Olee otú ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ: nnyocha na ya ụzọ

Nnyocha na-ekpebi na-agaghị emeli nke akwụkwọ bụ nnọọ ewu ewu na-eme nnyocha echiche. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ụbọchị, ụlọikpe enye a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke esorowo contracts, asambodo, ikike na contracts. akwụkwọ iri na nka bu nwee ike ịchọpụta a adịgboroja.

N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-ewe n'ime akaụntụ ụbọchị na akwụkwọ, na ihe e kere eke nke ederede. N'ihi na nke a ụdị ọrụ na-ewe oru nka-ochie akwụkwọ na ụzọ nke investigator eduga ikpe. A aririọ ike na-abata na mmadụ na-eche.

Identification nke-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ihe ịrịba ama

Olee otú iji chọpụta ihe ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ? The nnyocha maka nke a na-eji abụọ na-eru nso. Onye mbụ bụ ịchọpụta ihe ịrịba ama-anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe na oge. Ndị a gụnyere ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ ma ntọala ya ruru ka nhọpụta nke a na-ede ihe e ji, ndị e ji mara edoghi, ụlọ ọrụ na ihe.

Ekenịmde research Aims ka nnabata na-ekenye àgwà ka a kpọmkwem nkeji oge. Gịnị na nke a na-adọrọ uche na ule na-ochie akwụkwọ? Ọkachamara na-enyocha ndị inconsistency ụbọchị kpọmkwem na nkọwa nke ederede, na nkeji oge. Nke a na obibia bụ nnọọ irè na ihe omume nke mere na a gaghị agara oge nke ọkpụrụkpụ mgbanwe nso nke ji ede na ihe, na-na asụsụ.

N'ihi ya, nyochaa akwụkwọ pụrụ ikpughe na-agaghị emeli na:

- inye a ederede, okwu na-adịghị izute ya ụbọchị nkwadebe (atụ, aha nke ụlọ ọrụ, òtù, wdg ...);
- on letterhead na akara data dị na nzukọ, nke e kere mgbe e mesịrị, kagburu ọ bụ ruo mgbe a kwuru kpọmkwem oge;
- na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ nwere a banyere ihe ndị mere n'oge dị iche.

Ọzọkwa, nnyocha nke oruru nke ọgwụ akwụkwọ explores na morphology strok. Dabere na ndị a data anyị ike kpamkpam kpochapụ ekwe omume nke ogbugbu nke ji aka dee nkọwa ruo forties na a ballpoint pen, ruo mgbe seventies - jel. Ma ihe e kere eke nke ederede na ihe electronic typewriter ghọrọ kwere omume nanị mgbe 70s. Ọ na-enye ohere nyochaa imewe nke ọgwụ akwụkwọ.

Research kpughere na mejupụtara nke ihe na-eji maka na ngosi nke ederede. Nke a, akpan akpan, e ji esiji ákwà na bleaches na akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ. N'ihi ya, tupu fifties bụghị etinyere tapawa maka ballpoint itienna nke mejupụtara a phthalocyanine dyes. Ke adianade do, dị ka akụkụ nke anụ ụlọ mmepụta nke akwụkwọ ruo 60-ies, e nweghị ngwa anya brighteners.

The ọmụmụ nke ihe ịrịba ama nke temporal mgbanwe

Dị ka ma kpebisie ike na ọgwụ akwụkwọ? The ule nwere ike ji mee, na a dị iche iche obibia ọmụmụ ha. Ọ bụ iji chọpụta ndị atụmatụ na-egosi n'ihi na arụmọrụ mgbanwe Njirimara nke ide ngwá eji maka itinye nkọwa. Ọzọkwa, a na-enye ohere maka ihe ndị mejupụtara na Njirimara nke akwụkwọ ihe. Na nke a, site na iji ihe ọmụma nke iwu na-achị mgbanwe ndị na Njirimara nke na-ede egwú na N'ezie nke ha were.

Ọzọkwa, mgbe ndị dị otú ahụ nnyocha elebara Filiks na-erukwa na akwụkwọ n'oge ya ogologo oge nchekwa.

