Ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na 1612

Otu nke na-atụgharị ihe na mba akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere ike obi ike na-akpọ ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na 1612. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ na-ekpebi ma ma ọ bụ Russian ala. O siri ike overestimate mkpa nke a ụbọchị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọgbọ. Ka anyị lerukwuo omume a dị mkpa, mgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, nakwa dị ka ịhụ ihe mere ọchịagha n'oge ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na-aga nke ọma.

prehistory

Ma mbụ, ka anyị chọpụta ihe ihe tupu ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya.

Esemokwu nke Commonwealth, nke bụ n'ezie a gọọmenti nke Alaeze Poland na Grand Duchy nke Lithuania, na Russian malitere na ugboro Ivana Groznogo. Mgbe ahụ, na 1558, ọ nyawara ama Livonian War, nāchu ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ iji nweta akara n'elu Baltic ala. Na 1583 agha biri na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke udo, nke gosiri na-nnọọ uru n'ihi na Russia. Edi ke ofụri ofụri, a ụwa nke dị iche na Russian na Commonwealth n'ógbè na-adịghị ekwe.

Mgbe ọnwụ Ivana Groznogo na 1584. Russian ocheeze e biri nwa ya - Fyodor. Ọ bụ kama na-adịghị ike na-arịa ọrịa ndị mmadụ, nke na eze ike e budata ebelatawo. Enye ama akpa ke 1598, na-ahapụ dịghị nketa. Ọ bịara ike, bú nwa-nne nwunye Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. Ihe omume a nwere a kama imebi ihe maka Russia, ebe ndị ahụ dị mkpirikpi Rurik usoro ndị eze, bụ onye chịrị na ala n'elu asaa na narị afọ.

Inside na Russian alaeze na-eto eto enweghị afọ ojuju na iwu nke Boris Godunov, nke ọtụtụ ndị lere onye aghụghọ, iwu na-akwadoghị ọdịdọ nke ike, na otu mgbe nụrụ kepu kepu na-iwu igbu ruuru ịbụ onye nketa Ivana Groznogo.

Nke a merenụ na mba pụrụ ịbụ nnọọ uru ohere facilitated mba ọzọ aka.

nduhie

The na-achị achị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu nke Commonwealth maara nke ọma na n'èzí ya isi na-ama bụ Russian alaeze. Ya mere idebe Rurikovich usoro ndị eze na-eje ozi dị ka a ụdị mgbaàmà na-amalite nkwadebe maka mbuso agha.

Otú ọ dị, na-emeghe agha Rzeczpospolita onwe ya ahụ adịghị njikere, otú ha intrigues eji pretender Grigoriya Otrepeva, impersonate Dmitry - nwụrụ na nwata, nwa Ivana Groznogo (dị ka onye ọzọ version, gburu na iwu nke Boris Godunov), n'ihi na nke ọ na-nwetara utu aha - ụgha Dmitry.

Army Falsdmitry recruited na nkwado nke Polish na Lithuanian magnates, ma na-adịghị kwadoro. Rzeczpospolita. Ọ wakporo Russia na 1604. N'oge na-adịghị Tsar Boris Godunov nwụrụ na ya iri na isi afọ nwa Fedor enweghị ike iji hazie a na-azara ọnụ. Polish agha Grigoriya Otrepeva na 1605 weghaara Moscow, na ọ kpọsara onwe ya eze Dmitry I. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-esonụ afọ, ọ na e gburu na a kuu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nọ na-egbu a ịrịba òkè nke okporo osisi, bụ ndị bịara na ya.

New Russian Tsar ghọrọ Vasiliy Shuysky, onye bu nke-nnọchiteanya nke mpụta alaka nke Rurik. Ma a akụkụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na nke Russia na ọ bụghị ghọtara site ugbu onye na-achị.

