Prague Astronomical Elekere: akụkọ ihe mere eme na sculptural mma

Prague Astronomical Elekere (Orloj) - ochie elekere elu, arụnyere na Prague na Old Town Square. Ha na-emi odude ke n'ebe ndịda mgbidi nke ụlọ elu nke ndị Old Town Ụlọ Nzukọ. Na-erule afọ ndị a dị na mbara igwe elekere n'usoro atọ na ụwa. Site n'ụzọ, ha dị nnọọ agadi, ma ka na-nti.

Oh, otú ezi Prague Astronomical Elekere! Orloj mejupụtara atọ bụ isi ndị na-etinye na elu ekwesị. Ya Central akụkụ nke ndị nna ha ukwu kwadebere n'ụzọ nkà mmụta mbara igwe Ịkpọ oku, nke na-egosi na Babilọn, Old Bohemian, n'oge a na (Central Europe) na sidereal oge, oge nke anyanwụ dara na ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọnwa-adọ, ọnọdụ nke kpakpando n'etiti ìgwè kpakpando, esịnede na zodiacal gburugburu.

On abụọ nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe elekere bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-akpali awa ọ bụla. Otu n'ime ha guzo n'elu niile Death awụ, mere n'ụdị a mmadụ ọkpụkpụ. Mgbe n'elu, n'aka-nri na n'aka ekpe nke center nkume ọkpụkpụ nke otu mmụọ ozi abụọ obere windo enịm nke ọ bụla hour, mgbe ọ na-anụ na chiming elekere, alternately apụta akpụ nke ndịozi 12 ya. N'elu ị pụrụ ịhụ nkume oyiyi nke a cherub ọlaedo ọkpa na-eti mgbe ndịozi rụchaa ha edikan.

N'okpuru mbara igwe Ịkpọ oku etinye kalenda, na nke i nwere ike ikpebi ọnwa nke afọ, ngwụsị izu, ụbọchị nke izu ahụ, nakwa dị ka-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe Christian ememe. Nri na n'aka ekpe nke ọ na-sculpted awụ enịm.

ùgwù

Prague Astronomical Elekere chọpụtara na ulo-elu nke Old Town ụlọ. Na 1338 ndị bi na nke Old Town nke eze ukwu John of Luxembourg nyere ihe ùgwù nke na-enwe a onye Ụlọ Nzukọ. Mgbe ahụ, n'ihi na obodo mepere emepe iji zụrụ a onwe ụlọ ahịa Volfina nke nkume. Ke akpa, ụlọ e wughachiri dị na mkpa nke ndị na City Council, na mgbe ahụ na 1364 ọ onwem na a elu. On na ọ bụ ndị a elekere, nke mbụ e kwuru okwu ya na 1402. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ejighị ihe kpọrọ mmezi nwere dochie ha anya, nke mere na e kere Orloj.

Ya mere, anyị na-anọgide na-mekwuo nke Prague Astronomical Elekere. Ịkpọ oku bụ nkà mmụta mbara igwe na n'ibu ese bụ ndị kasị ochie akụkụ nke elekere, mere 1410. A ọcha kere a clockmaker Mikulas nke Kadan oru ngo-enyocha mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ John Schindel. The mbara igwe Ịkpọ oku nwere a sculptural imewe na-emepụta na ogbako nke ama Czech ọkpụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Petra Parlerzha. Orloj mbụ e kwuru na a akwụkwọ dere na October 9, 1410. Na ya Mikulas nke Kadan e ji dị ka onye na eminent na ghọtara watchmaker onye kere chimes na astrolabe oge ochie ebe Prague.

-Akpali mmasị, na nke a akwụkwọ, City Council na onyeisi obodo ebubo omenkà Albert (bụbu onye nlekọta) n'ihi ileghara nke gara aga elekere-elekọta ma na Mikolas otuto maka ya ọrụ dị ịrịba ama. The akwụkwọ kwuru na dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ maka ọrụ nke a ọkachamara na-ụlọ na ọnụ ụzọ ámá obodo Gavelskih, 3000 Prague ego aka, otu oge ego na-eme kwa afọ, nyekwa nke 600 ego aka.

akụkọ ihe mere eme ndudue

Ọzọ akwụkwọ ozi banyere Orloe pụtara na 1490. Ọ bụ mgbe a watchmaker Yan Ruzhe Prague, mara dị ka nna ukwu Hanus, rụziri ngwaọrụ, o kwuru mbụ na-akpụ akpụ ọkpụkpụ nke Ọnwụ na ala ọsịsọ na kalenda. A nnukwu nkwalite na afọ 80 nke na-eleghara anya nke mbụ creators nke mmetụta nke eziokwu na ọ bụ ndị nna ha ukwu Hanus n'ihu 450 afọ e weere na Onye Okike nke elekere. Historical ziri ezi ọbụna ekere ke akụkọ, dị ka nke a so na Prague Council nyere iwu iji zopu ọkachamara Hanuš ya ọlu-ya ike ugboro ugboro n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a na ozi bụ karịsịa juru n'etiti ụbụrụ na-aghọ ekele onye dere Alois Jirasek, tinye ya na ha "ochie Czech Akụkọ Ifo" (1894).

