Ọdịdị nke Baikal. Lake Baikal - ebube nke uwa

Onye kasị ukwuu ọkpụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ niile oge - ọdịdị. Site ya pụrụ iche udi na pụrụ iche, na ha nso na mgbe niile na-echetara mmadu nke ịdị ebube, mma na ike. Ókèala Russia dị nnọọ elu, nke bụ ya mere na ya na-emeghe oghere na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe magburu onwe kere nke okike. Akụkọ nke ha si na-ejikọta ya na a dịgasị iche iche nke myths na akụkọ na-emeghị bụ nke mmasị nke ọtụtụ puku ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa. Russian ọrụ ebube nke ọdịdị - Lake Baikal - adọta nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị njem nleta na-eme nnyocha ruru ya pụrụ iche e ji mara.

ntoputa

Ruo taa, si malite ọdọ na ya afọ controversial ọkà mmụta sayensị. Baikal bụ ndị kasị ochie ahụ nke mmiri na Earth, ya guzobere wee ebe karịa 30 nde afọ gara aga, na a yiri ụdị agụmakwụkwọ ice ọdọ mmiri "ndụ" ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 10-15 puku afọ. N'ime oge a, e nwere irreversible Filiks nke siltation ma ọ bụ eutrophication. N'echiche a Baikal - ịtụnanya nke okike, ya mmiri bụ uzo, nwere kasị ala etoju nke ofufe site organic na ịnweta ogige ma coastline nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe na-amụba. Stone nnukwu efere, nke bụ kasị ego nke ọhụrụ mmiri na mbara ala, gbara ya gburugburu site fọrọ nke nta niile n'akụkụ site n'ugwu mkpọda. Nke a ukwuu ịda mbà n'obi, emi odude na ala, na uche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-aga site na jikọrọ ọnụ na elu n'ígwé nke ákwà mgbokwasị. Ya mere, ọ na-chere na tectonic Filiks rụpụtara na guzobere esite. Mgbe oleekwa otú oge ochie a oké osimiri, na-anọgide na-hụrụ, ma ọdịdị nke Baikal abịakwute ụmụ mmadụ a ọtụtụ ajụjụ.

ọdịdị ala

Na ịdị obosara nke East Siberia si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ erukwa na a mpekere onwa ekara mbara mmiri. Lake Baikal emi odude ke Central Asia na ókè-ala nke Republic of Buryatia na Irkutsk mpaghara. Ogologo ya bụ 630 km, obosara àmà site 25 ruo 80 km. The nke ebe mmiri bụ tụnyere na ókèala nke ụfọdụ mba Europe (Netherlands, Belgium), ọ bụ banyere 32 000 sq. km. The coastline na-gbanwere, ya kacha ogologo bụ ofu na gburugburu 2,200 km. ala ọdịdị ala bụ iche iche, e nwere shelves nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri na mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ridges, ma na-akpa na Lake Baikal - n'ala ala ọdọ ke ererimbot. Hydrographic n'oru nyocha na now etiri ala na-enwe mgbe nile. Dị ka na-adịbeghị anya data enen karịa omimi nke 1642 mita, na nkezi nke karịrị 700 mita. Nke abụọ kasị ukwuu miri-mmiri ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika ma nwere Caspian (Caspian Sea).

research

Ọdịdị nke Baikal nwere mgbe niile masịrị ndị mmadụ na ya primeval, di iche iche na monumentality. The mbụ ọmụma banyere ọdọ ụbọchị azụ ka XVI na narị afọ, n'oge ahụ, Siberia dọtara na-eme nnyocha ka na-adịghị agwụ agwụ isi iyi nke furs, dị oké ọnụ ahịa na nkume na ọla ores. Russian embassies zigara China maka oge mbụ etinyere oké "Ocean Sea" na map. N'otu oge N. Spafarija kwupụta a mmiri ka Lake Baikal, na fauna na osisi nke ya n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ebe ọ bụ na mgbe a tọrọ ntọala nke Russian Academy nke Sciences (1723), site iwu nke Peter 1 amalite uche na-amụ esite, Njirimara nke mmiri ya, si, na osisi fauna. Ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, akụkọ ihe mere eme, folklorists, geologists, gburugburu ebe obibi bụ isi ọmụmụ nke Lake Baikal, nke a ụbọchị jupụtara omimi.