N'ihi ya, nyochaa-ochie akwụkwọ egbu mere typewritten, explores usoro data, nke na-egosi oge nke imewe nke nkumigwe nyere ika na ụdị, belt wear na na .. Ke adianade do, gaa na akaụntụ niile mgbanwe na-eme n'oge na-arụ ọrụ nke ngwá ọrụ. Ọgwụgwụ nke oge nke nkwadebe nke typescript nyere na ndabere nke a dum nso nke ewepụtara àgwà na na-jiri ya tụnyere ihe free n'omume. Nke ziri ezi na-edozi oge na nke a nwere ike ịbụ na nso site na otu ụbọchị otu afọ.

Maka nnyocha ma na-akwụkwọ gburu na a na ngwa nbipute jikọọ a onye na kọmputa. Ha na-jiri ya tụnyere ihe free samples, e biri ebi na otu technology. Analysis nke nnyocha omume na-egosi na nnyocha akwụkwọ nwere ike rụrụ na kasị ukwuu ziri ezi, mere na ihe inkjet na ngwa nbipute. N'ihi na nke a na-amụ na-katrij, ihe ịrịba ama nke a na-egosi na akwụkwọ dị ka a "mkpọ na agịga."

nnyocha ụlọ ọrụ

Nnyocha ọgwụ ide ngwá a na-eji:

- e dere, dị ka emeziri site n'aka;
- akụkụ, e biri ebi iji inkjet na-ebi akwụkwọ;
- aka dee deturu;
- akara stampụ, akàrà na stampụ.

Ụzọ nke na-amụ

Iji chọpụta na-agaghị emeli nke akwụkwọ eji:

1. organoleptic ụzọ. Na enyemaka ha, nyochaa na enyocha àgwà nke ihe dabeere na indices nwetara mgbe n'itinye uche ziri ezi (ntị, ọhụụ, ụtọ, ísì). Ndị a ọmụmụ enye a visual ntule nke akwụkwọ na ajụjụ. Ọ bụ ya luster, agba, udidi nke ihe onwunwe, na na. D.
2. microscope ụzọ. Dị ka a na-achị, ha na-eji dokwuo anya na nsoro nke checkboxes akara stampụ na-eme e dere.
3. Photographic usoro. Ha were nesite ekele mmepe nke oge a na teknụzụ. Photographic usoro na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta niile ebe nke forensics, tinyere mgbe ịchọpụta na ụkpụrụ na-eke ihe odide ahụ.
4. Chemical ụzọ. Ha were na-enye ohere maka agba? Na analysis na-ede ihe na-ịkọ ha Njirimara ịgbanwe oge na-aga.
5. chromatography ụzọ. Ndị a ụzọ ka anyị chọpụta ihe na Ọnọdụ nke evaporation nke organic solvents, nke bụ a akụkụ nke ide ihe.
6. Spectrographic ụzọ. Ojiji ndị a nnyocha maka ịchọpụta na mejupụtara nke ink na ide ihe. Site usoro a ọ na-edoziri na ọnụnọ nke adịghị agba? Ihe, nke bụ isi iji mee otu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ mmepụta.

Ke adianade do, nnyocha nke oge a na ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ na-eme ka ọtụtụ were nke oge a ọmụma technology. Nke a, akpan akpan, mmepe nke na kọmputa analysis nke akwụkwọ.

Ibu ụzọ prostanovki nkọwa

Dị ka ọ ga-ekpebisi ike site na ndenye ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ? Nka na usoro nke na ha nnyocha-adọrọ uche gaa ka nke n'elu edoghi na Mbipụta ederede. Ya mere, stampụ, akàrà na signatures ka a esorowo akwụkwọ a dị iche iche oge. N'ụzọ dị mwute, mkpebi siri ike oge streaking superposed bụ ekwe omume. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha nke na-agaghị emeli nke akwụkwọ nwere ike mgbe niile-ekpebi nke nke nkọwa e tinyere ala na akpa ebe - a akara ma ọ bụ mbinye aka.

tụnyere nke samples

Olee otú ọzọ kpebisiri ike site ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ? na ha nnyocha nka ejikarị usoro nke tụnyere n'omume. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro nwere ike etinyere nnukwu traktị nke dị akwụkwọ. Ọrụ iri samples of ukara akwụkwọ nzukọ, nke na-haziri n'oge dị iche iche.

Nke a ọ ga-ekwe ka ndị ọkachamara na-ekpebi ego ole na larịị nke mgbanwe ahụ mere, na-eru na ndabere nke ndị a data, ọgwụgwụ nke oge nke nkwadebe nke controversial ederede.