Na 1607 na ókèala nke Commonwealth, a ọhụrụ nduhie, onye ezigbo aha bụ amaghi. Ọ ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Ụgha Dmitry II. Ọ na-akwado site na tycoons onye mbụ malitere a nnupụisi megide Polish King Sigismund III, ma furu efu. Rate pretender ghọrọ Tushin obodo, n'ihi na ihe Ụgha Dmitry II e utu aha Tushino ohi. Ndị agha ya meriri ndị agha Shumsky nọchibido Moscow.

Vasiliy Shuysky gbalịrị kpakorita na Sigismund III, na ya akwụsịkwa achị. Ma na o nweghị ezigbo leverage, na-achọghị ime otú ahụ. Mgbe ahụ Russian eze ukwu ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ya na Swedes. Nke a na mmekorita a bu n'obi inyere Sweden megide Ụgha Dmitry II n'okpuru okwu nke nyefe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Russian obodo Sweden, nakwa dị ka ihe jikọọ aka megide Poland.

Prerequisites imeghe Polish aka

Isi pretext maka mmalite nke Polish aka ghọrọ a Russian-Swedish mmekorita. Nke a nyere a iwu pretext nke Commonwealth na-ekwusa agha Russia, dị ka otu n'ime nzube nke na mmekorita bụ nanị mmegide nke Poland.

Na ọtụtụ nke Commonwealth n'oge ahụ, e nwere a ike nke eze ike. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na Korol Sigizmund III na 1609 efịk nsogbu njọ n'anya ama, nke e kere afọ atọ. Ugbu a ọ bụ mee ka mpụga mgbasa.

Ke adianade do, Russian-Polish esemokwu kemgbe Livonian War, a na-adọrọghị pụọ, na-ezo Polish aka n'ụdị n'ịgba support na-atụ anya n'ihi ekweghị ka ndị nduhie.

A ihe nyere kwalite maka mkpebi namalite mbuso agha agha nke Commonwealth na Russian n'ókèala nke ala iji mee ka ya n'okpuru ya akara. Ha na-amalite a yinye ihe, nke jikọtara isi obodo nke Russia bụ ọdịdọ nke Polish-Lithuanian agha, na mgbe ahụ na ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya.

Kpọọ nke Moscow okporo osisi

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1609 na Polish agha edu Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo wakporo ókèala Russia na nnọchibido nke Smolensk. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1610 na ha meriri na bụrụkwa agha Klushino Russian-Swedish agha, wee Moscow. N'aka nke ọzọ Moscow machie usu Falsdmitry II.

Ka ọ dịgodị, boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo kwaturu na mkpọrọ ya na a ebe obibi ndị mọnk. Ha guzobere a ọchịchị na a maara n'okpuru aha nke kansul nke asaa. Ma ndị a ma ama usurped ike ndị ịdị n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Ha pụrụ n'ezie ịchịkwa naanị Moscow. Na-atụ egwu na ndị ọchịchị nwere ike weghara ihe na-ewu ewu Ụgha Dmitry II of, ma ama odụk a nọkọta na okporo osisi ya.

Site nkwekọrịta, nwa nke Polish King Sigismund III, Wladyslaw ghọrọ Russian Tsar, ma akakabarede Chọọchị Ọtọdọks. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1610 na Polish agha banyere Moscow.

mbụ agha

N'ihi ya, isi obodo rus weghaara okporo osisi ya. On n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ, ha malitere ịṅụ oké, nke ndammana kpaliri iwe nke ndị obodo. Getman Zolkiewski wee si na Moscow, na-edu Polish agha n'obodo ekpe Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

Ná mmalite nke 1611 n'okpuru idu ndú nke Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. na J. Zarutsky Lyapunov e hiwere ya a na-akpọ nke mbụ agha. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ - na-amalite ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya. The isi ike nke usu nile nke ndi bu Ryazan ma ama Tushino na Cossacks.

Agha bịakwutere Moscow. N'otu oge ahụ na ọgba aghara megide bi agha, òkè dị mkpa nke na-egwuri Dmitry Pozharsky, ọdịnihu agha isi n'oge ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya.