Mmiri na ice

Baikalskaya mmiri jupụta na oxygen, ọ mejupụtara a dị nnọọ nta nke organic na inorganic ogige ma ike-eji dị ka distilled. N'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụ ihe kasị uzo, na-aga ahụ anyanwụ na ụzarị, nwere a-acha anụnụ anụnụ tint, ihe hụrụ na ala nwere ike hụrụ na a omimi nke 40 mita. The okpomọkụ nke mmiri uka dịgasị dabere omimi: ala n'ígwé okpomọkụ ụtọ ka ⁰ C 4, n'elu 9 + ^{0 Celsius} C, na-emighị emi bays kacha 15 ⁰ C. N'ihi na guzobere n'elu a nnukwu ego nke mmiri bioplanktona aghọ greenish, ya nghọta na-ebelata ka 8 mita. Ice na Lake Baikal bụ isiokwu nke ọmụmụ site na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Igbidi esịmde 1-1.5 mita, ebe ọ bụ na uzo. Na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ebe na-guzobere na-emighị emi abaitiat ma fesa, ala okpomọkụ mgbape ice na a ji mara ụda yiri égbè eluigwe ma ọ bụ ogbugba. Unique ice Baikal "ugwu" na-cone ekara formations na a oghere isi, ha elu nwere ike iru 6 mita. The oghere na-dị na ugwu nta n'ebe ahụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri. The ugwu nwere ike na-etolite a ụdị ridges ma ọ bụ enịm otu otu.

seismic

Na-adịghị ike ala ọma jijiji (1-2 isi) na-hụrụ Baikal mgbe niile. Tectonic Filiks na-agbanwe agbanwe na ala ọdịdị ala na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mpaghara. Ike ala ọma jijiji nnọọ anya, ha na-akpata na-adabere n'ike nke aftershocks. Na 1862, ka a n'ihi otu n'ime ha na ike nke 10 ihe agbanweela Delta nke Selenga, wee n'okpuru a nnukwu bi ebe ala. The ikpeazụ dere ala ọma jijiji nke ịdị ukwuu 6 kwuru na 2010. Eleghị anya tectonic Filiks metụtara na uto nke ọdọ mmiri a. Ya mere, ọ na-amụba kwa afọ site 2 cm.

Inflow na outflow

Olu nke ọhụrụ mmiri nke Lake Baikal bụ banyere 24 000 km ^3, bụ ibu naanị na Caspian Sea, ma ọ bụ nnu. Siberia Sea nri site a nnukwu mwubata nke iyi na osimiri. Ha ndika nọmba bụ 330-340 iberibe, dabere na oge nke afọ. N'oge opupu ihe ubi snow gbazee na gburugburu obot nọmba nke iyi na-ukwuu ụba. Iji kasị ukwuu waterways nke Lake Baikal bụ ndị Selenga River (wetara ọkara nke olu nke ngụkọta inflows), Barguzin, Upper Angara, Turk, Sarma, wdg Mbenata olu bụ n'ihi na eke usoro nke evaporation n'elu ọdọ. Isi eruba pụtara na hanga. Site n'ụzọ, nke a osimiri na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị dike na akụkọ. The ndị mmadụ na-akpọ ya mma, naanị nwa nke ochie ọdọ.

