Physical-ala sayensị. Ihe Nlereanya nke anụ ahụ ọdịdị ala

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eji na-eche na ọdịdị ala na-agwa okwu naanị otu ajụjụ: "Olee otú iji nweta si ebe A na mgbe B?" N'ezie, na-ebute ọdịmma nke sayensị - a dum nso nke oké njọ na ihe ngwa ngwa nsogbu. Modern ọdịdị ala nwere a kama mgbagwoju Ọdịdị, nke na-agụnye nkewa n'ime a plurality nke dị iche iche ọzụzụ. Otu n'ime ha bụ na ahụ na ala sayensị. Nke ahụ bụ banyere ya ga-atụle n'isiokwu a.

Geography dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị

Geography - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ gbasara ohere nzukọ nke obodo atụmatụ nke Earth shei. Okwu nwere Greek mgbọrọgwụ: "geo" - ala ahụ na "agụ" - m dee. Nke ahụ bụ n'ụzọ nkịtị okwu "ọdịdị ala" nwere ike sụgharịrị dị ka "zemleopisanie".

First ọkà mmụta sayensị-ọdịdị mbara ala ndị Grik oge ochie: Strabo, Klavdiy Ptolemey (onye bipụtara asatọ olu ọrụ bụ "Geography"), Herodotus, Eratosthenes. Nke ikpeazụ, na mberede, ndị mbụ na-tụọ parameters nke ụwa, na mere ka ọ n'ụzọ ziri nnọọ ezi.

Isi shei nke mbara ala - na ọ bụ lithosphere, ikuku, hydrosphere na Biosphere. Geography na-elekwasị anya na ha. Ọ explores akpan akpan ala shei akụrụngwa na mmekọrịta na a niile na-etoju, nakwa dị ka ha na ọnọdụ nakawa etu esi.

Isi obodo ebe nke sayensị na ọdịdị ala

Obodo sayensị nwere ike kewara abụọ isi ngalaba. Ha bụ:

1. Anụ ahụ na obodo sayensị.
2. Ọhaneze na aku na uba na ọdịdị ala.

The mbụ ọmụmụ eke atụmatụ (osimiri, ugwu, ọdọ mmiri, wdg ...), nke-abua - na phenomena na Filiks na-erukwa na ọha mmadụ. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha - ya research ụzọ, nke nwere ike dị iche nke ukwuu. Ma ọ bụrụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ọdịdị ala nkebi mbụ nso eke sayensị (physics, onwu, wdg ...), Nke ikpeazụ - na Humanities (dị ka sociology, akụnụba, akụkọ ihe mere eme, akparamaagwa).

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ahụ ntị nke nkebi mbụ nke ala sayensị, na-edepụta ihe nile isi ebe nke anụ ahụ ọdịdị mbara ala.

Physical ọdịdị ala na ya Ọdịdị

A otutu oge ga-mkpa na ndepụta niile nsogbu, nwere mmasị na-ahụ ọdịdị ala. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ nwere ihe karịrị nnọọ a iri na abuo. Akụkụ nke ala nkesa Ọnọdụ nke mechiri emechi mmiri ozu, guzobe nke eke ahịhịa zones - niile ihe atụ nke ahụ ọdịdị mbara ala, ma ọ bụ kama, nsogbu na mmasị ya.

Physical ọdịdị ala nwere ike ahaziri dị ka ụkpụrụ abụọ: territorial na akụrụngwa. Dị ka ndị mbụ ahụ, pụta ìhè ahụ ọdịdị ala nke ụwa, na-enye, oké osimiri, na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara. Dị ka a abụọ ụkpụrụ, secrete a dịgasị iche iche nke sayensị, ọ bụla nke e-amụ a akpan akpan shei planet (ma ọ bụ ya na onye mmiri). N'ihi ya, anụ ahụ na ala sayensị na-agụnye a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke warara alaka ọzụzụ. N'etiti ha:

• sayensị, na-amụ lithosphere (geomorphology, ọdịdị ala nke Ona na ihe ndị bụ isi nke ala sayensị);
• sayensị na-amụ ikuku (Meteorology, climatology);
• sayensị na-amụ hydrosphere (Oceanography, limnology, glaciology na ndị ọzọ);
• sayensị, na-amụ Biosphere (biogeography).

N'aka nke ya, n'ozuzu ahụ ọdịdị ala achikota Nchoputa nke ndị a niile na sayensị, na ndapụta ụwa ihe nakawa etu esi nke ịrụ ọrụ nke ala envelopu nke Earth.

