Qualitative ule na phenol. Nkwadebe nke Phenols: Mmeghachi omume

Carbolic acid - onye nke aha phenol, na-egosi ya pụrụ iche omume na chemical n'ibu. Nke a ihe onwunwe bụ mfe karịa benzene abatakwa n'ime nucleophilic nnọchi mmeghachi omume. The pụta ụwa Njirimara nke a compound na-kọwara agagharị acidic hydrogen atọm na hydroxyl otu o sie na mgbanaka. The ọmụmụ nke molekụla Ọdịdị na-elu-edu omume na-ekwe ka phenol compound gụnyere aromatic ogige - benzene emepụta.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

Na 1834, a German mmiri ọgwụ Runge ekenyela carbolic acid si coal tar, ma na-enweghị ike decrypt ya mejupụtara. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị ọzọ na-eme nnyocha chọrọ a usoro, na-ebu a njikọ ọhụrụ na aromatic mmanya. The mfe nnọchiteanya nke otu a - phenol (hydroxybenzene). Ya dị ọcha ụdị, a umi bụ a uzo crystal enwe ihe e ji mara ísì ụtọ. Air-phenol agba nwere ike ịgbanwe na-pink ma ọ bụ ọbara ọbara. N'ihi na aromatic mmanya typical ogbenye mmiri oyi solubility na ezi - na organic solvents. Phenol agbaze na okpomọkụ nke 43 Celsius C. Bụ a na-egbu egbu compound, na kọntaktị na akpụkpọ-akpata oké Burns. The aromatic moiety bụ a buu nke phenyl (C6H5-). Kpọmkwem na otu nke carbon atọm nke oxygen na-bonded na a hydroxyl otu (-OH). Ọnụnọ nke onye ọ bụla nke ahụ na-egosi na ndị kwesịrị ekwesị qualitative mmeghachi omume phenol. The usoro na-egosi na ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke atọm nke chemical ọcha na molekul - C6H6O. Structure egosipụta bughi usoro, gụnyere okirikiri na Kekule ọtọ otu - hydroxyl. Visual onodi nke molekul, ihe aromatic mmanya enye sharosterzhnevye nlereanya.

Atụmatụ nke molekụla Ọdịdị

Nnyonye anya nke benzene mgbanaka na OH otu akowa chemical mmeghachi omume nke phenol na ọla, halogens, ndị ọzọ bekee. Ebe agbụ na aromatic mgbanaka nke oxygen atọm na-eduga ná a redistribution nke elektrọn njupụta molekul. Communication O-H bụ ihe pola, nke utịp ke ụba agagharị nke hydrogen na hydroxyl otu. The proton nwere ike dochie metal atọm, nke na-egosi na acidity nke phenol. N'aka nke ya, na-OH otu enwekwu reactive Njirimara nke benzene mgbanaka. Delocalization nke electrons na-abawanye, na ikike electrophilic nnọchi na ntọala. A na-enwekwu na agagharị nke hydrogen atọm bonded na carbon na ortho- na para-ọkwá (2, 4, 6). Nke a pụrụ isi kwuo ya bụ n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke na-enye onyinye elektrọn njupụta - hydroxyl otu. Ruru ya mmetụta phenol ifịk karịa benzene na-akpa àgwà na Jeremaya mere na ụfọdụ bekee na ọhụrụ substituents gbakwasara na ortho- na para-ọnọdụ.

The acidic Njirimara

The hydroxyl otu nke aromatic mmanya oxygen atọm enweta a mma ụgwọ, ebelata ya nkwurịta okwu na hydrogen. proton ntọhapụ na-facilitated, otú phenol akpa àgwà ka a na-adịghị ike acid, ma dị ike karịa alcohols. Qualitative mmeghachi omume phenol gụnyere ule litmus ule na ọnụnọ nke protons agbanwe agba site na-acha anụnụ anụnụ pinki. Ọnụnọ nke halogen atọm ma ọ bụ Nitro iche iche metụtara na benzene mgbanaka na-eduga onye na-abawanye na ndị hydrogen ọrụ. Mmetụta a hụrụ na Nitro phenol ụmụ irighiri. Lower acidity substituents dị ka amino otu, na alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, wdg). Ogige-eweta ọnụ a benzene mgbanaka, a hydroxyl ìgwè na a methyl buu, na-ezo cresol. Ya Njirimara na-adịghị ike karịa carbolic acid.

