Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod): ihe mere eme, nkọwa, na adreesị, na-emeghe awa

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ochie na ncheta nke agbachitere Russian ije - a Novgorod Kremlin, ma ọ bụ dị ka ọ na-akpọ, Detinets. The owuwu agụnye ụlọ nke dị iche iche oge na eras, ma ha n'ozuzu-eme ka elu a pụrụ iche na-inimitable mgbagwoju, ji a ukwuu ogo nke Novgorod Republic ọbụna tupu centralization nke ike na Moscow.

Novgorod Kremlin

Oge ochie mgbagwoju nke ụlọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Great Novgorod. A nnukwu ụlọ ahụ na ekpe n'usọ osimiri Volkhov dị. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ị na-ekpebi ileta Novgorod Kremlin, ọ kacha mma mara adreesị nke ukara: Velikiy Novgorod, o ¯ n. The Kremlin, 11. Ọdịdị bụ ihe dị mkpa ụkpụrụ ụlọ ncheta, na na gọọmenti etiti larịị, na-echebe site na steeti, ke adianade do, ihe ngosi nka-idobere esịne ke UNESCO World Heritage List dị ka akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo. The mbụ e dere aha nke Kremlin na-dere na 1044 afọ. N'ezie, ọ na, dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ, na-aka nká, oge anaghị agafe n'efu maka ya, na ụfọdụ ndị irretrievably efu.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: ya mere a na-akpọ?

N'ezie ndị niile na-anụtụbeghị dị otú ahụ a aha, na-na ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya, n'ihi na okwu "Kremlin" bụ ihe nkịtị, juru ebe niile n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Ka ọ dịgodị detintsem na Russia na-akpọ mba ọzọ karịa ime nke ebe e wusiri ike n'obodo ndị dị na oge nke fragmentation onu nkịtị. The oge ochie emere n'ubọchi mbu okwu amalite ime na 1097, na na narị afọ nke 14 ya dochie okwu "Kremlin". Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-adị naanị na e dere isi mmalite na Novgorod-Pskov si malite, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike nwere obere-tụgharịrị ka dialecticism.

Versions nke si malite okwu

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ si malite okwu "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev na ndị ọzọ isi obodo nwere yiri owuwu) jikọtara ya na otu mgbọrọgwụ dị ka "ụmụ". Ya mere, bishọp nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia, Metropolitan Eugene na 1808 tụrụ aro na ụmụaka nile n'oge iro ọgụ ya ndò na ebe e wusiri ike, ihe mere mgbe ahụ, wee na aha. Soviet ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere na ọkà mmụta ihe ochie ndị rụrụ gwupụtara na Novgorod Kremlin, kweere na aha ọ natara n'ihi onye-isi ndi-dike, ndị biri n'ebe ahụ. Ha na-akpọ ụmụ ma ọ bụ nwa. Otú ọ dị, n'ezie na isi Detinets bụghị - ha biri na a dị nso mmezi.

Dị ka Academician Yanin VL Novgorod Kremlin, dị ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ, nwetara aha ya n'ihi na eziokwu na, ma eleghị anya, e nwere ndị kansụl ndị okenye.

Ọzọ nkịtị version owụt Russian agha engineer. Ọ bụ nnọọ ihe dị mfe na ezi uche. Okwu "Detinets" si "ime" ngwaa. Nke a na-kọwara site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'oge nke ihe ize ndụ na ebe e wusiri ike ya ndò inyom na ụmụaka, okpukpe ihu arụsị na ihe onwunwe. Nke a version bụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ overlaps na nke mbụ.

Novgorod Kremlin: A Brief History

Ọ maara na ugwu nke ókèala nke Kremlin bụ ugbu a, bụ na mbụ na Delta nke osimiri Volkhov dị na e kewara abụọ ebe. Presumably, nke mbụ Detinets enyene a n'etiti ọnọdụ na e odude ke edere edere agwaetiti. Ọ e wuru nke osisi, na tọrọ nwa-ya Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. Ọ na-butere ndị na-ewu nke isi temple obodo na 1045 - Sophia Cathedral, nke e kere afọ asaa. Nmeju ada itie ke 1052, na a ọnwa gasịrị, Vladimir nwua, elìe ya na ọhụrụ ụka.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) ọkụ ugboro ugboro. Ya mere, na 1097 na ya obere ekpe, na a ọhụrụ wuru naanị na 1116, na site na oge o ruru ugbu size. N'oge a, otu nnukwu akụkụ nke ókèala dara Vladycha yad - obibi ndị bishop. Ọ bụ ya na-na 1333 malitere iwu a nkume ebe e wusiri ike, na-atụ egwu ihe agha bụghị naanị Swedes na Horde, ma Prince Ivan Kalita. Complete nnọchi nke osisi na nkume mere naanị ke 30s nke narị afọ nke 15. More siri ike na-ewu, ma na-oge na-aga nwayọọ nwayọọ ebibi ma weghachiri eweghachi. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mgbe ndị Germany ama nwere Novgorod, Detinets (Kremlin) e ji mee ihe dị ka a n'ogige maka agha.