Science, ịmụ lithosphere

Lithosphere na enyemaka nke Earth - ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ihe nke ọmụmụ nke anụ ahụ ọdịdị ala. Ha na-amụ tumadi na abụọ ala na nkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ - na ọ bụ geology na geomorphology.

The ike shei nke mbara ala anyị, gụnyere nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na elu-nwuda - na lithosphere bụ. Location nke mmasị dị ka esịtidem Filiks na-erukwa na ya, na ha mpụga ngosipụta kwupụtara na enyemaka nke uwa elu.

Geomorphology - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ teren: ya si malite, ụkpụrụ nke guzobere, na Ọnọdụ nke mmepe, nakwa dị ka ihe nakawa etu esi nke ala nkesa. Gịnị Filiks ụdị ọdịdị nke ụwa anyị? Nke a bụ isi ajụjụ, nke e mere na-izute geomorphology.

Ọkwa, teepu ụfọdụ, protractor - a bụ isi ngwaọrụ geomorphology ozugbo. Taa, ha na-yikarịrị ka iji ụzọ dị otú ahụ dị ka kọmputa na mgbakọ na mwepụ ịme ngosi uwe. The ezigbo agbatị na geomorphology - dị otú ahụ na sayensị ka geology, Gọọmenti, ala sayensị na obodo mepere emepe atụmatụ.

The results nke a nnyocha sayensị nwere oké uru pụtara. Mgbe geomorphologists bụghị nanị ịmụta forms nke enyemaka, ma inwale ya maka mkpa nke na-ewu ụlọ, Eburu amuma ọjọọ phenomena (mbuze, snow, mudslides, wdg N.) Status Nyochaa coastline na na.

The Central ihe ọmụmụ nke geomorphology bụ a enyemaka. Ọ bụ a mgbagwoju nke niile ụfọdụ nke ụwa elu (ma ọ bụ n'elu mbara ala ndị ọzọ na n'eluigwe na). Dabere na size, udi nwere ike kewara: megarelef (ma ọ bụ mbara) macrorelief, mesorelief na microtopography. Isi ihe nke ọ bụla n'ụdị nke enyemaka - a mkpọda, top, thalweg, Watershed, ala, na ndị ọzọ.

Relief nke uwa elu a kpụrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke abụọ Filiks: endogenous (ma ọ bụ esịtidem) na exogenous (mba ọzọ). The mbụ ibili na ọkpụrụkpụ nke na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ na uwe-nwuda: na tectonic ije, magmatism, volcanism. Exogenous Filiks na-agụnye abụọ dialectically metụtara Filiks: denudation (mbibi) na ìgwè (ìgwè nke siri ike ihe).

N'etiti exogenous Filiks geomorphology bụ ndị na-esonụ:

• mkpọda Filiks (landforms - collapses, akpụ ụkwụ abrasive n'ikpere mmiri, wdg ...);
• Karst (foneelu, ọwa mmiri, ala abaitiat);
• suffosion ( "steppe saucers" pods);
• fluvial (Delta, osimiri na ndagwurugwu, ibé, gullies, wdg);
• ice (oses, kames, moraine humps);
• aeolian (dunes na dunes);
• Biogenic (Atoll na coral kpụkọtara ọnụ);
• anthropogenic (mines,-awa nkume, embankments, pupụtara na m. p.).

Science, na-amụ ala cover

Na mahadum, e nwere a pụrụ iche N'ezie "Geography of Ona na ihe ndị bụ isi nke ala sayensị." Ọ na-agụnye yiri ihe ọmụma nke atọ na nkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ: n'ezie, ọdịdị mbara ala, physics na onwu.

The n'ala (ma ọ bụ ala) - bụ n'elu oyi akwa nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ nke bụ tụụrụ. Ọ mejupụtara nke nne na nna na oké nkume, mmiri, na humus na-anọgide ndụ ntule.

Ala ọdịdị ala na-amụ general regularities nke zonal nkesa nke Ona, nakwa dị ka mmepe nke ụkpụrụ nke ala-obodo zoning. Science na-ekewa site ala ọdịdị ala na mpaghara. Ikpeazụ ọmụmụ na-akọwa ala ekpuchi kpọmkwem mpaghara, nakwa dị ka nke mkpa ala map.

Isi ụzọ nke nchoputa nke a sayensị - comparative ọdịdị ala na nkewa. Na-adịbeghị anya na-esiwanye na-eji kọmputa ịme ngosi uwe usoro (dị ka a dum na - na ọdịdị ala).

