Rice ubi. osikapa cultivation technology

Rice - onye nke bara uru ubi na ụwa nwere n'etiti ndị isi nri n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na mbara ụwa anyị. Ọ bụ kwa afọ osisi nke ezinụlọ klas monocotyledonous ọka.

ozi izugbe

Nke a cereal nwere a fibrous mgbọrọgwụ usoro na pneumatic cavities na-enye ohere nke ikuku n'ime idei mmiri ala. Ọgụgụ bụ a ohia esịnede nodular ị ga onye ọkpụrụkpụ bụ banyere 3-5 mm na ịdị elu - 38 cm, na-a elu nke 3-5 mita (miri-ụdị). Ị ga-akasị kwem, ma e nwere na-arịgo ma stelyaschiesya. Mpempe akwụkwọ lanceolate, inflorescence bụ a panicle, onye ogologo bụ 10-30 cm. Panicle abịakọrọ ma ọ bụ na-agbasa, drooping ma ọ bụ kwem dabere na dịgasị iche iche nke osikapa. Na ya na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke spikelets flowered na obere ụkwụ. Dum, nkezi ọka osikapa mejupụtara a isiike shei, nke n'okpuru brownish na agba na echekwara ọka. N'okpuru anụ - na endosperm, ndị kasị edozi akụkụ nke ọka, nke bụ ihe anyị na-ahụ ụdị osikapa, mara dị ka polishing ma ọ bụ egweri. About 94% nke na ọ nwere starch, banyere 6-10% protein, ma dị mwute ikwu, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla B vitamin na ịnweta bekee. Egweri osikapa dị njikere ngwa ngwa, na-ọzọ mfe etinye obi gị dum site idem. Na-ekpo ọkụ iru mmiri climates ngwaahịa dịruru ogologo.

osikapa na-eto eto

E nwere 3 ụdị ubi na nke na-emezu nke a ogwu: upland,-achọpụtazi na estuary. Akwụkwọ ndọrọ ego na ubi osikapa cultivation Usoro mejupụtara n'ịzụlite a mgbe nile na-idei mmiri ruo mgbe ahụ, mgbe akuku anaghị chara n'onwe, mgbe ahụ, drained mmiri na-amalite owuwe ihe ubi. Nke a ụdị ihe ubi a akuku bụ ihe kasị nkịtị, otú anakọta banyere 90% nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, osikapa mmepụta. Upland ubi dị na ebe a nnukwu ego nke ọdịda dara, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị achọ wuru mmiri. On ndị na ndị ọzọ ubi nwere ike na-eto eto osikapa nke otu iche, ma mkpụrụ na-achọpụtazi n'elu ubi. Lima osikapa ubi tumadi dị na floodplains na vozdelyvavaetsya n'oge idei mmiri. Na nke a, iji osikapa pụrụ iche iche na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto stalk, nke whisks n'elu mmiri na mmiri. Jiri ya tụnyere ihe cultivation nke osikapa na ndị ọzọ ubi, usoro a na-enye a dị nta akuku, ma ọ bụ a na ihe ọdịnala maka mpaghara ebe cereal bụ ihe kasị dị mkpa na mmadụ oriri na-edozi, ihe atụ, na mba ndị dị n'Eshia.

ụdị osikapa

E nwere na ụwa puku iche iche iche osikapa. Ihe atụ, na Asia ọ bụla ubi-enye a dịgasị iche iche nke omenala. Ọ bụ nkewa site n'ogologo nke ọka, na ụdị ọgwụgwọ, agba, flavor. Site ogo ogwu nhazi ekewa ọcha osikapa, aja aja na parboiled.

Ihe na-esonụ iche nke osikapa:

1. Paddy: paddy, dị nnọọ si n'ubi, nwere ike ịchekwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ.
2. Rice husks - wepụ ya na ọka bụ nke mbụ ọgwụgwọ nzọụkwụ, na-eji dị ka anụmanụ na ndepụta na dị ka fatịlaịza.
3. Bran shei: ọ na-enwetara na usoro nke na-egweri mkpụrụ ji mee ihe maka nri ụtụtụ ọka na nri anụmanụ.
4. Egbu maramara osikapa: kasị nkịtị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, Now srednezerny na ogologo-ọka osikapa, na foto nke ị nwere ike na-ahụ na isiokwu.
5. Parboiled osikapa: paddy mbụ tinye ya n'ime mmiri na mgbe ahụ na-emeso ya na uzuoku nrụgide.
6. Brown ma ọ bụ neshlifovany. Mgbe ụfọdụ srednezerny na ogologo-ọka osikapa, na price nke bụ nke dị iche iche si iberibe price osikapa-egwe ọka igwe, na-atụle ga-ukwuu mma karịa osikapa.
7. Broken osikapa: ke nhazi nke osikapa mkpụrụ gbarie nnukwu iberibe eji maka confectionery na nri ụtụtụ, obere - maka osikapa ntụ ọka.
8. Nakwa dị ka ahụkarị ụdị osikapa dị ka Jasmine, basmati, ndị Ijipt, na anụ.