Document samples nke na-e n'ihi na ha tụnyere ga-rụrụ iji otu ngwaike (copiers, na-ebi akwụkwọ na dị ka. D.), kwa, e dere site n'otu ịṅụ (jel ma ọ bụ na obi ụtọ). Ga-dakọtara na zọ ink, ọdabara maka obibi akwụkwọ. Ke edinam na niile dị n'elu ihe nyere na niile samples na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-eme na controversial akwụkwọ, ndị ọkachamara na-emetụta ụzọ dị iche iche. Na nke a, nyere ọgwụgwụ banyere na-apụghị ime nke ọrụ.

Method tụnyere controversial akwụkwọ

Nso nso, nyochaa akwụkwọ ụkpụrụ nke na-agaghị emeli ugboro ugboro na-eji tụnyere usoro iji nweta a oyiri nke ederede na a pụrụ iche ihe onwunwe anakọtara na n'otu oge ahụ, nwere Mbipụta nakawa etu esi, e dere na nkọwa ndị ọzọ.

The ojiji nke usoro a na-eme ka o kwe omume n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta na ụbọchị nke ihe e kere eke ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke ukara akwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, usoro a nwere ya drawbacks. Ha kwubiri na ihe e kere eke nke a na nchekwa data ga-achọ a ịrịba ego nke oge na manpower. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-akpọlite ndị price nke nyochaa.

Materials (achị) ọmụmụ

Ịchọpụta afọ nke a akwụkwọ bụ onye ọzọ direction. Ọ na-agụnye nnyocha na-amụ nke mgbanwe na-emetụta ihe ndị mejupụtara na Njirimara nke ide ihe, dị ka nke ọma dị ka nkọwa nke ukara akwụkwọ. Research nwere egosiwo na ihe ókè nkenke ọrụ data nwere ike rụrụ site n'ịchọpụta oge nke e kere eke nke akwụkwọ nke na ink bụ ihe na-erughị iri percent nke elu-esi organic solvents. The ndepụta nke ndị dị otú ihe - inkjet ink na pastes maka ballpoint itienna mkpara. Ọ nwere a yiri mejupụtara na zọ ink. The mmachi oge akwụkwọ na-ekpebisi ike site na a mmapụta mgbaze ọdịnaya ọnụ ụtarị. Nke a na egosi na-setịpụrụ gas mmiri mmiri chromatography ụdịdị dị iche iche na-enwetara site absorption wepụ tapawa nke ukara akwụkwọ na ndị dimethylformamide.

Nnyocha ochie mbinye aka na akwụkwọ na-emetụta a usoro dabeere na ihe ọmụma nke ọrịa strok merela agadi nakawa etu esi mere tapawa maka ballpoint itienna, n'ime nke na e nwere benzyl mmanya, fenilglikol na aliphatic propylene glycol ethers. Age nke nnyocha isiokwu a ikpe kpebisiri ike site tụnyere. Iji mee nke a, na-agwa nke ọrịa strok nke ụka akwụkwọ na sample mere ruo otu afọ, ọnwa na ụbọchị tụnyere dị na ndenye ọpụpụ.

testing nzọụkwụ

E nwere a n'ozuzu esereese methodical nyochaa mmachi na ikwu ọdịnaya nke a akwụkwọ na e ji esiji ákwà strok volatiles. Ọ na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ:

1. A mbido ọmụmụ. Ọ doziri nsogbu nke na-ekpebi otú mmejuputa ọrịa strok, nakwa dị ka ihe ntule nke ha kwesịrị ekwesị na-eduzi a mbara ọmụmụ.
2. Analysis nke mgbaze. Nke a na-amụ Aims iji chọpụta kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọrịa strok na-eme atụmatụ na oge nke ha egbu.
3. Nchọpụta nke na-abụghị obodo ihe ẹdude ke mmanya (resins na e ji esiji ákwà). Dị otú ahụ analysis a rụrụ iji chọpụta ụdị ihe eji na guzosie kpọmkwem ọnọdụ ya ntule.
4. Mkpebi Siri Ike nke pasent nke obodo ihe na ọrịa strok.
5. Modelling nke merela agadi usoro nkọwa.
6. Direct ọnu-egbu ọrịa strok oge.