Nke a na nkà mmụta sayensị ịdọ aka ná ntị pụta ke XIX narị afọ. Na nna-ya, nchoputa na-atụle ga pụtara ìhè ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme nchọpụta - Vasily Dokuchaev. Ndụ ya o jikwa ọmụmụ nke ala akụkụ ebe ndịda nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Dabere na ya ọtụtụ nnyocha, ọ kọwara na isi ihe nke ala guzobere, nakwa dị ka ihe nakawa etu esi nke zonal nkesa nke Ona. Ọ na-sitere echiche nke eji ndo eriri iji chebe tụụrụ oyi akwa nke ala si ozize.

Ọzụzụ N'ezie "Geography nke ala" a na-akụzi na mahadum, na obodo na ndu ezi ikike iche. The nnọọ mbụ ngalaba nke ala sayensị na Russia e meghere ke 1926 ke Leningrad, na mbụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na otu ịdọ aka ná ntị - bipụtara na 1960.

Science, ịmụ hydrosphere

Hydrosphere nke Earth - onye nke ya shei. Ya mgbagwoju ọmụmụ na-emekọ na sayensị nke Hydrology, nke na Ọdịdị na-egosipụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem ọzụzụ.

Hydrology (nkịtị translation si Greek: "ozizi nke mmiri") - bụ ịmụ niile ozu nke mmiri nke planet Earth: osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, swamps, oké osimiri, kpụkọrọ, ala na keakamere ponds. Ọzọkwa, n'ime akporo ya research ọdịmma gụnyere usoro ndị na-ahụkarị nke a n'ọbọ (dị ka kefriza, evaporation, agbaze na dị ka. D.).

N'ihe ọmụmụ ya, Hydrology na-arụsi ọrụ iji ụzọ dị otú ahụ dị ka ọdịdị ala na ụzọ nke physics, onwu, mgbakọ na mwepụ. The isi ihe a na sayensị bụ ndị na-esonụ:

• Study mmiri mgbasa Filiks okike;
• ntule nke mmetụta nke mmadụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ na-ekwe ka ọchịchị nke mmiri ozu;
• Description hydrological onye ntupu mpaghara;
• mmepe nke ụzọ na ụzọ ò ojiji nke mmiri na ego nke Earth.

Hydrosphere Earth mejupụtara oké osimiri mmiri (banyere 97%) na mmiri n'ala. Ntem, natara abụọ nnukwu ngalaba nke sayensị: ọ Oceanography na Hydrology.

Oceanography (ọmụmụ nke oké osimiri) - a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ihe ọmụmụ nke bụ oké osimiri na ya bughi ọcha (osimiri, bays, okwukwo, wdg ...). Ukwuu anya e nyere sayensị na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta nke oké osimiri na-enye, ikuku na anụ ọhịa. N'eziokwu, Oceanography bụ a mgbagwoju nke dị iche iche obere ọzụzụ, onye na-arụ a zuru ezu na-amụ chemical, anụ ahụ na nke ndu Filiks n'ime osimiri.

Taa kpebiri igbunye ka anyị mara mma planet nke 5 oké osimiri (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-eme nnyocha kweere na ha ka bụ ndị na anọ). Nke a Pacific Ocean (kasị), Indian (warmest), Atlantic (kasị siere), na Arctic (coldest) na South (the "eto eto").

Hydrology - ọ bụ a nnukwu ngalaba nke Hydrology, ịmụ niile n'elu mmiri nke Earth. Na ya Ọdịdị ya kpebiri igbunye ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ:

• potamologiya (isiokwu nke ọmụmụ: hydrological Filiks ke osimiri, nakwa dị ka atụmatụ nke e guzobere osimiri systems);
• limnology (enyocha okenye ọdọ mmiri ndị na ọdọ mode);
• glaciology (Research ihe: kpụkọrọ na ndị ọzọ na ice dị na hydro, litho na ikuku);
• bolotovedenie (ịgagharị marshes na peculiarities nke ha hydrological ọchịchị).

The Hydrology nke isi ebe bụ nke anyịnya na expeditionary ọmụmụ. The data nwetara site ndị a ụzọ, na mgbe e mesịrị hazie pụrụ iche laboratories.

Ke adianade niile ndị a na sayensị, Ụwa hydrosphere na hydrogeology ọmụmụ (ọmụmụ nke ala), hydrometrics (sayensị nke ụzọ nke hydrological ọmụmụ) Hydrobiology (ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ndụ na aquatic gburugburu), engineering Hydrology (ọmụmụ mmetụta nke haịdrọlik owuwu na mmiri ozu mode).