History na nkesa

Odika 7000 afọ a onye na-erepịakwa na-etolite osikapa. Photo-egosi nke a pụrụ ịchọta n'akwụkwọ ochie na China na India. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na ubi osikapa na nke etinyere usoro nke ọwa mmiri maka mmiri nke omenala. Ebe ọ pụtara maka oge mbụ - ọ na-adịghị ike, ma ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekweta na ọ na-atụle ebe omumu nke India. Dị ka isi mmalite ndị ọzọ, a maara na ubi osikapa na China nwere pụtara na 5th na narị afọ iri BC na ihe dị ka 500 BC, na-ama dị na South-East ma South Asia, China na India. Ịgbasa a cereal emegharị dị iche iche ihu igwe ọnọdụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ na South Asia kwesịrị nwere a nnukwu ego nke mmiri na ikpo dum afọ, na Japan, Korea na etiti China malitere iche na anabata oyi na-mkpa a obere mmiri. Na Asia, egbute na kụrụ osikapa ka aka, ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ na-emezu na ugwu dị larịị, n'akụkụ ugwu na obere ala. Na narị afọ nke 13 n'ubi osikapa pụtara na Sicily, na North America, ọ pụtara na French, na British na Japanese. Na South America ọgụgụ me ka Portuguese na Spanish. Rice cultivation na Russia malitere ihe karịrị afọ 300 gara aga.

Osikapa na Russia

Na Russian Alaeze Ukwu, akpa osikapa ubi pụtara na ụbọchị nke Ivana Groznogo. E nyere iwu na Astrakhan gọvanọ na-eto eto "Saracen millet", nke ahụ bụ otú ha aha ya bụ Fig. The ala Volga biri ubi, ma na nnwale N'ihi ya, n'ụzọ dị mwute, nọgidere na-amaghị ama.

N'oge ọchịchị nke Peter m «Saracen millet" ọzọ bilie Russia, ọ kụrụ na Delta nke osimiri Terek, na akara aka nke akuku ọzọ efu n'etiti ngwa ngwa mkpa nke ala. Ọ bụ naanị na 1786 Ọgụgụ pụtaghachi na Russian n'ókèala - e me na Kuban Cossacks. Rice ubi na-emi odude ke idei mmiri ebe nke Kuban River, ahụ ga-esi a mma owuwe ihe ubi osikapa ubi na pụta na Russia.

oriri nke osikapa na ụwa

Enwere 2 abịaru nso ka oriri nke a cereal, "Western" - na-ahụkarị maka Americas na Europe, na "Eastern" - maka Asia. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mba ọgụgụ na-ezo aka kwa ụbọchị nri, osikapa na Europe nwetara ya ama e mesịrị, ma ná mmalite na ọ bụ osisi na osisi na kwadebere nanị maka festive menu. N'ime oge ahụ, osikapa nwekwara ghọọ otu n'ime ha isi nri, ma, na iche Asia, Europe malitere ịkwadebe osikapa na okuko, anụ, Erimeri na ose nwekwara.

The mkpa a osikapa akuku

Kwa afọ banyere 350 mln. Tọn osikapa na-emepụta n'ụwa. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị nọ n'ụwa na-eji ya 3 ugboro n'ụbọchị. Na Japan, 78% nke ugbo na-iji na cultivation nke osikapa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-eri osikapa bụ budata elu. Rate nke oriri nke ọka kwa onye na Asia bụ 150 kg kwa afọ, mgbe ke Europe - 2 n'arọ kwa afọ. About 12-13 mln. Tọn kwa afọ zuru ụwa ọnụ bubata na-ebupụ, bụ, ihe dị ka 4% nke ngụkọta akuku na ụwa. South America na Asia bụ isi exporters of osikapa, na Europe - onye mbubata.