N'oge a ndị agha bụ ike iri China Town, ma ihe dị iche na n'ime ya mere ka a na-egbu otu n'ime ndị ndú - Procopius Lyapunov. N'ihi na nke a, ndị agha kụtusịa. The nzube nke mkpọsa e nweta ihe, na ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na-ewere ọnọdụ.

Formation nke abụọ agha

Ọ bịara na 1612. Ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ghọrọ nzube nke abụọ agha e guzobere. The ụzọ nke ya ihe e kere eke si ahia na crafts klas nke Nizhny Novgorod, nke tara ahụhụ nnukwu mmegbu na weere n'oge na Polish-arụ. Nizhny Novgorod amataghị ihe ọ bụla ikike nke Ụgha Dmitry II, ma ọ bụ Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

A na-eduga ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke abụọ Ndị mmadụ agha egwuri Kuzma Minin, bụ ndị jere ozi Zemsky onyeisi. Ọ gbara ume ka ndị mmadụ dịrị n'otu na-alụso ndị mwakpo. N'ọdịnihu, ọ ghọrọ ama dị ka a ọchịagha n'oge ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi dị ka a ndiife dike. Na mgbe Kuzma Minin bụ a dị mfe omenkà bụ onye ike dịrị n'otu ìgwè mmadụ na-enubata na ya oku ka Nizhny Novgorod sitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Russia.

N'etiti mbata bụ Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, nwoke ọzọ, onye nweela maara aha dị ka a ọchịagha n'oge ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na 1612. Ọ na-akpọ na ndị agha na mgbakọ ezumezu, na-arịọ Prince Pozharsky-eduru mba na-alụso ndị mwakpo. The isi ike na-ajụ arịrịọ a, ma sonyere ndị agha, malitere udi n'okpuru idu ndú nke Minin, na ndị ikom ya.

Idé nke ndị agha gụnyere Nizhny Novgorod agha esịnede 750 ndị mmadụ, ma ndị oku si na ọrụ ndị mmadụ Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh na obodo ndị ọzọ. Ọ ga-kwuru bụ nnukwu ike nke Minin na Pozharsky na ntuziaka guzobe nke ụsụụ ndị agha, na na nchikota na obodo ndị ọzọ nke Russia. N'eziokwu, ha kpụrụ a ahu nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọchịchị.

Mgbe e mesịrị, nke abụọ ndị agha na ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi, mgbe ọ bịara na isi obodo, gbakwunyere site ụfọdụ iche iche nke osụhọ mbụ agha.

N'ihi ya, n'okpuru idu ndú nke Minin na Pozharsky bukwanu ike e guzobere, ike ọma iguzogide ndị mwakpo. Otú malitere ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na 1612.

Personality Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Ugbu a, ka-atụle ihe zuru ezu na njirimara nke onye ghọrọ ama dị ka a agha isi n'oge ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya. Ọ Dmitry Pozharsky bụ ndị na behest nke ndị isi ndú nke ndị agha, ọ deservedly bụ nke a akụkụ buru ibu nke na onyinye a dị ebube mmeri. Ònye ka ọ bụ?

Dmitry Pozharsky bụ oge ochie isi ezinụlọ, bụ nke a n'akụkụ alaka nke Rurik Starodubskaya akara. A mụrụ ya na 1578, ntụgharị n'oge e guzobere militias n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1611 ọ bụ banyere 33 afọ. Nna bụ Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky na nne - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva na aha, o nyere na ego, Dmitry mụrụ.

The ọha ọrụ Dmitry Pozharsky wee laghachi na ọchịchị Borisa Godunova. Future ọchịagha, onyeisi nke ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi, n'okpuru Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom dugara otu onye nke ìgwè dị iche iche na guzogidere ndị agha Ụgha Dmitry II. Mgbe ahụ, a họpụtara ya Zaraiskiy gọvanọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka e kwuru na-ama n'elu, Pozharsky e aku nzukọ nke nsogbu megide okporo osisi na Moscow n'oge ịdị adị nke mbụ Ndị mmadụ agha.

