Ọ bụ na ọ pụrụ izere Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ? German-Soviet Frontier Treaty (na Molotov-Ribbentrop mmeko). Stalin na Hitler

Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ihe mere eme enweghị subjunctive ọnọdụ, ka na-eme nnyocha, na ndị nkịtị na-arịọ ha ma ọ bụ ike iji zere Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Iji zaa ajụjụ a, anyị ga-ele ndị na-akpata nke kasị agha na akụkọ ụmụ mmadụ.

Ikwa ocho okwu

Na 1933, ka ike na Germany Nazi bịara, edu Adolf Hitler. Akpụkọta ndị na ihu ọma nke revising pụta World War II, dị ka a n'ihi nke a na obodo ha e napụ a ịrịba akụkụ nke ya n'ókèala na ekpe na-enweghị ihe agha. N'otu oge ahụ Hitler yiri aka ike ikwu wuru na Italy site Benito Mussolini.

Na eve nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Fuehrer malitere mbụ nzọụkwụ nke ndị annexation nke n'ókèala nke agbata obi na-ekwu. Na otu aka ahụ, ọ chọrọ isonyere fraternal Austria, na ndị ọzọ - iji bupụ Sudetenland n'ógbè Czechoslovakia, a akụkụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na-emi esịnede agbụrụ Germany.

Western ndú anya site mkpịsị aka ya na Hitler ike ike ihapu otutu okwu. Ma ma ọ bụ ike igbochi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ? Taa, ọ na-kweere na ya si malite ka kewapụrụ a "iwu nke appeasement", nke e ekenịmde ke Paris na London. Na United Kingdom, na France (dị ka ndị na-enwe mmeri mba World War m na isi guarantor nke Versailles Treaty) ga-etinye mgbali na Onye Ndú dị ka ọ na-enwe oge na-ike a dị ike agha, ma ọ bụghị. Gịnị mere na ọ na-eme? Otu n'ime ndị isi na-akpatara ndị appeasement kwupụta Hitler bụ egwu Western ikeketeorie mba nke ọchịchị Kọmunist na ndị Soviet Union.

Mmasị nke ochichi onye kwuo uche na Stalin

Ebe ọ bụ na afọ, mgbe Russian Bolsheviks wee ike, Europe bụ nzube nke "ụwa mgbanwe". The agha obodo na-adịghị ghọọ a mmeri njem nke proletariat na Old World (ọ kpagbuo azụ na Poland). O sina dị, ihe nile nke 20s na 30s. ndị ọchịchị Soviet ka nyekwara kpamkpam na nkwalite nke leftist echiche ná mba ọzọ. a ọhụrụ International e kere na-enyere ndị ụwa mgbanwe.

N'ihi na ihe niile ihe ndị a, Western Europe so USSR dị ka a kpọmkwem ihe iyi egwu ka ya adị. Ọbụna iwu diplomatic na Bolsheviks ọgaranya ikeketeorie mba malitere amalite naanị na 1930. Ntoputa nke Nazi iyi egwu nwere ike theoretically iduga a rapprochement n'etiti abụọ irreconcilable usoro, ma ọ dịghị mgbe o mere.

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Lenin na Soviet ike nwayọọ nwayọọ lekwasị na-aka nke Stalin. Ọ na-akọwa dum mba ọzọ amụma nke mba na, ọ bụ ezie na Soviet Union enweghị iwu isi nke ala. Na nkera nke abụọ nke 1930s. Stalin malitere uka repressions. N'okpuru ha niile nọ na-si ochie Bolsheviks agha na ndị nkịtị. "Great ụjọ" ihe adajụwo Moscow, na Western isi. Ọ bụ na ọ pụrụ izere Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ? Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, ọ bụghị na ikpe mgbe European ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahọrọ n'otu Stalin ikwa Hitler.

Munich Agreement

Acme achụ iwu Ndú Western-ekwuchitere mba ruru September 30, 1938. Ihere e banyere on a ụbọchị na Munich Agreement, n'okpuru nke ebe Germany bụ Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland. Hitler bịanye aka na ya, Mussolini, British Prime Minister Chamberlain na French Prime Minister Daladier.

