Raoul Wallenberg: biography, photos, ezinụlọ

"Ezi Omume n'Etiti Mba Nile" - bụ a aha ke 1963, ọ na-mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ọdịda nke Swedish diplomaati na-azọpụta ọtụtụ iri puku ndị Juu n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ, o we nwua na a Soviet n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na edoghị ọnọdụ.

Nke a na nwoke aha - Gustav Wallenberg Raul, na o tosiri ka ndị ọzọ ndị mmadụ maara banyere ya feat, nke bụ ihe atụ nke ezi madu.

Raoul Wallenberg: Family

Future diplomaati mụrụ na 1912 na Swedish obodo Kappsta, nso Stockholm. Nna nwa ahụ ahụtụbeghị, dị ka Navy ojii Raoul Oscar Wallenberg nwụrụ n'ime ọnwa 3 si cancer ruo mgbe onye nketa. N'ihi ya, ọ zụlitere ya na nne - May Wallenberg.

Family Raoul Gustav ọnụmara dị iche iche a maara Sweden wee si na ya na ọtụtụ Swedish financiers na-ekwuchitere mba. Karịsịa, n'oge ọmụmụ nke a nwa na-enweghị nna nna ya - Gustav Wallenberg - bụ obodo ya nochite anya na Japan.

N'otu oge nne nwa Raul bụ nwa ere goodu aha ya bụ Bendix, onye na-ewere otu nke founders nke ógbè ndị Juu dị Sweden. Otú ọ dị, Wallenberg nna nna ozugbo nakweere Lutheran, otú ụmụ ya nile na ụmụ ụmụ bụ ndị Kraịst.

Na 1918 May Vising Wallenberg lụgharịrị maka Swedish Ministry of Health ukara Fredrik von Dardel. Na nke a na alụmdi na nwunye na-mụrụ nwa Nina na nwa Guy von Dardel, bụ onye mesịrị ghọọ a nuclear physics. Raul bụ kechioma na ya nke kuchiri ya, n'ihi na ọ na-emeso ya otú ahụ dị ka nwa afọ ụmụ.

guzobere

Education nke ụmụ nwoke tumadi aku nna nna. Na mbụ e zigara maka ọzụzụ agha, na mgbe ahụ ka France. N'ihi ya, n'oge nke mbanye na University of Michigan na 1931, a na-eto eto ahụ kwuru okwu ọtụtụ asụsụ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ije na na na njedebe natara a nrite maka ọzụzụ magburu onwe.

Business

Ezie Raul Wallenberg ezinụlọ na-adịghị mkpa na media na ẹkenịmde a ọkwá dị elu Swedish otu, na 1933, ọ gbalịrị irite a ndụ. Ya mere dị ka a na-amụrụ, ọ gara Chicago, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ulo-ǹdò-"Chicago ụwa mma."

Mgbe m gụsịrị, na 1935, Raoul Wallenberg laghachi Stockholm na so na mpi-egwu mmiri oru ngo, ọ gụchara na abụọ.

Mgbe ahụ, ka e wee ghara iwe iwe na nna nna chọrọ ịhụ a ọma onye oru banki Raoul, o kpebiri iji nweta ahụmahụ na ubi nke azụmahịa na gawara Cape Town, ebe ọ na-debara aha na a nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-akanyam ụlọ ihe. N'elu ẹkụre nke ụwa bụ a amamiihe nzaghachi si nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ihe bụ ezigbo ụtọ Gustav Wallenberg, onye n'oge ahụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke Sweden na Turkey.

The nna nna hụrụ m hụrụ n'anya nwa nwa ọhụrụ prestigious ọrụ na "Dutch akụ" na Haifa. E Raoul Wallenberg zutere na-eto eto na ndị Juu. Ha ọsọ Nazi Germany na-ekwu banyere mkpagbu ka nke ọ na n'anwụ. Nke a ọmụmụ ihe mere dike nke anyị akụkọ ịghọta ha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmekọrịta ndị Juu na ndị keere òkè dị mkpa na ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Raoul Wallenberg: A Biography (1937-1944 afọ)

"Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo" na Sweden bụ oge kacha mma iji mee ka a dị ndụ dị ka-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, otú nwa okorobịa ahụ kpebiri amalite ha onwe ha azụmahịa na gburu a ndibiat a German Jew. The enterprise okpu, na-agaghị ekpe na-enweghị a ọrụ, Raul tụgharịa nwanne nna ya Jacob, onye nyere nwa nwanne ya a Jew nke Kalman Lauer Central European trading ụlọ ọrụ. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị Vallenberg Raul kemgbe a onye nke onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ na onye nke ya nduzi. N'oge a ọ na-eme njem site na Europe na e ụjọ, nke na ihe ọ hụrụ Germany nakwa ná mba ji site Nazi.

diplomatic ọrụ

Ebe ọ bụ na afọ ndị ahụ na Sweden, onye ọ bụla maara ihe ezinụlọ na-abịa na-eto eto Wallenberg (ekwuchitere mba usoro ndị eze), na July 1944, Raul họpụtara mbụ odeakwụkwọ nke diplomatic ozi nke mba ya na Budapest. N'ebe ahụ, ọ hụrụ a ụzọ inyere obodo Juu, bụ ndị nọ na-echere ọnwụ: ka ha nye-Swedish "echebe akwụkwọ ikike ngafe", nke nyere ndị nwe ọnọdụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Sweden, na-echere repatriation n'ala nna ha.

Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ike kwenye ụfọdụ nke Wehrmacht ọchịagha igbochi ya na iwu nke ha isi maka mbupụ na n'ogige ọnwụ nke ndị bi na nke Budapest Ghetto. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ike ịzọpụta ndụ nke ndị Juu, ndị na-aga igbu tupu mbata nke Red Army. Mgbe agha, e kwuru na ihe dị ka a n'ihi nke omume ya zọpụta banyere 100 puku ndị mmadụ. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-ekwu na naanị na Budapest Soviet agha zutere 97 puku ndị Juu, ebe niile nke 800,000 Hungarian Juu ọbọhọ naanị 204.000. N'ihi ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọkara n'ime ha ji nzọpụta ha na Swedish diplomaati.

Akara aka nke Wallenberg mgbe ntọhapụ nke Hungary si Nazi

Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara, na Soviet ọgụgụ isi ekenịmde surveillance n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị obi n'oge Wallenberg na Budapest. Ma ya akara mgbe mbata nke Red Army, ụwa si pịa kwupụtara dị iche iche na nsụgharị.

On otu n'ime ha, na mmalite 1945, na ndị ya onye ọkwọ ụgbọala V. Langfelder na International Red Cross ụlọ ẹkenịmde a Soviet patrol (ọzọ version, ndị NKVD jidere na ya ulo). Site n'ebe ahụ, diplomaati e zigara R. Ya. Malinovskomu, iwu n'oge nke 2nd Ukrainian Front, dị ka bu n'obi na-agwa ya ụfọdụ ihe ọmụma nzuzo. E nwekwara a mmetụta na e jidere site SMERSH, ndị kpebiri na Raoul Wallenberg - a nledo. The mgbakwasị maka ndị dị otú ahụ suspicions nwere ike ịbụ na ọnụnọ nke a nnukwu ego nke ọlaedo na ego ya ala, nke a pụrụ chere maka akụ zuuru ndị Nazi, ebe n'ezie na ha na-ekpe maka safekeeping diplomaati zọpụta ndị Juu. Ọ bụla ọ bụ, ọ gaghị adị ndụ akwụkwọ àmà ịdọrọ nnukwu ego na ọla si Raoul Wallenberg, ma ọ bụ ha atọ ndị yiri nkata.

Na nke a, ọ na-egosi na March 8, 1945 "Radio Kossuth", nke bụ n'okpuru Soviet akara, iji zie ozi na n'oge agha gburu a Swedish diplomaati na otu aha na Budapest.

Na USSR,

Iji chọpụta ihe mere Raoul Wallenberg, na-eme nnyocha na-amanye kpọkọta crumbs nke eziokwu. Ya mere, ha chọpụtara na ọ bubatara na Moscow, ebe ọ na-etinye na mkpọrọ na Lubyanka. German mkpọrọ, bụ ndị dị n'ebe ahụ na n'otu oge ahụ, gbara akaebe na site na "ụlọ mkpọrọ Telegraph" gwara ya okwu ruo mgbe 1947, mgbe nke ọ bụ eleghị anya na-aga ebe.

Mgbe ofufe nke ya diplomaati na Budapest Sweden mere a ole na ole jụrụ ase banyere ya akara aka, ma ndị Soviet ọchịchị kọrọ na ha amaghị ebe Raoul Wallenberg. Ọzọkwa, August 1947, A. Ya. Vyshinsky, Deputy Foreign Minister na eze kwuru na Swedish diplomaati na USSR e. Otú ọ dị, na 1957 ndị Soviet n'akụkụ kweta na Raoul Wallenberg (lee foto. Karịsịa) e jidere Budapest na ẹka Moscow, na nwụrụ nke a obi nkụchi na July 1947.

N'otu oge, a dee a hụrụ na Archive Foreign Wyszynski Molotov (site na May 1947), na nke ọ na-ajụ ka amanye Abakumov n'okpuru a akwụkwọ na ikpe nke Wallenberg na amụma n'ihi na ha mkpochapu. Mgbe e mesịrị, Deputy Minister nwere onwe ya na-ede na Minister nke State Security nke mba na kwesịrị inye a ihe azịza maka nkwadebe nke USSR omume arịrịọ si Swedish n'akụkụ.

