Nitric acid

Strong monobasic acid, nke bụ na ọkọlọtọ ọnọdụ colorless mmiri mmiri nke amama odo mgbe nchekwa nwere ike ịbụ na a siri ike ala, ji abụọ crystalline mgbanwe (monoclinic ma ọ bụ orthorhombic lattice) at okpomọkụ n'okpuru mwepu 41,6 Celsius C. Nke a na umi na chemical usoro - HNO3 - nitric acid a na-akpọ. Ọ nwere a ezengwenri uka 63,0 g / ahumachi, mgbe ya njupụta kwekọrọ na 1,51 g / cm³. acid reflux okpomọkụ bụ 82,6 Celsius C, na-esonyere decomposition nke (ele mmadụ anya n'ihu): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. acid ngwọta na a uka nta nke ndị isi umi nke 68% Juda na okpomọkụ nke 121 ° C. The Refractive index nke dị ọcha umi kwekọrọ na 1.397. Acid nwere ike weere mmiri ọ bụla ruru na, ịbụ a siri ike electrolyte, fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam tisaa n'ime ion H + na NO3-. Solid ụdị - trihydrate na monohydrate nwere usoro: HNO3 • 3H2O na HNO3 • H2O karị.

Nitric acid - corrosion arụsi ọrụ ike, na-egbu egbu umi, na a siri ike oxidizing n'ụlọnga. Si Middle Ages mara na aha, dị ka "ike mmiri» (aqua fortis). Alchemists onye chọpụtara acid na narị afọ nke 13, kwuru aha iji jide n'aka na ọ pụrụ iche Njirimara (corroded niile ọla ma e wezụga gold), ịmata a ugboro nde ike nke acetic acid, nke na n'ụbọchị ndị e weere ihe kasị ike. Ma ọbụna mgbe narị afọ atọ ya na a hụrụ na corrode, ọbụna gold nwere ike ịbụ a ngwakọta nke asịd ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka nitric na hydrochloric na a olu ruru nke 1: 3, nke a mere na-akpọ "aqua regia". Ọdịdị nke a odo agba mgbe nchekwa bụ n'ihi na ìgwè nitrogen oxides na ya. Dị acid na a ịta ọzọ mgbe 68%, na mgbe ọdịnaya nke isi ihe onwunwe n'elu 89% na ọ na-akpọ "fuming".

The chemical Njirimara nke nitric acid, ọ dị iche na itughari na igirigi ibu sulphuric ma ọ bụ hydrochloric acid na HNO3 ike oxidant mere mgbe wepụtara hydrogen na Jeremaya mere na ọla. N'ihi na oxidative Njirimara, ọ na-mkpatụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ọla. Na ma ikpe na-mgbe kpụrụ nitrogen dioxide NO2. Na redox Jeremaya mere, a nitrogen mgbake emee n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, nke a kpebisiri ike site acid ịta na ọrụ nke metal. The ụmụ irighiri nke ogige kpụrụ nwere nitrogen na ọxịdashọn ala +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, karị. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọla kọpa na-oxidized na ndọpụ acid ka ọla kọpa nitrate (II): Cu + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, na site - aka metaphosphoric acid: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Ma ọ bụghị interacts na itughari nitric acid nonmetals. Na ihe nlereanya nke ndị mmeghachi omume na site: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO hụrụ na nitrogen na-ebelata ka divalent ala. N'ihi bụ a nitric oxide na site na-oxidized na acid phosphate. Lekwasị nitric acid na admixture na hydrochloric acid dissolves gold: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → NO + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O na platinum: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Na mmeghachi omume ndị a, ná mmalite, hydrochloric acid a na oxidized na nitric chlorine ntọhapụ, na mgbe ahụ na-etolite a mgbagwoju metal chlorides.

Nitric acid na-emepụta commercially nwetara ụzọ atọ bụ isi:

1. Mmalite - imeghachi omume na salts na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Na mbụ, ọ bụ nanị ụzọ, ma na biakwa obibia nke teknụzụ ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ugbu a na-eji na laabu na-emepụta fuming acid.
2. Nke abụọ - ọ bụ a ụzọ nke aak. Mgbe ikuku ihe electric aak na a okpomọkụ nke 3000 na 3500 ° C, a akụkụ nke nitrogen na ikuku mkpatụ na oxygen, akpụ nitrogen monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, nke mgbe obi jụrụ na-oxidized na nitrogen dioxide (anaghị eme na a elu okpomọkụ monoxide na oxygen) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Mgbe ahụ, ihe fọrọ, dum nitrogen dioxide, na ngafe nke oxygen, etisasịwo na mmiri: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Nke atọ - nke a bụ ihe amonia usoro. Amonia na-oxidized na platinum mkpali na nitrogen monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. Ihe nitrous, haruru na-mma, na kpụrụ nitrogen dioxide, nke a na-etinye obi gị dum site na mmiri. Site usoro a, na acid-enwe a ịta nke 60 62%.

Nitric acid na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ ọjọọ, e ji esiji ákwà, na-agbawa agbawa, nitric fatịlaịza na nitric acid salts. Ke adianade do, ọ na-eji maka mgbasa nke ọla (e.g., ọla kọpa, idu ndú, silver) nke na-adịghị eme na ndị ọzọ asịd. The ọla eji maka mkpebi siri ike nke gold na alloy (a bụ isi usoro).