Czechoslovakia na-anabata ọhụrụ iji nke ihe mere n'ụdị otu iwu. The Soviet Union, nke so na ibe enyemaka mmeko na mba ahụ na France, n'ozuzu anya. Stalin na ya chere na sidelines nke mba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị Europe mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ekweghiekwe chetara Munich Agreement, a afọ mgbe e mesịrị rụpụtara na mmalite nke na-agbawa obi agha.

N'ihi na Stalin na mkpebi na Czechoslovakia na-enweghị ya na-ekere òkè bụ a onye ihere. Munich ihe ndị ike na-atụ egwu nke onye ndú nke ndị dị iche iche nke izu ọjọọ nke fascists na ochichi onye kwuo uche, n'ihi nke nwere ike ịbụ uzo nke German awakpo ọwuwa-anyanwu. N'otu oge ahụ, Stalin nwere ike adighi-eme ka ihe ahụ merenụ si n'ọnọdụ nke ha onwe ha ike. The nkụzị nke Red Army nọ ike site September 1938, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala nke obodo, ma ọ bụrụ na European ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ejisike na-akwụ ụgwọ ntị na demonstrative ogbugbu. Ugbua na October ikpeazụ reverse demobilization, na ndị ọchịchị Soviet malite ịchọ a diplomatic ụzọ nke iche. Na Kremlin, e kpebiri ikewa ndị Fuehrer na Western ochichi onye kwuo uche.

Oge nke ejighị ihe n'aka

Tupu Stalin na Hitler nso, Soviet ndú mere ọtụtụ demarches ikpe France na UK na, na Kama nke ahụ, na-agwa Germany ka mkparịta. Otú ahụ ka okwu na XVIII Congress nke Party na March 1939. Stalin kwuru na ọ ga-abụ maka Western ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chestnuts si n'etiti ọkụ na-akpọ ha provocateurs bụ ndị nwara embroil Berlin na Moscow. Dị nnọọ a ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe nke a okwu, Hitler nnọọ ọrụ Czechoslovakia. Ọbụna olileanya na bịara doo anya na ọ bụrụ na-aga a isi ọhụrụ agha. Na ọnọdụ ndị a, Stalin chere, bụ a "atọ ike", ọ na-egosi ọzọ na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.

N'oge opupu ihe ubi na okpomọkụ nke 1939 European-ekwuchitere mba agbalị kpakorita. Ọ dịghị onye tụkwasịrị obi dịghị onye na unofficial nkwekọrịta nwere ike ịda iche na-esote ụbọchị. Na nke a maze nke mkparita uka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-agbalị chepụta ma ọ bụ ike iji zere Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọ tụgharịrị na e nwere.

Dị ka mkparita uka na USSR, France na Great Britain na-agaghị site ná mmalite. O duuru ha na Ndị mmadụ Commissar maka Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov, na-ejikọ ya aha ọma rallying mgbochi Nazi agha, na òkè nke Soviet Union. Na May 1939, ndị isi nke Soviet Union zitere ya n'ime ezumike nká. Ọ bụ a demonstrative nzọụkwụ. Ọ gaghị agara ọdịnihu nke convergence, n'ihi na nke gara Stalin na Hitler. Ndị mmadụ Commissar maka Foreign Affairs Molotov malitere, nke a, obi abụọ adịghị, bụ enyi ogbugbu kwupụta Germany. Site n'enyemaka nke pesonel castling Stalin n'ụzọ zuru ezu anya mba ọzọ amụma na aka-ha. Site Molotov ya ọrụ dị ukwuu mfe karịa na Litvinov, adịkarịghị gara na Kremlin ndú si ọrụ.

Non-awakpo mmeko

The njedebe nke Soviet-German rapprochement ghọrọ Molotov - Ribbentrop mmeko. Na kpọmkwem mara ihe malitere bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke akwụkwọ a bụ Hitler. N'iji ihe omume, ọ na-achụ Moscow ikpeazụ ya okwu. The Ndú kpebiri na nso mbuso agha nke Poland nwere ike ime na-enweghị ndị enyi nke Soviet ndú. August 21, Hitler zitere a akwụkwọ ozi ka Stalin na nke a doro nnọọ anya ndumodu asian banyere nso agha na awa banye a na-abụghị ime ihe ike mmeko.