Kwesịrị ịdị, ndị agha otú ike megide mba ọzọ aka, ike ikwu na oku Kuzmy Minina. Ọ bụghị ikpeazụ ọrụ na Dmitry Pozharsky duru ndị agha, bụ eziokwu na o nwere ihe ala na ụlọ nso Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ie, emejupụta idé nke ndị agha, na-ewere ya ha.

Nke ahụ bụ ihe bụ nwoke ahụ nke mere ndị agha na ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya.

March na Moscow

Anyị achọpụtabeghị onye nyere iwu ka ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi, ugbu a ka na-elekwasị anya na vicissitudes nke mkpọsa.

Agha kpaliri na njedebe nke February 1612 na Nizhny Novgorod na Volga elu kwupụta Moscow. Dị ka ị na-enwe ọganihu, ọhụrụ ndị sooro ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị niile zutere agha na ọṅụ, na ebe ndị isi obodo na-agbalị ịrụzi mmegide, dị ka ọ bụ na Kostroma, ha a chụrụ na-anọchi site na Russian agha-eguzosi ike n'ihe ka ndị mmadụ.

Na April 1612, ndị agha bịara Yaroslavl, nke sample bụ fọrọ nke nta August 1612. N'ihi ya, Yaroslavl ghọrọ nwa oge isi obodo. Nke a oge nke mmepe nke ntọhapụ ije nakweere aha "Eguzo na Yaroslavl."

Mgbe ọ matara na-abịaru nso ka Moscow agha hetman Chodkiewicz, iji hụ na ya na-azara ọnụ, Pozharsky ke mbubreyo July ozugbo zitere ọtụtụ detachments nke Yaroslavl, onye ọsọ ozugbo ka isi obodo, na n'etiti nke August, niile agha agha na-lekwasị ke Moscow.

agha nke ọzọ

O doro anya na nwere bụrụkwa agha. Gịnị bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agha na agha ọzọ na ha pụrụ isi chọta?

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agha bụ ndị nọ n'okpuru Dmitry Pozharsky mere gafere asatọ na puku ndị mmadụ, dị ka isi mmalite. Idé nke ndị agha ndị Cossack detachments nọmba nke 4000 ndị mmadụ na otu puku-uta. E wezụga Pozharsky na Minin militia isi ndị Dmitry Pozharsky-shọvel (a ikwu nke isi-nduzi obodo) na Ivan Khovanskiy-Large. Naanị ikpeazụ ndị a otu mgbe iwu bukwanu agha nkeji. The ike ma dị ka Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, nwere iwu a dịtụ obere nkeji ma ọ bụ na-edu ndú ahụmahụ kpam kpam anọghị, dị ka Pozharsky, shọvel.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, otu n'ime ndị ndú nke mbụ agha, mere ka ndị na 2500 Cossacks. Ọ bụ ezie na o kwetara na-enyere ndị ihe na-akpatakarị, ma n'otu oge ikike ghara igbu iwu Pozharsky. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Russian agha bụ 9500-10 000.

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Polish agha Hetman Chodkiewicz, na-abịa na Moscow na ọdịda anyanwụ, e nwere 12 000 ndị. Isi ike na ọ bụ ndị na Zaporozhye Cossacks nọmba nke 8,000 ndị agha nọ n'okpuru iwu nke Aleksandra Zborovskogo. The kasị oru oma akụkụ nke ndị agha nwere a onye detachment Hetman nọmba 2,000.

The ọchịagha nke Polish agha - Chodkiewicz na Zborowski - ama bukwanu agha ahụmahụ. Akpan akpan Chodkiewicz iche na n'igbochi na-adịbeghị anya nsogbu ama dị ka nke ọma dị ka agha, Sweden. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ isi ga-kwuru Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski na Koretsky.