Science amụ ikuku

The ọmụmụ nke ikuku rụrụ abụọ ọzụzụ - a climatology na Meteorology.

Meteorology - na sayensị nke na-amụ ihe niile na Filiks na phenomena aa na Ụwa ikuku. N'ọtụtụ mba ya na-akpọkwa physics nke ikuku, nke, n'ozuzu, ihe na-edebe ya na isiokwu nke ọmụmụ ya.

Meteorology isi nwere mmasị dị otú ahụ Filiks na phenomena dị ka ajọ ifufe nke na-emegide ajọ ifufe, ifufe, ikuku asakde iso ese, ígwé ojii na otú pụta. Structure, chemical mejupụtara, na izugbe mgbasa nke ikuku na-mkpa na-achị nke ọmụmụ nke a sayensị.

The ọmụmụ nke ikuku dị oké mkpa maka igodo, oru ubi na ụgbọelu azụmahịa. Food eme meteorologists, anyị na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ụbọchị ọ bụla (na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere amụma ihu igwe).

Climatology - bụ otu n'ime ọzụzụ esịne ke Ọdịdị nke general Meteorology. Ihe ọmụmụ a bụ sayensị idụhe - a ogologo oge amụma mode na e ji mara maka otu (dịtụ ukwuu) òkè nke ụwa. Alexander von Humboldt, Francis Galton, na Edmond Halley mere mbụ onyinye mmepe nke climatology. Na ha nwere ike-atụle "nna" nke a na nkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ.

Ihe bụ isi usoro nnyocha sayensị na climatology - a chọpụtara. Na-eme ka elu climatological e ji mara nke ọ bụla ebe ke ọnọdụ mpaghara, ọ na-ewe banyere 30-50 afọ na-eduzi ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-elu. Otu n'ime ihe ndị isi ihu igwe e ji mara obodo na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ:

• ikuku mgbali;
• Ikuku okpomọkụ;
• iru mmiri;
• doro anya;
• ike na ntụziaka nke ifufe;
• doro anya;
• ego na osisi ike nke ọdịda;
• ntu oyi-free oge na oge t. d.

Ọtụtụ oge a ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbanwe ihu igwe (akpan akpan, anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere okpomọkụ n'ụwa) bụ onwe ha nke ụmụ mmadụ na aku na uba na-arụ ọrụ na nwere a cyclical okike. Ya mere na oyi na udu mmiri oge ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na iru mmiri, ihe ọ bụla 35-45 afọ.

Science, ịmụ Biosphere

Areal, geobotany, biogeocoenosis, ilekota, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi - niile ndị a echiche na-ifịk ifịk na-arụ ọrụ otu ịdọ aka ná ntị - biogeography. Ọ na-emekwa ụfọdụ na a zuru ezu na-amụ "ndụ" shei nke Earth - na Biosphere, na-emi odude dị nnọọ ke nkwụsị nke abụọ isi ebe nke ihe ọmụma sayensị (nke a kpọmkwem na-ezo aka na sayensị - bụghị ike maa aha ịdọ aka ná ntị).

Biogeography-amụrụ ihe nakawa etu esi nke nkesa nke ntule n'elu mbara ala anyị, ma na-nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi (osisi fauna), ya onye akụkụ (kọntinent, àgwàetiti, mba, na na. N.).

Ihe ọmụmụ a bụ sayensị Biosphere, na isiokwu - karịsịa ala nkesa nke ndu eme ntule, nakwa dị ka e guzobere otu (biogeocoenoses). N'ihi ya, biogeography bụghị nanị na-agwa na polar bea na-ebi na Arctic, ma kọwaa ihe mere o bi n'ebe ahụ.

The biogeography nke ihe owuwu bụ ndị abụọ nnukwu ngalaba:

• phytogeography (ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ala osisi);
• Zoogeography (ọdịdị ala ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ).

A oké onyinye mmepe nke biogeography dị ka ihe kwurula na nkà mmụta sayensị ịdọ aka ná ntị ẹkenam Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị VB Sochava.

Na ọmụmụ ha, oge a na biogeography eji a nnukwu kpụrụ nke ụzọ: akụkọ ihe mere eme, quantitative, nkewa, atụnyere na ịme ngosi uwe usoro.

Physical ọdịdị ala nke kọntinent

E nwere ihe ndị ọzọ, nke na-emekwa ụfọdụ na-amụ banyere ọdịdị mbara ala. Materiki - otu n'ime ndị.

