke benzene. ụlọ ọrụ

Fundam dị mmepụta dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na egweri mmiri: toluene, naphtha tar nke a tọhapụrụ n'oge cracking nke coal, na ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, benzene na-emepụta na Petrochemical, Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịmata otú na-dị iche iche benzene adị ọcha, n'ihi na nke ụkpụrụ nke mmepụta na ebe kwesịrị a kpọmkwem mmekọrịta nke ika nke umi.

The ọdụm òkè e mere ịgbazigharị catalytic bead òkè kaustobiolitnoy sie si na 65 degrees, nke nwere mmetụta nke wepụ distillation na dimethylformamide.

Na-eme ethylene na propylene a nwetara mmiri mmiri ngwaahịa nke na-guzobere n'oge ire ere nke inorganic na organic ogige, n'okpuru nduzi nke okpomọkụ. N'ime ndị a, benzene na dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ma, n'ụzọ dị mwute, akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta version nke benzene abụghị nke ukwuu. N'ihi na anyị na ndị nwere mmasị na umi amịpụtara si ịgbazigharị. Site ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro enwekwu ego nke benzene.

Site dealkylation na 610-830 degrees na a gbakwunyere ịrịba ama, na ọnụnọ nke Alụlụụ kpụrụ n'oge esi nke mmiri na hydrogen, na-kwadebere si toluene, benzene. E nwere ihe ọzọ nhọrọ - a mkpali. Mgbe ọnụnọ nke zeolites ime, ma ọ bụ Nhọrọ, oxide akpali, n'okpuru okpomọkụ 227-627 degrees.

E nwere ihe ọzọ, ndị okenye, na usoro mmepe benzene. Na absorption nke organic si sinks ọ na-dịpụrụ adịpụ site ikpeazụ n'ihi coking coal. The ngwaahịa e doro ihe e uzuoku-gas na tupu jụrụ. Ka ihe atụ, na N'ezie nke amalite mmanụ, isi iyi nke bụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal. Mgbe distillation a rụrụ na uzuoku, ihe absorber iche. Hydrotreating nke crude benzene enyere free si enweghị isi bekee.

coal tar ngwaọrụ

Na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè iji coal, na ọ bụrụ na Nụchaa - ya akọrọ distillation nyere Coke. N'oge a usoro, oke ikuku ọkọnọ. Echefula na ka okpomọkụ nke 1200-1500 Celsius ọkụ coal.

Carbon Chemistry benzene achọ ọma ọcha. Ị mkpa iji tufuo amanyere bụ iwu si methyl cyclohexane na ibe ya nke n-heptane. Jupụta hydrocarbons ga-ewepụ. Benzene na-usoro nke nkewa, ọcha, nke ga-rụrụ ihe karịrị otu ugboro.

The usoro a kọwara n'elu, ndị kasị ochie, ma mgbe a oge ọ na-efunari ya elu ọnọdụ.

mmanụ ala fractions

0.3-1.2% - a ọgụgụ ndị na anyị dike na untreated mmanụ. Hụjuru arụmọrụ itinye ego na ego-agha. Ọ kasị mma iji ihe ulo oru usoro maka nhazi nke mmanụ ụmụ irighiri ihe. Nke ahụ bụ catalytic ịgbazigharị. Na ọnụnọ nke aluminum-platinum-rhenium ampilifaya anata amụba Onu aromatic carbohydrates, na enwekwu egosi akọwapụta Njirimara ndị a adịghị onwe-edita mmanụ n'oge ya mkpakọ.

pyrolysis resin

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-wepụ si na-abụghị mmanụ ala raw siri ike, ya bụ site pyrolysis n'ihi na mmepụta nke propylene na ethylene, na nke a obibia ga-abụ ihe kasị kwesị ekwesị. Na-kpọmkwem, benzene ẹkesiode pyrocondensate. The decomposition nke ụfọdụ mbak achọ hydrotreating. Mgbe nhicha sọlfọ na unsaturated kwụsịtụrụ ngwakọta. The mbụ n'ihi nke ọdịnaya kwuru xylene, toluene, benzene. Site ịkwọ ụgbọala nke bụ ekstaktivnym, BTK-otu na-enwetara na na-kewapụrụ benzene.

hydrodealkylation nke toluene

Primary Heroes usoro mmanya nke hydrogen eruba na toluene na-nri n'ime kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ chernobyl. Toluene e gabiga mkpali oyi akwa. N'oge a usoro, methyl otu bụ iche na-etolite benzene. Ebe kwesịrị ekwesị a ụfọdụ ụzọ ọcha. N'ihi bụ a elu-adị ọcha umi (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

N'ihi methyl jụrụ klas na-mejupụtara ihe e kere eke benzene, xylene na-oxidized. Na usoro a, ọ na-e hụrụ transalkylation. The edinam bụ n'ihi na catalyzing palladium, platinum na neodymium, nke bụ na ndị alumina.