Ịgbaso oke mbibi wee ebe ke isua 90-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, mgbe ikpe osụhọ mgbidi nso Spassky ụlọ elu (20 mita nkeji). Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, nsu e weghachiri. Ma Kremlin nwere ọnọdụ nke Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

The isi ụkpụrụ ụlọ ji mara

Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị e wusiri ike na e wusiri ike wuru na a ugwu, tumadi maka a mma na-ele na ihe siri ike n'ihi na onye iro, nakwa dị ka nso osimiri. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) osobo a niile iwu. Ọ na-anọchi na a obere ugwu - mita 10 n'elu larịị nke Volkhov dị. Tinyere ndị perimeta nke mputa mgbidi na a ogologo nke 1487 m na n'ime ebe nke ókèala - 12,1 hectare.

Nnukwu mgbidi mere nke Adobe na lime ngwa agha, na nkume (Cobblestone na nkume nzu). Ọkpụrụkpụ na ịdị elu nke e wusiri ike dịgasị 3,6-6,5 m na 8-15 m, karị. A pụrụ iche mma bụ ndị na-ewu nke ebe e wusiri ike n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ, ya bụ, ụka, emi odude n'elu ọnụ ụzọ ámá. Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara atụmatụ nke chọọchị ahụ, na karịsịa ndị mọnk ije na Russia. The ideological uru osụhọde ke eziokwu na ndị dị otú ahụ a na-ewu rụrụ eluigwe nchedo obodo. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na Novgorod Kremlin nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ha, kọwara na-eduga ọrụ na-ewu nke ndị bishọp. Fọrọ nke nta niile na mgbidi e weghachiri na 50-60-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na izute mpụga ọdịdị wusiri ike nke narị afọ nke 15.

Ụlọ nche Novgorod Kremlin

Aware nke ịdị adị nke iri na abụọ n'ụlọ elu niile dị na ókèala ndị citadel. N'ihi ya, anya, naanị itoolu nwere anwụghị:

• Spassky (nọchiri n'elu) - nwere ụdị ihe elongated rektangulu na ekewa isii tiers, ịdị elu na mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ - 19 m na 2 karị. Ọ wuru n'elu a 15 mita tent na ele anya elu, nke na-ebelata dị ka nkowa nke narị afọ nke 17. Arched Itie egbochi site Ogwe, si n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ihu ulo-elu bụ n'akụkụ emebi ụka nke nnwogha. Ọ bụ na ọ bụ ndị nyere ya aha. Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ga-ama kpọmkwem na Spassky Tower, nke nwekwara e ozugbo e gosiri na zuru ego 5 rubles.
• Obí - oghere ụlọ elu na-enweghị ntụziaka, quadrangular, na-anọchite anya nnoo square 11,2h10,2 m, mgbidi dị elu - 20 m, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke abụọ oyi akwa na a larịị - 2 m n'elu - tent. Si ọzọ elu ya na atụmatụ a ebughibu silhouette.
• Knjazhaja - anya dị ka gara aga otu, nakwa ntị chiri elu 18.5 m elu.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - oghere square ụlọ elu na-enweghị Itie, nke ọnụ na dome elu bụ 38.5 m, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke mgbidi yiri gara aga otu. Ugbu a, e nwere ihe chọpụtara oche na panoramic echiche nke Kremlin.
• Pokrovskaya - oke Ọdịdị nke a elu nke 18 m na a mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ nke 3 m na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ebe ewusiri ike. Ọ na-anọchi n'ofè 9 m, na mgbidi na-penetrated 55 loopholes.
• Zlatoust - oghere square ụlọ elu nke anọ tiers, onye aha nyere guzo nso temple nke narị afọ nke 14.
• Vladimir - na site na ya dara n'ime Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) bụ njem, akụkụ anọ, elu -. 17.8 m E nwere iri mita tent on top. A akụkụ pụrụ iche - na loopholes na arched top, reminiscent nke windo.
• Fedorov - a ụlọ elu nke elu a cylindrical udi arched loopholes
• The Metropolitan - bụ a ncheta nke agha iji chebe onwe ije, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị gara aga ụlọ elu abụọ. The ewu nke cylindrical udi, ndị ìsì, ndị ọkpụrụkpụ nke mgbidi - a obere ihe karịrị 3 m, elu - 16,3 m.