Ọ banyere agụ na nso nso. August 23, rutere Moscow German Minista mba Joachim von Ribbentrop. Stalin na Molotov olu ọma kelere ya, na mgbe ahụ ka e mere a nonaggression mmeko na Soviet Union na Germany. Abụọ nwetara ihe ha abụọ chọrọ. Na isi ọnwụ nke Stalin na nzuzo protocol na-akwadebe. Ọ gara n'ụlọ Molotov - Ribbentrop mmeko.

Dị ka akwụkwọ a, ndị Soviet Union na Germany na-ekewa n'etiti Eastern Europe. Soviet mpaghara nke mmasị gụnyere a akụkụ nke Poland (Western Belarus na Ukraine West), na Baltic States, Finland, Bessarabia. Stalin chọrọ inweta ókèala na mweghachi nke ala nke mbụ Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Hitler nwere mkpa iji hụ na nche nke ya n'ókè-ala n'oge agha Poland na ndi fọduru nke Europe. Nonaggression mmeko na Soviet Union na Germany, ka afọ ju ọchịchọ nke abụọ isi.

pragmatists njehie

Ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gosiri na Nazism - otu n'ime ndị kasị njọ mpụ na mere eme nke mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, na 1939, Stalin, na onye kwuo uche ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akpa àgwà na-Hitler, dị ka a na-agbanwe obibia. Western-ekwuchitere mba ziri ezi ikwa Ndú sụgharịa yiri ama "ma ọ bụrụ na naanị na e nweghị agha." Agreement so ya adabaghị, dum ajụjụ bụ nanị na ha agwa. Eme ihe dị pragmatic iwu, Stalin, na a uche ọ dị iche iche site na ndị bịanyere aka Munich Agreement.

Otú ọ dị, e nwere a dị iche. Western-ekwuchitere mba naanị napụrụ ihe otiti nke ha onwe ha na mba (otú eme Hitler atụgharịa akwa a ole na ole obere mba). Ma Stalin akwụsịghị n'oge a "na-anabata" nso. O kpebiri na-akụkụ na nkewa nke n'ókèala. Ọ bụ ya mere ọtụtụ ndị nke mba na World War II ibido weere Soviet Union na-arụrụ Germany.

Stalin Mmetụta na Onye Ndú aka gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ikwere na France na Britain na-ịkwa onwe ha iwe nke atọ Reich na easterly direction. Ma ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ndị Soviet ndú ji na ndabere nke na-ebute ọdịmma nke USSR, ọ bụ ka nyere Hitler opi ikpeazụ maka ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'ihi ya (ewere n'ime akaụntụ kwa Munich Agreement), ihe niile atọ n'akụkụ nke "oké egwuregwu" kwere na-eme ọtụtụ afọ nke ọbara anụ grinder. The mmeko na Soviet Union na Germany bụ isi, ma ọ bụghị naanị nzọụkwụ na ntụziaka nke a ajọ ọdachi.

Ụbọchị nke malitere na ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ (1 September 1939 na 1 September 1945) - na isi ihe mere eme nke XX narị afọ. O siri ike ịhụ onye ọ bụla na Iv nke agha na-atụ aro na agha ga-eme na ndị dị otú ahụ a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onwu na emebi. N'otu aka ahụ, n'oge ibuot ekwuchitere mba kwere na-eme WWI.

Mmetụta na Nlereanya nke mmeko

Na-ekwu okwu banyere ebumnobi nke Stalin àgwà ya mmekọahụ Hitler, ghara ikwu banyere Japanese na-akpata. Ogba clashes n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ onye agbata obi nke Soviet Union malitere na opupu ihe ubi nke 1939. Na mbụ, ihe omume na Mongolia kpụrụ unsuccessfully maka Red Army. Ma n'oge okpomọkụ ọnọdụ malitere ịgbanwe. Na August, mgbe Moscow aka Soviet-German nkwekọrịta, ndị Kremlin ọkwá na mkparịta ụka na Berlin ukwu ike.