Nchọpụta n'ime Wallenberg mgbe ida nke USSR

Ná ngwụsị nke 2000, na ndabere nke RF Iwu "Na ghara ịgbanwe nke Metụtara nke Ọchịchị Mba," Ọkàiwu General ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị mkpebi na ikpe nke na-Swedish diplomaati R. Wallenberg na V. Langfeldera. Ná mmechi, e kwuru na na January 1945, ndị a nọ na-òtù nke Swedish legation na Hungarian isi obodo, na Wallenberg, ihe ndị ọzọ, na-ekpori diplomatic ọgụ, e jidere na-ejide ruo ọnwụ ha na Soviet ụlọ mkpọrọ.

Nke a akwụkwọ e-akatọ n'ihi na ọha na eze na-adịghị nyere akwụkwọ metụtara ihe atụ, ihe mere ndị ụlọnga nke Wallenberg na Langfeldera.

Study nke ndị mba ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị

Na 2010 bipụtara ọmụmụ nke American akụkọ ihe mere eme S. Berger na Birstein V., na nke e-atụ aro falsity version banyere ọnwụ nke Raoul Wallenberg, July 17, 1947. Na Central Archive nke FSB hụrụ a akwụkwọ na 6 ụbọchị mgbe kpọmkwem ụbọchị Isi nke Department 4 3 GB GU Ministry nke USSR (agha counterintelligence) ruo ọtụtụ awa ajụjụ ọnụ "nọmba mkpọrọ 7", na mgbe ahụ Cato na Vilmos Sandor Langfeldera. Ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ abụọ na-metụtara Wallenberg, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na ọ bụ aha ya, ma e ezoro ezo.

ebe nchekwa

Ndị Juu na ndị ga-aghọta ihe niile m meere ụmụ ya, n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ Vallenberg Raul.

Ncheta ke Moscow na disinterested humanist bụ na Yauza n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá. Ke adianade do, a ncheta ke ebe nchekwa nke ọ bụ na 29 n'obodo nke ụwa.

Na 1981, otu n'ime Hungarian Juu napụtara diplomaati, onye mesịrị kwaga ka USA na e ghọrọ a congressman, butere ọrụ Wallenberg ihe ùgwù amaala nke mba a. Ebe ọ bụ na August 5 ghọtara ya na ebe nchekwa ụbọchị na United States.

Dị ka ekwuola, ke 1963 Israel Institute Yad Vashem ọdịda nke Raoul Gustav Wallenberg asọpụrụ aha nke Ndị Ezi n'Etiti Mba, nke, n'agụnyeghị ya, ọdịda nke German na-azụ ahịa Oskar Schindler, a Polish so na-emegide Movement - adịghị atụ ụjọ Irene Sendler, otu onye soja na Wehrmacht Wilm Hosenfeld, Armenian kwabatara, mgbe ha onwe zọpụta si mgbukpọ na Turkey, Dilsizyany, 197 Russia onye na-arụ zoro Juu n'ụlọ ha, na ọbụna na-anọchite anya ihe 5 iri na abuo mba. A ngụkọta nke 26 119 mmadụ, n'ihi na onye ihe mgbu onye agbata obi bụ onye ala ọzọ.

ezinụlọ

Wallenberg nne na onye nnochi anya nna raara ndụ ha na search maka efu Raul. Ha nye iwu ọkara nwanne na nwanne, dị ka na-ekwuchitere mba bi n'ebe ga-abịa na 2000. Ọrụ ha gaa n'ihu ụmụ ụmụ bụ ndị na-agbalị ka chepụta otú Wallenberg nwụrụ.

The nwunye Kofi Annan - Nana Lagergren, bụ nwa nwanne Raoul - aghọwo a ma ama fighter na nsogbu nke narị afọ iri na aka iso ụmụ mmadụ omenala nke ndị ezinụlọ ya, ndị guzobere nke bụ deede ya. Na etiti nke uche e nwekwara nsogbu ụmụaka na-enweghị ike na-akụziri n'ihi ịda ogbenye nke ezinụlọ ha. N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-kweere na n'oge mgbukpọ na Rwanda, ya na di ya dịghị ka Raoul Wallenberg: Kofi Annan nabata reviews nke UN peacekeepers si mba ebe itiwapụ esemokwu agbụrụ na nwere ọdachi ndị òtù Tutsi ndị mmadụ.

Ugbu a na ị maara onye Raoul Wallenberg, onye biography na ka nwere ọtụtụ gaps. Nke a diplomaati si Sweden ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onye a zoputara ndụ ọtụtụ puku mmadụ, ma ike agaghị agbanahụ ọnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dungeons, nke bịara na-enweghị a ikpe.