Aware nke mbibi na iwughachi nke atọ elu: Boris na Gleb, Mbilite n'Ọnwụ, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

White nkume ụka bụ ndị kasị ochie nke dị n'ókèala oge a Russia nke ndị na-ewu Slavic iche iche. Wuru na 1045-1050 afọ, ọ na-ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ na-anọchi anya ime mmụọ center nke dum nke Novgorod Republic.

Nke a cross-domed ise naval katidral. Ndị dị otú ahụ akụkụ na-na-ji mara ndị na ije nke narị afọ nke 11. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ma ama n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị na Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) - katidral nke otu aha dị na Polotsk na Kiev. The ụlọ nwere atọ apse (mechie mpụta na etiti pentagonal) n'akụkụ niile gbara a atọ-storey veranda. Katidral isi ise, na nke isii na-kpuwere na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ịrị ụlọ elu. Ha na-ji a ud Makovytsya - n'ụdị okpu agha nke oge ochie dike. Oke elu Sophia Cathedral - 38 m, mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ - 1.2 m, e ji ha na-ewu na nkume nzu. Temple mere na omenala Byzantine style.

Ebe nsọ na-mgbe kpuchie akụkọ na-emeghị. N'ihi ya, Central dome, na cross, bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a nduru, na-anọchi anya na Mmụọ Nsọ. Ivan Grozny na 1570 idiọk mesoo Novgorod. Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie, a nduru, squatting na Cross fọduru, hụrụ ọbara akanade na-enweta mmetụta nke egwu froze. Mgbe e mesịrị, otu n'ime ndị mọnk nke Anyị Lady kpughere na nnụnụ e zigara obodo ahụ dị ka a nkasi obi na mascot. Novgorod ga-edebe ruo-kpalakwukwu ga adịghị ofufe si cross.

The belfry of St. Sophia Cathedral

Ọ ga-atụle iche site na isi ụlọ. Zvonnitsa na-a depụtara ụlọ afọ 15-18, nke a na-webatara Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (foto panoramic anya, ahụ dị n'elu.) - a mara mma ochie obodo na ọtụtụ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adọrọ mmasị. Nnọọ ole na ole nke ha na ihu arụsị. Ebe ndị a na-agụnye, dị ka na-ama ghọtara, na Saint Sophia Cathedral, na ya na ya na belfry. Dere na isi mmalite mbụ banyere ya na 1437, mgbe a gwara banyere iju mmiri. Karịsịa, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ iji mee ka ala na dị n'akụkụ ramparts. Ugbu bellfry dị na esịtidem mgbidi nke Kremlin n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ogologo ya bụ 22,5 m, na obosara - 3.4 mita.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ e idiọk mebiri emebi. N'elu nnata nke ozi na ndị agha Germany na-na ụzọ ha na obodo, e kpebiri gbapụ mgbịrịgba. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-bọmbụ mere a kpọmkwem hit nri na nnukwu ugbo mmiri na atọ kasị ukwuu ụdị, wee rie ha n'ime osimiri Volkhov dị. Ọ na-e ikpe bibiri ogbunigwe na ụlọ ya.

The weghachiri mgbịrịgba elu nke St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) kpatarari 1948. Ugbu a, ọ na-eji maka bu n'obi nzube, na ya elu akụkụ nwere ihe chọpụtara oche na-adịgide adịgide ngosi raara nye obodo oge ochie nke hey.

The Church of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Ọdịdị ọnụ ụzọ ámá bụ ma eleghị anya naanị otu ụdị nke e chekwara n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ na-ugbu a. Ọ rụrụ n'okpuru patronage nke Akwa Bishop Jonah n'ókèala Vladychny okụre na Kremlin na 1463. Nke a oge e ji a ujo ihe nwere ike ime nke ọdịda nke Novgorod Republic n'okpuru nrụgide nke Moscow na ya accession. Otú ọ dị, ahuhu nke nta nke nta juru, na ndị mmadụ na-etinye elu na echiche nke centralization nke ala. Church - bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke udo, ime mmụọ convergence na ịdị n'otu na Moscow, ebe ọ bụ na e wuru na nsọpụrụ nke mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta na-amaghị ama na Russia na-efe ofufe tumadi na Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Church of St. Stratelates