Chernobyl bụ eguzogide ọgwụ guzobe nke mkpali na hydrogen na-ọnọ taluol. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya - na-deposition na hydrocarbon akakabarede mkpali nke ụgbọelu. The iyi na-eche nche na chernobyl na-mma na recycled hydrogen a na-ewepụ n'enweghị nsogbu. Ihe fọdụrụ, ọ na-distilled ugboro atọ. Mgbe mbụ ogbo napụrụ ogige ndị na-abụghị aromatic. The abụọ na-arụpụta benzene, na ndị ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ - na oke nke xylenes.

trimerization nke acetylene

N'ihi na ọrụ nke French anụ mmiri ọgwụ Marcellin Berthelot si acetylene rụpụta ígwè benzene. Ma, ọ guzo a arọ mmanya nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ọcha. Ajụjụ bụ otú iji belata mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ. The omume e nwetara naanị ke mbubreyo forties nke XX narị afọ. W. Reppe hụrụ a kwesịrị ekwesị mkpali, ọ dị nickel. Trimerization - bụ nanị nhọrọ iji nweta site acetylene benzene.

benzene guzobere emee na-arụ ọrụ unyi. Na elu udu nke okpomọkụ n'elu coal aga acetylene. Benzene a tọhapụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ bụ dịkarịa ala 410 degrees. N'ihi ya ka a mụrụ dị iche iche aromatic hydrocarbons. Ya mere, ị chọrọ ezigbo ngwá, nke bụ ike nke na qualitatively doro anya acetylene. Mgbe ihe dị otú a na-eri oge usoro dị ka trimerization nke acetylene iwesa a otutu. Iji nweta 15 ml nke benzene, 20 lita ẹka acetylene. Ị pụrụ ịhụ otú ọ na anya na usoro (acetylene, benzene), mmeghachi omume na-adịghị ewe oge.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky akụkụ).

3CH → Kra = (t, Kaiser) = C6H6.

Ebe iji benzene

Benzene - ọ bụ ezi na-ewu ewu brainchild onwu. Karịsịa mgbe ọ na-e kwuru dị ka benzene natara ozi na imewe nke cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Ka ịmepụta styrene ethylbenzene nwere ike ime na-enweghị. The amalite ihe onwunwe iji na-emepụta na-caprolactam bụ cyclohexane. Site na-eme thermoplastic resin mee bụ caprolactam. Na-akọwa a umi oké mkpa ke imewe nke dị iche iche na akọwa, varnishes.

Olee otú ize ndụ benzene

Benzene - a na-egbu egbu umi. Ediyarade nke mmetụta nke malaise, nke na-esonyere ọgbụgbọ na ntughari - a ịrịba ama nke nsi. Ọ na-adịghị ekwe ọbụna ọnwụ. A mmetụta nke enweghị atụ nye ọṅụ - ọ bụ ọ na-erughị mkpu hey bụrụ na nke nsi site benzene.

Benzene mmiri mmiri na-eme akpụkpọ iyatesịt. Benzene di na nwunye mfe banye n'ime ọbụna site emebibeghị anụ. Na ihe ndị kasị na-adịghị adịte kọntaktị na umi ke a obere dose, ma na mgbe niile, wetara pụta ewe oge na-eche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ a ụmị ọkpụkpụ leukemia na nnukwu ọdịdị nke dị iche iche.

Na n'elu nke umi bụ na-eri ahụ na ụmụ mmadụ. Benzene-eme dị ka a dope. Site ụtaba anwụrụ ọkụ amama nọdu ngwaahịa. ọ na-amụrụ code, mgbe ahụ, ruo nkwubi okwu na ọdịnaya nke ikpeazụ bụghị mma maka ụmụ mmadụ. Ọ hụrụ na mgbakwunye na nke ọnụnọ nke nicotine na ọbụna ọnụnọ nke aromatic carbohydrates ụdị benzopyrene. Hallmark benzpyrene bụ carcinogens. Mmetụta ha nwere-emebi ihe. Ka ihe atụ, ime ka cancer.

N'agbanyeghị ndị e kwuru n'elu, benzene bụ malite ihe maka mmepụta nke dị iche iche pharmaceuticals, plastik, sịntetik roba na, n'ezie, pigments. Nke a bụ ihe kasị nkịtị na nwa nke onwu na ihe aromatic compound.