Mmeko tụgharịa si maka Japan diplomatic mmeri. Ugbu a ọ na-apụghị ịgụ na-enyemaka nke ya bụ enyi Germany na-alụso ndị Soviet Union. The ike itule nke mmetụta na ụzọ dum nke ihe ga-adịghị anya a ga-akpọ "World War II". Ihe Kpatara nkebi, ihe a ogu ike-atụle enweghị na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ Japanese omume. On na Iv nke agha na Pearl Harbor na Tokyo kpọrọ ịrụ ụka banyere onye ọgụ: na Soviet Union ma ọ bụ na United States. The nhọrọ e mere na ihu ọma nke American script na zọpụta ndị Soviet Union si agha na abụọ asakde iso ese.

N'ihi na Stalin, ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke a nonaggression mmeko bụ a kenkwucha mmeri. Site na ịbanye nkwekọrịta, ọ na-etinye nkukota na kasị nwere onye iro na nwetaghachiri ụfọdụ furu ire ere nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu n'ókèala. Echiche nke "akụkọ ihe mere eme ikpe ziri ezi", ndị a na-accession ozugbo breakaway n'ógbè, zutere na nghọta na ọmịiko nke ọtụtụ Soviet ụmụ amaala, na ọbụna ụfọdụ na West. Tupu Soviet ndú pụtara na olileanya nke guzozie n'agbata Germany na ebu agha na ya Old World nche.

Secret protocol ike Eastern Europe n'ime ngalaba nke mmetụta, N'ezie, igba a onyinyo na aha nke Soviet Union. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e nwere ajụjụ banyere o agha na Germany, Stalin bụ nchegbu banyere ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, wetara ketara ekpe eso Kremlin si nna-ukwu. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, Soviet ọchịchị jụrụ ịnakwere ịdị adị nke nzuzo protocol. All mbipụta na pụtara na Western pịa, a na-akpọ fakes na provocations. The akụkọ ihe mere eme n'eziokwu e weghachiri naanị na oge nke perestroika, mgbe Soviet Union akpatre kwetara eziokwu wetara nkọwa banyere Molotov - Ribbentrop mmeko.

Nkebi nke Poland

Mgbe ịbanye na-abụghị ime ihe ike mmeko na Soviet Union, Hitler ga-amalite na-eduzi ndị na-alụ ọgụ Europe. Ihe nke abụọ World War malitere September 1 1939 , mgbe Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ wakporo Poland. Ya jikọrọ aka France na Britain imegide Germany, ma n'ezie na-ewepụta oge na-abanye a ọbara agha.

M ozugbo na Stalin. Nkebi nke Poland na akwụkwọ esesịn itie. Ma Soviet mbuso agha nke September 17 naanị malitere ná mba a, mgbe o doro anya ihe ga-esi German ịchọ okwu. Stalin na-chọrọ anya dị ka nke abụọ onye mbusoagha. Ya mere, ndị ukara ọnọdụ nke USSR wee si eziokwu ahụ bụ na Red Army regains n'ókèala Western Belarus na Western Ukraine, họrọ Poland na 1921.

The eziokwu dị iche na-agbasa echiche. USSR mere na nnọchite nke Belarusian na Ukrainian ndị mmadụ, ma na Nsonye nke ọhụrụ ebe ke Union ahụ adịghị ka ịdịghachi iche fraternal iche iche. Red Army weghaara ebe nwetara ngwa Sovietization, na-esonyere mmanye na ada. N'ihi na ebe ndị a na socialist ụkpụrụ, na Kremlin ebibi akpalite dissent, kagburu ikeketeorie usoro ma hazie uka ihicha.

ọhụrụ nkwekọrịta

Mgbe Poland bụ n'okpuru achị Red Army na Wehrmacht nakweere a ọhụrụ nkwekorita nke ọbụbụenyi na ókè-ala n'etiti USSR na Germany. The ukara ememe nke ya mbinye aka na 28 September 1939.