Chile (ma ọ bụ na Afrika) - a dịtụ nnukwu ebe nke jikọrọ ọnụ òkè projecting n'elu World Ocean na ndị gbara ha gburugburu na-anọ n'akụkụ. Site na nnukwu, abụọ ndị a okwu na-agakọta, ma "Continent" - okwu ọzọ bụ obodo karịa "Chile" (nke a na ndị ọzọ na-eji na geology).

On planet Earth, kpebiri igbunye 6 kọntinent:

• Eurasia (kasị).
• Africa (kacha ekpo ọkụ ugbu).
• North America (iche).
• South America ( "anụ" na unexplored).
• Australia (driest).
• na Antarctica (coldest).

Otú ọ dị, ndị dị otú ahụ a na-ele na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kọntinent na mbara ala na-adịghị na-akọrọ site na mba niile. Ya mere, ihe atụ, na Greece ọ na-chere na niile ise (dabeere na criterion nke bi) na ụwa. Ma Chinese kwere na kọntinent na Earth - asaa (Europe na Asia ha tụlee kọntinent).

Ụfọdụ kọntinent dịpụrụ adịpụ osimiri kpamkpam (dị ka Australia). Ndị ọzọ na-- interconnected isthmuses (dị ka a Yurop Africa, ma ọ bụ ma nke America).

E nwere a ọchịchọ ịmata ozizi continental nwayọọ, nke na-ekwu na ná mmalite ha otu supercontinent akpọ Pangea. All gburugburu ya, "splashing" onye oké osimiri - Tethys. Mgbe e mesịrị, Pangea kewaa abụọ n'akụkụ - Laurasia (nke gụnyere oge a Eurasia na North America) na Gondwana (nke na-agụnye ndị ọzọ nile, "n'ebe ndịda" kọntinent). Ọkà mmụta sayensị iche, dabere na iwu nke nlọghachite na n'ọdịnihu dị anya, ihe niile na-enye ga-akpọkọta ọzọ na otu Afrika.

Physical Geography of Russia

Physical ọdịdị ala nke a n'otu mba na-agụnye ọmụmụ ihe na akparamagwa nke ndị dị otú ahụ eke Efrata ndị dị ka:

• geological Ọdịdị na ịnweta ego;
• enyemaka;
• idụhe nke n'ókèala;
• mmiri na ego;
• ala cover;
• ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi.

Nature Russia, ekele na nnukwu ókèala nke mba dị iche iche. Ihe ka nnọọ mbara ọzara na-n'ókè na elu ugwu usoro (na Caucasus, Sayan, Altai). The ala bụ ọgaranya dị iche iche minerals: ọ bụ mmanụ na gas, coal, ọla kọpa na nickel ore, bauxites na ndị ọzọ.

N'ime Russia asaa ụdị ihu igwe, si arctic dị n'ebe ugwu - na Mediterranean na Black Sea n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Na ókèala nke isi osimiri eru Eurasia Volga, Yenisey, Lena na Amur. Na Russia, e nwekwara ihe nke ọma ọdọ n'ụwa - Lake Baikal. Ebe i nwere ike ịhụ nke ukwu traktị nke ala mmiri na nnukwu kpụkọrọ na ugwu n'elu.

The asatọ eke ebe na-ekenyela na ókèala nke Russia:

• arctic desert mpaghara;
• tundra;
• tundra;
• mbuaha mpaghara na broadleaf ọhịa;
• steppe;
• steppe;
• na ọkara desert ebe;
• subtropical mpaghara (Black Sea n'ụsọ oké osimiri).

Six ala ụdị e n'ime obodo, otu nke ala ojii - kasị tụụrụ ala n'ụwa.

ọgwụgwụ

Geography - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ peculiarities nke obodo envelopu nke mbara ala. Nke ikpeazụ mejupụtara anọ bụ isi n'ígwé: ọ bụ lithosphere, hydrosphere, ikuku na Biosphere. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ a isiokwu nke nnyocha maka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ala ọzụzụ. Ka ihe atụ, lithosphere na enyemaka nke Earth na-amụ geology na geomorphology; ikuku e amụ climatology na Meteorology, na hydrosphere - Hydrology, wdg ...

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọdịdị ala ekewa abụọ nnukwu ngalaba. Nke a na ahụ na ala sayensị na socio-aku ọdịdị ala. N'ụzọ bụ isi nwere mmasị ke eke akpọkwa na Filiks, na nke abụọ - na phenomena na-erukwa na ọha mmadụ.