Nnyocha nke "na emebiwo" akwụkwọ

Ọtụtụ mgbe nyere maka ọmụmụ nke ihe e mbụ gụrụ ọ bụla ike ike mmetụta. The eziokwu na ìhè, chemical ma ọ bụ kwes mmetụta na-enye ohere anyị na-enye ndị ukara akwụkwọ, agadi anya. Nke a na-eme ka ya nnọọ ike na-ebu ọkachamara ọrụ. Ma ndị dị otú ahụ ikpe, ndị mere eziokwu nke a mmetụta a na-ama na-ekwu okwu banyere ekperima ọdịdị nke ụzọ ya nọ na-akwadebe.

Ihe atụ, mgbe ihe kwes mmetụta na ihe odide nke akwụkwọ bụ ịrịba "mirror" na-enwu. Na nke a, ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ele grainy ọnụ ụtarị. Ọzọkwa, na nke a na e nwere stains na akwụkwọ nke toner, na odide ngosi bụ blurry anya. N'elu nchọpụta nke ndị a ihe ịrịba ama nke otu ọkachamara na-enye otu echiche na na akwụkwọ e doro ihe e kwes nchegbu n'ụdị okpomọkụ karịrị otu narị degrees.

Mkpebi siri ike nke ma na e nwere mgbanwe akwụkwọ

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ukara akwụkwọ adịgboroja na-ewe mere ụzọ podrisovki, erasures, ṅachasịrị ma ọ bụ etching ndia. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ime mgbanwe akwụkwọ site overprinting okwu, akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba, nakwa dị ka plywood akara ule na foto kaadị. Iji chọpụta otú ahụ eziokwu eji usoro nke na-amụ ihe akwụkwọ. Mkpebi na overprint ma ọ bụ ọzọ na ndetu, i nwere ike iji a comparative amụ colorant. Iche ya mejupụtara egosi a adịgboroja. Iji chọpụta plywood foto ọmụmụ bụ nyagide. Na ugbu akwụkwọ nwere naanị otu ụdị.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, na-agbanwe na ederede nke onye nke Ibé akwụkwọ nke ukara akwụkwọ Ndinam eji a nyocha. The akwụkwọ na-banye n'ime kọmputa, dezie na bipụtara na a na ngwa nbipute. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na inyocha niile Ibé akwụkwọ na-gụrụ, nke na-enye ohere ikpebi ndiiche oge nke okike ha.

Mkpebi Siri Ike nke ihe odide mbụ

Mgbe mgbe forensics -old akwụkwọ ekpughe ịmegharị. Mgbe e nwere mkpa iji chọpụta ihe mbụ ọdịnaya ahịa. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na-amụ ihe na-amalite na nnyocha nke akwụkwọ na ultraviolet ụzarị ẹdụk. The results nke ọrụ a nwere ike inye nghọta n'ime omume ikpughe akwụkwọ ọ bụla ike ike bekee. Ọ bụrụ na ihe odide mbụ nke akwụkwọ e gbaziri ndị erasure, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-enyere iji chọpụta microscopic nnyocha na nwechapụ. Iweghachi mbụ ọdịnaya nke ederede ga-ekwe omume mgbe photographing akwụkwọ na-egosi ultraviolet ụzarị na ngwa nke ụzọ nke na kọmputa nhazi nke dapụtara image.

Ọ bụrụ na ederede na akwụkwọ e gafere ma ọ bụ wụọ, tee ma ọ bụ taped, maka njirimara nke mbụ nyochaa ihe ndekọ nwere ike iji ụzọ dị iche iche. Oke nke usoro ga-adabere na-amụ Nchikota dyes, nke na-eji dee ederede na mmechi. Kacha nkịtị ugbu a na-eji kọmputa na ndekọ nhazi usoro.

The na-apụghị ime nke ule

N'agbanyeghị ngwa mmepe nke sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ na nkà na ụzụ na a pụtara ogologo ndepụta ụzọ, nnyocha iji chọpụta na-agaghị emeli nke akwụkwọ nwere ike rụrụ bụghị mgbe niile.

Na-agaghị emeli mgbe:
- nnwụchu nrubeisi nke akwụkwọ;
- enweghị nke chọrọ nọmba nke samples n'ihi na ha tụnyere;
- erughị eru ikwu ukara akwụkwọ (ya ịrịba mgbanwe).