First Protocol mezie mgbanwe nke German na Soviet ụmụ amaala bụ ndị dịrị ndụ na n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke kewara Polish ókèala. Abụọ ọzọ nzuzo nkwekọrịta gbanwee akporo nke ọdịmma nke na-ekwu kọwaa ihe August Molotov-Ribbentrop mmeko. German-Soviet Frontier Treaty bụ ya ezi uche n'ihu. Soviet n'oge okpomọkụ mpaghara nke mmasị na Baltic gụnyere Estonia na Latvia. Ugbu a, ọ na-weghaara Lithuania. Nke a na obodo na-a "ụgwọ" maka akụkụ nke Lublin na Warsaw ógbè na-arụ site German agha (ezie na ndị a ndị nọ ceded na Soviet Union).

Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ndị Treaty nke Enyi na ókè e a emeju. Ọ e banyere January 1941. The ngwa kwuru na Soviet-German ókè nso Baltic Sea, nakwa dị ka usoro maka resettlement nke Germany si Baltic mba Soviet na ala nna ya Germany. The ose gụnyere ndokwa maka mmezi nke metụtara ihe onwunwe esemokwu. Ka ọ dịgodị, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ wee na Europe. The isi ogu bụ n'etiti France na Germany (Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ na-atụghị anya ngwa ngwa mmeri nke atọ Republic).

The esemokwu nke abụọ ndị ọchịchị aka ike

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Stalin na Hitler e mepụtara dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọnọdụ dị Europe tupu na mgbe afọ abụọ mbụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ke ufọk ke Kremlin, ndị Soviet ndú ekwughị ekwe omume nke ntiwapụ nke agha na Germany. Otú ọ dị, o wee si eziokwu na ndị agha nwere ike na-egbu oge ọ dịkarịa ala ọzọ afọ ole na ole ma ọ bụ na niile izere ya. Hitler nakweere n'ozuzu plan nke agha na ndị Soviet Union na nkera nke abụọ nke afọ 1940.

The Soviet Union n'oge ahụ dechara njikọ nke ebe n'ókè na German mmetụta ebe. Mgbe n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ógbè Belarus na Ukraine bụ uzo nke Baltic. The nnwere onwe nke Estonia, Latvia na Lithuania pụta mgbe ida nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Ndị a na-ekwu, nwere obere agha ike kpọrọ iguzogide Red Army, dapụtara na-emeghe, e nweghị haziri ahazi na-eguzogide njikọ. Power na Baltic mba ndị dị ka a n'ihi nke nzuzo mkparita uka na ọchịchị obodo Molotov a kpọfere Communist Party. Ndị, n'aka, jụrụ Moscow na accede na Soviet Union.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 1940, Romania nyere ọbara USSR na Moldova n'efu. Ọchịchị Karol nke Abụọ wụfughị ọbara ma kweta na Stalin ga-abịa. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna tupu enwee ihe ịga nke ọma a, egwu egwu dara Kremlin. N'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya na Germany Finland bịakwara mpaghara nke ọdịmma nke USSR. Mba a jụrụ ịnabata ihe ndị Stalin nwere. Na November 1939, Agha Mmiri malitere (ọ dị ọnwa atọ na ọkara). Ndi Red Army meriri nnukwu onu. Finland kwadoro onwe ya (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nyere ụfọdụ ókèala ókè nke Karelia).

The fiasco nke Stalin kwenyesiri ike na Hitler nke Soviet Union enweghi ike inye nsogbu dị na Wehrmacht. Ọnwa ole na ole mgbe Agha Ụwa Ọgwụgwụ gasịrị, a kwadoro atụmatụ Barbarossa na Berlin. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Germany ejiriwo Europe dum na-eguzogide ya. N'ịbụ onye nwetara ihe ọ chọrọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Hitler na-elegharị anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Tupu agha a na Soviet Union, o nwere Balkans ma mee ka ya na ndị Rom na Bulgaria bụrụ ndị agbụrụ - mba ndị so n'òtù nke USSR. Agha na-aga n'ihu Germany na-eru nso, ma Stalin jụrụ ikwenye na mmalite mmalite ya. Ọ gbanweghị onwe ya ọbụna mgbe Hitler leghaara ihe nchetara ya anya banyere mkparịta ụka ọhụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ banyere ọgụgụ isi ya banyere ìgwè ndị agha na ókèala. Ihe si na isi ike a bụ oké ihe nfufu na mgbapụta ukwu nke Red Army na ọnwa mbụ nke Agha Ukwu Patriotic, nke malitere na June 22, 1941.