osikapa agha

Maka mkpụrụ ọgwụgwọ iji pụrụ iche sorting separators, mgbe ahụ, osisi na-anwale Germination, na indices erughị 90% nke ọka dị ka ekwesighi. 5-8 ụbọchị tupu agha mkpụrụ na-Fikiere ke anyanwụ, idebaihe ha na mmiri ọkụ maka 2-3 ụbọchị, mgbe ọzịza mịrị amị na flowability na-amalite ịgha mkpụrụ na a tupu ewe iwe ala a omimi nke 10 cm. The ụzọ kasị mma osikapa akuku a na-ewere mechiri emechi u Seeder flanged ma ọ bụ doo nkịtị. Ọ na-enye ezigbo ihe na cross-diagonal usoro nke akuku osikapa. Ji idei mmiri Ona razbrosnoy akuku si ụgbọelu, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ omume na-kụrụ 150 ha a ụbọchị na otu ụgbọelu. Rice nwekwara ike toro site seedlings. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ha na-na Vietnam, China, Japan na mba ndị ọzọ. Seedling omenala ke CIS mills hụrụ na Azerbaijan.

Irrigation na mmezi nke osikapa akuku

E nwere 3 ụzọ mmiri n'ubi osikapa kụrụ:

• na-aga n'ihu idei mmiri - mmiri bụ na ubi n'oge na-eto eto oge;
• truncated idei mmiri - na mmalite na ọgwụgwụ nke ahịhịa mmiri oyi akwa anọghị;
• intermittent idei mmiri - na mmiri larịị na-nọgidere na-enwe a na-oge.

CIS mills na-tumadi mee shortened idei mmiri. On Ona na-adịghị saline ike na dịtụ ọcha si ata, anọ atọ mgbe kere na n'iru Germination. Mgbe osikapa seedling igbe jupụtara, na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ nnukwu mmiri oyi akwa e kwere n'oge tillering -. About 5 cm oyi akwa nke mmiri na-ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na ụba na 15 cm, na na nke a n'ogo na mmiri bụ na-akụ wax ripeness. N'ime oge ahụ, mmiri na-ubé belata ka a maturation nke uwa akpọnwụwo, na ọ bụ ike na-amalite owuwe ihe ubi. N'ihi na mbibi nke algae, chemical ahihia akara ma ọ bụ aeration nke ala mịrị amị osikapa ubi. Photos of a usoro nwere ike dị na ọtụtụ ndị na-atụ aro nke mmiri maka osikapa na-elekọta.

Technology osikapa cultivation

All-Union Research Institute of osikapa osikapa cultivation technology e mepụtara, nke a pụrụ inweta si 4 6 tọn ọka kwa 1 ha. The technology e mere ewere n'ime akaụntụ kpọmkwem ala, idụhe peculiarities, iche.

N'ihi na n'ebe ndịda na mpaghara na Krasnodar Territory mepụtara 8 iche iche mmepụta technology nke osikapa omenala:

1. Basic technology, nke na-agụnye arụmọrụ 66, Bilie elu zaa nke osikapa, a nnukwu mmanụ ụgbọala oriri na elu mgbagwoju.
2. Usoro nke na-osisi ẹsuande ka a omimi nke 4 ma ọ bụ 5 cm, na-agụnye 49 arụmọrụ. Ọ na-eji tupu ọgwụgwọ nke ala: mgbụsị akwụkwọ okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na n'oge ịkọ.
3. Technology nke jikọrọ ime ihe nke ala nhazi: itinye n'ọnọdụ nke Micro-efe, na ojiji nke fatịlaịza na ogwu ndi na seeding, na inyefe elu.
4. The technology, nke na-enye maka kacha nta ọlu-ubi-: ọ dịghị agụnye arụmọrụ dị ka ịkọ, disking, chizelevanie, arụmọrụ atụmatụ, ịkọ.
5. Technology, pụrụ iche na ndenye ego, jupụtara na mmiri, ie ebe osikapa ubi bụ ekwe omume nkụ na mmiri ma n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka na ezo oge na agha oge na ala nkwadebe.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya technology na-enye ohere na-akọ ugbo na omume mbuso ata, ọrịa na pests.
7. Technology enweghị iji ọgwụ ahụhụ maka cultivation osikapa nri.
8. Technology ebe ike nile na-ewe na oru-kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ Filiks mee aggregates CFS-3,6 na 3,6-CCF na rotary koo-Ol 2.4. A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke usoro a bụ ezigbo ịkọ.