Novgorod Kremlin (esereese nọchiri) ke edem usụk-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala nwere a obere ma ịrịba ama chọọchị. Ọ e wuru na 15-17 ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ nwere a akụkụ anọ ewepụghị udi plan, otu-na-adịru belfry na a obere cupola na okpueze ndị temple. Na mbụ ebe a e odude Boris na Gleb Cathedral, nke na 1682 tụbọrọ, e mechara bibie na ya ntọala. Akpatụbeghị nọgidere na uka nke Saint Russian warrior-martyr Andreya Stratilata. Ọ na-e abawanye na ghọọ a obere onwe ha na chọọchị.

episcopal n'ogige

Ọ bụ ebe a na ọ ga-adị mkpa ka na-amalite otu akụkọ banyere Novgorod Kremlin, ebe ọ bụ ndị kasị ochie nke Kremlin, nke, dị ka Gordienko EA na Yanina V. L., ọ na-esite. Episcopal okụre emi odude ke edem edere-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ebe e wusiri ike. Ọ bụrụ na i kweere na akụkọ, Bishop J. Korsunianin, onye aha-na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ekewet oruru nke Christianity na Novgorod, na ya ikpe na-arụ a obere agwaetiti. Ókè ya na-kọwaa site abụọ ogwe aka nke Volkhov dị. Nke a eke nchedo kwetara na niile chọrọ, ke adianade do, nke ndị bi na (bụghị ziri ezi mgbe nile na ọnọdụ) nke Ókè ya mgbidi. Mgbe ọnwụ nke bishop nke ochie ụka nke Joachim na Anna a kagburu iwu na na ozugbo visiniti nke St. Sophia Cathedral malite iwu.

Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ Episcopal n'ogige nke a ebe e wusiri ike na ebe ewusiri ike, na ihe nile nke ndị agha na-emegide onwe ha ndị isi ike - na nzuzo ma ọ bụ ozugbo. Ọzọkwa, onye ọ bụla ọhụrụ Bishop iwu o ji na-ewu ihe nke ha. N'ihi ya, n'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ otu ewu bibie na ndị ọzọ nọ na-ewu ya, a na-ewu ya, weghachiri eweghachi, gbara ya gburugburu ọzọ owuwu.

The kasị dị ịrịba ama mgbanwe na onye na-achị Euphimia II (1429-1458). An nkwuwa okwu iro nke annexation nke Novgorod na Moscow kere a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị na Russia na ugbu a a ncheta nke ije, naanị ụlọ ke Gothic style - na faceted Chamber. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele ya anya n'ụzọ ziri ezi obi umeala (nọchiri n'elu), esịtidem ije dị nnọọ ọmarịcha na nnọọ pụrụ iche.

Ozi maka ọbịa

Ọ ga-abụ bara uru iji chọpụta ndị niile na-eme atụmatụ a njem otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mma na obodo oge ochie nke Russia na-ịchọrọ ịga Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod), na-emeghe awa nke omenala ihe na-eri nke tiketi. Firstly, ọ ga-eti na idobere ochichi nyere ụbọchị mgbe a nleta pụrụ nnọọ free:

• Onye ọ bụla na-erubeghị afọ 18 - ọ bụla mbụ Wednesday nke ọnwa, September 1st, June 1st,
• Large ezinụlọ - mbụ Wednesday nke ọnwa.
• Students Nakhimov na Suvorov Military School --enwe kwa izu na kaadị.
• Pensioners - 1 October.
• Nnọọ niile ụmụ amaala - 18 May, na International Day nke Museums, nakwa dị ka na July na August na Friday ọ bụla.

Ma ihe ndị price nke tiketi, ọ kacha mma ka ihe doo ozi ke igbe ọrụ nke ngosi nka-idobere. On ya n'ókèala nkewa nke ihe. I nwere ike họrọ ihe ị na-na na mmasị na ha, na ọ bụghị iji kwụọ ụgwọ ihe ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ịgagharị Sofia belfry, mejupụtara (Vladychnaya) ulo ga-150 rubles. Ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị agadi discounts, ụmụaka ruo 16 afọ ụfọdụ nke ihe nwere ike gafee n'efu.

Atụmatụ ịga Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? Emepe awa nke mgbagwoju ga-ha ghọta tupu. Ọtụtụ ndị bụ n'oge a kara aka n'ebe ma ọ bụ nwere a nkewa n'ime ìhè azọpụta oge, ebe nwere ike rụrụ mweghachi-arụ ọrụ, na ndenye a na njikọ ga-emechi. Ka ihe atụ, Sofia belfry maka nleta na weekdays si elekere iri nke ụtụtụ ruo mgbe isii na mgbede, na on Friday na a izu ụka na ọnụnọ a na-akp ruo mgbe 20:00. Ikekwe ntinye akwụkwọ tiketi n'ọdịnihu online. All ajụjụ ndị a ga-aza nzukọ info Museum-Reserve Service.