Na Yana Ruzhe, eleghị anya, o nwere nwa-nwoke, onye ruo ọtụtụ afọ mere ka ya. Ọ bụ ya na ndị na-ele ndị na mbara igwe elekere 1530. Nke a na-tụnyere watchmaker Jakubom Cech, Onye Okike nke mbụ obere Czech awa. Na Yakub bụ nwa akwụkwọ, na Orla ekpe na-enweghị ezi nleekota anya.

Na 1552, a họpụtara ya na-eje ozi Prague Astronomical Elekere Yana Taborskogo. Ọ rụziri na kwalite ngwaahịa, nakwa dị ka na-etinye ọnụ ya saa mbara oru ntụziaka. Ọ bụ na akwụkwọ a maka oge mbụ Yang teboa ọhụma na-akpọ Onye Okike Ian chimes Rouge. The njehie mere n'ihi na nke na-ekwesịghị ịdị na nkọwa nke Ndenye nke oge. Na 1962, ọ ịgbatị Czech-enyocha mbara igwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme Zdenek Gorski, onye na-amụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị.

Nzọpụta nke elekere

Na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, Prague Astronomical Elekere kwụsịrị ọtụtụ ugboro n'ihi enweghị ọkachamara ndị na-eguzosi na a di na nwunye nke ugboro na-rụziri. Na 1629 na 1659 awa karị e doro ịrụzi, n'oge nke ha Eti na usoro e mere si na ụlọ elu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ọnwụ pụtara osisi "enyi." N'oge a nanị usoro mmezi zoro ezo ije nke Ọnwa, na-egosi ya na-adọ e guzobere.

Dum iri afọ guzo Prague Astronomical Elekere. Prague na XVIII narị afọ adịghị aṅa ntị ha oké egwu ọnọdụ. Mgbe na 1787, nna ukwu wughachi ụlọ ezumezu obodo Orloj chọrọ ọbụna na-etinye n'ime scrap metal. Awa zọpụta mbibi ọrụ nke Prague Clementinum: Isi nke Observatory Prọfesọ Strnad Antonin mere ego na ịrụzi na watchmaker Simon Landspergerom na 1791 bit ha di ike. N'ezie, ọ bụ ike na-agba naanị elekere ngwaọrụ, na ihe astrolabe mebiri emebi na nọgidere.

Na n'otu oge ahụ, e kwukwara na-akpali akpali akpụ nke ndịozi. Overhaul nke elekere e ekenịmde ke afọ 1865-1866: n'akụkụ nile nke usoro e gbazie, gụnyere astrolabe, a ọkpa akpụ e kwukwara. Ọ maara na ọ bụrụ na onye na-ese Manes Josef embellished ala kalenda drive. Na ịchịkwa izi ezi nke ọrịa strok ọkachamara ike chronometer Bozheka Romuald.

mmebi

A ọtụtụ artists kere Prague Astronomical Elekere. Czech Republic bụ mpako nke a mpempe nkà. Ọ maara na e mere ka nnukwu mmebi na njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ elekere. Na Prague, ke 1945, May 5, mgbochi Nazi nnupụisi bilitere. Na obodo ọgụ juru ebe nile, ndị wuru barricades. Karịsịa persistent clashes mere na center, na nso ụlọ nke Czech Radio, weghaara nnupụisi. Ndị nnupụisi na-enyemaka nke a radio transmitter etinye na ulo-elu nke Old Town Ụlọ Nzukọ, ohuru-akpali ndị Czech ndị mmadụ.

Na Prague, ọ bụ akụkụ nke "center" nke German Army Group. Ha gbalịrị tinyere ala ndị nnupụisi na ka ịkwụsịtụ Broadcasting. German agha gbaa Old Town Ụlọ Nzukọ nke flak incendiary projectiles, na-eme May 8, 1945, ọ amụnyewo. Mgbe ahụ nkà mmụta mbara igwe elekere e merụsịrị mebiri site ọku: Astronomical drive jiri ala na kalenda Ịkpọ oku na osisi akpụ nke ndịozi ọkụ.

mgbake

Ọ maara na site July 1, 1948 chimes e reconstructed na zuru ụmụnna Jindřich na Rudolf Vesetskie rụziri tiwara etiwa na curved akụkụ nke ije na-akpọlite ya ọzọ, na a ọkachamara na ọhụrụ osisi pịrị akpụ nke ndịozi. Ikpeazụ obere Ndozi nke elekere e mere na 2005. Taa, ọ bụ ihe e kere eke nke 3/4 mejupụtara ochie akụkụ.