Ke adianade 12,000 agha, nke mere ka a Chodkiewicz, na Moscow Kremlin ka puku atọ Polish agha. Ha duuru jets na Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Nke a, kwa, ha na-alụso, ma na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla agha talent.

N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Polish agha ruru 15 000 ndị.

Russian agha dị nso mgbidi nke White City, mgbe n'etiti Polish agha gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ na Kremlin, na ndi Chodkiewicz bụ n'etiti a oké nkume na a ike ebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nọ nta karịa ndị nke osisi, na ndi-isi usu enweghị ihe dị ukwuu agha ahụmahụ. O yiri ka akara aka nke ndị agha anọkwasị.

Battle for Moscow

Ya mere, na August 1612 agha malitere, nke bịara ná njedebe na ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ya. Year nke a agha ruo mgbe ebighị ebi banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia.

First malitere imegide ndị agha Hetman Chodkiewicz gafere Moskva osimiri, ha wee gaa n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Novodevichy Nọn, ebe lekwasị agha. Ọ malitere a agha ịnyịnya. Polish agha nwara ọgụ si ya ike, mgbe Prince Troubetzkoy chere na-ejighị ọsọ enyemaka nke Pozharsky. Ọ ga-kwuru na ndị agha isi ọchịagha nke ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi ezi amamihe, na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ibido etipịa onye iro ọnọdụ agha. Chodkiewicz nwere agbahapụ.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Pozharsky gbanwere na eze nke ìgwè ndị agha kpaliri ke Zamoskvorechye. The bụrụkwa agha wee ebe on August 24. Hetman Chodkiewicz ọzọ tụbara ndị agha ya agha, na-enwe olileanya na-etipịa ndị nta ọtụtụ agha. Ma, ọ tụgharịa si dị ka ọ tụrụ anya ya. Russian agha guzosiri ike, na mgbakwunye na nke agha, n'ikpeazụ sonyeere agha Trubetskoy.

Ike ga-agwụ ndị na-emegide kpebiri iwere a breather. Site ná mgbede, ndị agha wee gaa na-akpasu iwe. Ha overran onye iro ọnọdụ, ma na-amanye ya agbahapụ ka Mozhaisk obodo. Hụrụ nke a, ndị Polish agha a manyere atọgbọ agha. Ya mere biri ntọhapụ nke Moscow si mba ọzọ mwakpo.

mmetụta

Ntọhapụ nke Moscow si okporo osisi na 1612-e tiwara dum Russian-Polish agha. Otú ọ dị, agha edinam were ogologo oge ma.

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1613 ọ nọ na-etinye na nnọchiteanya nke ọhụrụ n'alaeze nke Romanov usoro ndị eze - Mikhail Fedorovich. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a ịrịba ike nke Russian ghọọ mba kwụụrụ.

Ná ngwụsị nke 1618, e mesịrị kwubiri Deulino ceasefire n'etiti Russian na Polish. Dị ka ihe a truce, Russia a manyere inye nnukwu ebe nke Commonwealth, ma nọgidere na ọtụtụ ihe - ya ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. N'ọdịnihu, ọ nyeere ya aka inweta ihe ndị furu efu n'ala, na ọbụna na-ekere òkè na ngalaba kasị nke Commonwealth.

The uru nke ntọhapụ nke Moscow

O siri ike overestimate mkpa nke ntọhapụ nke ndị Russian isi obodo n'ihi na mba akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe omume a nyere aka na-Russian ala na ihe siri ike mgba megide ndị mwakpo. Ya mere, Agha nke Moscow na-ede ihe niile Akwụkwọ na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ụbọchị.

Echeta anyị ma ndị ndú nke abụọ agha - Prince Pozharsky na Kuzma Minin, onye ruo ogologo oge nwere ọnọdụ nke mba dike. Ha na-etinye na ememe, na-etinye ihe ncheta echeta.