phenol mmeghachi omume na sodium na alkaline

N'otu aka ahụ asịd phenol na-meghachi omume na ọla. Ka ihe atụ, mkpatụ na sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-ONa + H2 ↑. Kpụrụ sodium phenoxide, na gaseous hydrogen a tọhapụrụ. Phenol na-meghachi omume na soluble bases. Ọ na-adị neutralization mmeghachi omume na-etolite a nnu na mmiri: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Ike nke ime ka hydrogen na hydroxyl otu na phenol dị ala karịa ọtụtụ inorganic na carboxylic asịd. Ọ displaces ya si salts etisasịwo na mmiri ọbụna carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Mmeghachi omume akụkụ: C6H5-ONa + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

The mmeghachi omume nke benzene mgbanaka

Aromatic Njirimara ndị ruru Electron delocalization na benzene ntọala. Nwụrụ si mgbanaka bụ nnọchianya site halogen atọm, Nitro. A yiri usoro na phenol molekul bụ mfe karịa na nke benzene. Otu ihe atụ - na bromination. Benzene halogen na-arụ ọrụ na ọnụnọ nke mkpali, enwetara bromobenzene. Phenol na-meghachi omume na bromine mmiri n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ. The na mmekọrịta nke a na-acha ọcha ịkpali nke 2,4,6-tribromophenol, onye ọdịdị ịmata ule umi yiri ya si aromatic ogige. Bromination - qualitative mmeghachi omume phenol. Akụkụ: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. The abụọ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa - hydrogen bromide. Mgbe imeghachi omume phenol na itughari nitric acid nwetara Nitro emepụta. The mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa na a itinye nitric acid - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol ma ọ bụ picric acid nwere oké uru pụtara.

Qualitative ule na phenol. ndepụta

Na na mmekọrịta nke bekee nwetara ihe oriri ụfọdụ na-ekwe ka gị ịtọ qualitative mejupụtara nke na-amalite ihe. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agba mmeghachi omume na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke ahụ, ọtọ iche iche na ndị bara uru n'ihi chemical analysis. Qualitative mmeghachi omume gosipụta ịdị adị nke phenol kwa molekul nke umi nke aromatic mgbanaka na OH-iche iche:

1. The ngwọta nke phenol-acha anụnụ anụnụ litmus akwụkwọ red.
2. Acha mmeghachi omume phenols nwekwara rụrụ na a na-adịghị ike isi na-ajụ na diazonium salts. A odo ma ọ bụ oroma azo dyes.
3. Na-emeghachi omume na bromine mmiri aja aja ịkpali egosi ọcha tribromophenol.
4. Na mmeghachi omume na ferric chloride ngwọta nwetara phenoxide ferric - umi-acha anụnụ anụnụ, violet ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ coloration.

inweta phenols

Phenol Production na ụlọ ọrụ bụ na abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. Ke akpa ogbo nke propylene na benzene na ọnụnọ nke aluminum chloride emepụta cumene (isopropylbenzene nkịtị aha). The akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume nke Friedel-Crafts mmeghachi omume: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene na propylene na a ruru nke 3: 1 na-gabiga ihe acidic mkpali. Esiwanye, kama omenala mkpali - aluminum chloride - gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha zeolites. Mgbe ikpeazụ nke ọxịdashọn na-eduziri oxygen na ọnụnọ nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. The phenols nwere ike ewepụtara distillation nke coal, bụ intermediates na mmepụta nke ọzọ organic bekee.

The ojiji nke phenols

Aromatic alcohols na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na plastik ụlọ ọrụ, e ji esiji ákwà, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ndị ọzọ na bekee. carbolic acid mmepụta nke benzene bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na e kere eke nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Polymers, gụnyere polycarbonates. Phenol na-meghachi omume na formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde resins na-nwetara.

Cyclohexanol bụ akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke polyamides. Phenols na-eji dị ka antiseptics na disinfectants na deodorants, lotions. Eji na-enweta phenacetin, salicylic acid na ndị ọzọ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Phenols na-eji na mmepụta nke resins na-eji ke eletriki ngwaahịa (switches, sockets). Ha na-eji na nkwadebe azo dyes, dị ka phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, nke bụ Nitro nkwekọrịta nke phenol eji maka staining anụ ahụ, na-agbawa agbawa rụpụta.