Astronomical Ịkpọ oku

Gịnị mere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ chọrọ ịhụ ihe Prague elekere? Astronomical ịrịba ama na-egosi na nke a masterpiece, mmasị onye ọ bụla. Ịkpọ oku nke elekere bụ astrolabe, onwem na a mbanye si elekere usoro. Orloj arụ Ptolomeevskoe geocentric Ọdịdị nke ụwa: na center bụ Earth gburugburu nke dabeere ọnwa na anyanwụ.

Dị ka a ka na-ndabere na agba mbara igwe disk egosi ụwa na elu-igwe, na-esonụ ọcha ịkpali: ná mpụta mgbanaka na Zodiac, ihe ịrịba ama na-agụ akụkọ na Ọnwa na Sun malite di na nwunye na gold n'aka na akara mmuke na njedebe. N'adịghị ka nkịtị ese, ebe a malite dịghị.

kalenda Ịkpọ oku

Ihe ọzọ bụ na a ma ama Prague Astronomical Elekere? Kalenda elekere nke elekere na-akpa iji Yanom Ruzhe (Hanuš ukwu) na 1490. Ọ maara na chimes na mbụ ẹkewetde naanị nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe Ịkpọ oku. The mbụ kalenda diski, n'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ bụghị ọbọhọ. Ya ugbu a na version e kere site na archivist K. J. Erben si Prague n'oge mweghachi nke 1865-1866 afọ, dabeere na ndụ mbipụta na 1659, nke dabeere na oge ochie a tụrụ atụ. Na afọ 1865-1866 kalenda disk-ese ese Manes Yozef. Ọ bụ ya mere ọ na-emekarị kwuru na dị ka ikpo Manes.

The sculptural mma nke hey

Anyị na-ama mara otú e si akpọ Prague Astronomical Elekere. Orloj - ha abụọ aha. Ọkpụkpụ, decorating ya, e kere ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ bụ ya mere na ha enweghị otu ihe echiche. Ọ na-kweere na nkume a tụrụ atụ decorating mbara igwe Ịkpọ oku, na a ọkpụkpụ nke otu mmụọ ozi na elu nke elekere, arụpụtara ogbako Petra Parlerzha. The ọzọ mma pụtara mgbe e mesịrị.

Site n'oge ruo n'oge awa ọkpụkpụ reconstructed, mgbe ụfọdụ, anyị na-mere n'isi na ehichapu ha bụ isi uche. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, taa ọ bụ nnọọ ike ịkọwa ihe nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ imewe nke chimes.

karịrị ike mmadụ

Ndị na-a ochie mindset ekwere na bụla Ọdịdị pụrụ ịbụ detrimental mmetụta nke ejiri Ananayas agha. Ya mere, ha mma ulo-ya nche dị iche iche. Ebe ọ bụ na nkà mmụta mbara igwe elekere emi odude ke facade nke a ego ụlọ (ọ bụghị ichebe temple ebe), ọ dị mkpa ka ụba ọgwụ nchebe. N'ihi ya, elu nke Prague masterpiece nche ọkpa na basilisk angel.

On a sloping n'elu ụlọ bụ mythical e kere eke - abụọ basilisk, bụ ndị nwere ike iji tọghata otu ilekiri niile dị ndụ e kere eke na nkume. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere nku abụọ, nnụnụ na onu, na akụ-ọdụ agwọ ahu. Ọ maara na ndị basilisk nweela maara aha ekele aha eze agwọ. Gilded ọkpa - oge ochie na akara nke na-amụ anya na obi ike iji na-ekele anyanwụ na a ụbọchị ọhụrụ na-etinye n'okpuru n'elu ụlọ nke chimes. Kweere na-ekwu na na-akpa akwa nke a nnụnụ kpamkpam ọjọọ ike, ọchịchị n'abalị.

Central oyiyi n'elu nke hour bụ a oyiyi nke otu mmụọ ozi na-nku. Onye ozi Chineke na-eme efegharị rịbọn na ozi na taa ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-agụ. Angel bụ ndị kasị ochie oyiyi nke a ụkọ na a persistent fighter megide ọchịchịrị agha. Ọ na-adabere ná ihu, n'okpuru nke-etinye kpamkpam unidentifiable oké nkume mmachi. Ụfọdụ na-asị na ọ bụ a pastiche agwọ, ndị ọzọ - a mpịakọta na ederede na-amaghị ama. On ma akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu mmụọ ozi abụọ windo na-enịm, nke na-egosi ọ bụla hour akpụ nke ndịozi 12 ya.

Anyị na-atụ gị obi ụtọ anyị isiokwu na Prague Astronomical Elekere, na i nwere ọchịchọ na-agba àmà nke a masterpiece.