Biota

Baikal Nature bụ iche iche na pụrụ iche. Rocky mkpọda kpuchie oké ọhịa ogwu, nke na-bi site a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ anụmanụ: .. agba, ele, nkịta ọhịa, ugo, wdg ngụkọta, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere banyere 2.650 ụdị anụmanụ na osisi, na 65-70% nke ha na-ahụghị ke uwa ilekota, ie . Ha na-jupụtara ejupụta. The iche nke anụmanụ ụwa nke ọdọ ruru ya oxygen saturation ofụri omimi na ike sachapụ onwe ya. Epishura crustacean (zooplankton), na Baikal akara, ndụ-amị azụ golomyanka, Cisco, Sturgeon, grayling, na ala-bi ogbo enye otu echiche nke ndị dịgasị iche na fauna nke ọdọ. The oké uka nke ọdọ osisi mejupụtara algae na-ebi ndụ dị iche iche na ọnọdụ (diatoms, gold, acha anụnụ anụnụ-green). Bottom n'ígwé ọbụna na kacha ogbu na-bi biri ezuru, na organic okwu ahụ bụ a nri isi maka miri-osimiri bi. Site na ọtụtụ na-egosi (afọ, Njirimara nke mmiri, omimi, pụrụ iche ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi), ọdọ bụ a pụrụ iche ilekota on a zuru ụwa ọnụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke bụ ya mere nchedo nke ọdịdị Baikal - bụ otu n'ime ihe na-ebute ụzọ nke anyị na ala.

gburugburu

Collision booming mmepeanya na pristine ọdịdị, na-emekarị-agwụ elu na-emeri mmadụ mere ụwa. 150 afọ gara aga na waterfront bụ impenetrable oké ọhịa, na nke ndị njem na-atụ egwu na-aga n'ihi na nke ukwuu nke anụ ọhịa bea. Taa, oke igbukpọsị oké ọhịa, mmetọ nke osimiri na ikuku, nakwa dị ka poaching ghọrọ a egwu egwu ka ịdị adị nke a pụrụ iche ilekota, ọdịdị nke Baikal. Nnukwu nsogbu mere ka osisi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nnukwu obodo. A nnukwu nzọụkwụ maka ichebe ọdọ bụ mmechi nke a pulp na akwụkwọ na nkume igwe nri na-ebufe mmetụta dị aṅaa ka a mma anya si ebe. Larịị nke mmiri mmetọ site organic na inorganic ogige nke dị nnọọ elu ruru ka inflow Selenga. Industrial na ọchịchị wastewater, mmanụ atara ya downstream na-ada n'ime ọdọ Baikal. Nature nchekwaba na nchedo obibi usoro ugbu a mụụrụ na ndabere nke 1999 na gọọmenti etiti iwu. Ọ achịkwakwa eme na na-ekwe na-ebu on ọdọ. Fọrọ nke nta niile nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ebe na ọdọ n'onwe ya kwesịrị inwe a nnukwu idobere, nke ga-haziri na mepere anya ọnọdụ ọzọ, njem na ilekota nnyocha. Na 1996, ọdọ e esịne ke ndepụta UNESCO World Heritage, t. E. Ọ natara ọnọdụ nke ncheta, na-echebe site ụmụ mmadụ.

njem

The mara mma ọdịdị nke Lake Baikal kwa afọ na-adọta a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ. Ndị kasị ewu ewu na-aga bụ eco-njem, hiking na inyinya n'elu debeere ebe na elu ina si mba ọzọ. Active ụdị ntụrụndụ na-na ina (ski, boating na catamarans na Lake Baikal, na na. D.). Ma, ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta ebe a iji lee ọrụ ebube a nke okike. Baikal bụ mgbe dị iche iche: ndị serene mbara nke ọdọ enye ụzọ oké ifufe, ndị pụrụ iche ihu igwe na ịma mma nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ọhịa nwere ike hụrụ ọtụtụ awa. Number nke na-adọrọ kere ọdịdị na nwoke mgbe ochie, omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme na saịtị na-emi odude n'ụzọ ahụ nke njem nleta ụzọ gasị.