Russia na narị afọ nke 16: iwu mmepe

16 na narị afọ na Russia - guzobe nke centralized Russian ala. Ọ bụ n'oge a bụ imeri feudal fragmentation - usoro nke ihe e ji mara a eke mmepe nke feudalism. Ọnọdụ na-eto eto, na-amụba bi, ịzụlite ahia na mpụga mmekọahụ. Mgbanwe ndị na-socio-aku uwa iduga nso kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-erigbu ndị nkịtị na ha ụdi n'ịbụ ohu.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia 16-17 narị afọ adịghị mfe - ọ bụ oge nke guzobere ghọọ mba kwụụrụ, guzobere bases. The ọbara ihe ndị mere agha, na-agbalị ichebe onwe ha si echiche nke Golden Horde na ụdi oge a chọrọ oj oo ike n'aka ọchịchị ịdị n'otu nke ndị mmadụ.

The guzobere a centralized ala

Mụrụ ịdị n'otu nke Russia na merie feudal adịghị n'otu pụta na narị afọ nke 13. Nke a karịsịa kwesiri ngosi na Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi, emi odude ke edem edere-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. The mmepe ama etre site mbuso agha nke Tatar-Mongol, nke ọ bụghị nanị kwụsịlata usoro nke ịdị n'otu, ma mere ịrịba mmebi nke Russian ndị mmadụ. The revival malitere naanị na narị afọ nke 14.: Mgbake nke ugbo, ndị na-ewu obodo, oruru nke aku na uba na agbatị. All ndị ọzọ ibu nweela Muscovy na Moscow, nke ókèala na-eto eto nwayọọ nwayọọ. Mmepe nke Russia na narị afọ nke 16 soro ụzọ na-ewusi ike na klas na-emegiderịta. Iji nọrọ n'okpuru ndị nkịtị, ndị ukwu ha na-arụ ọrụ otu, na-eji a ọhụrụ ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọahụ, na-ewusi Central ọrụ.

Ihe nke abụọ mee ka ịdị n'otu nke-isi nile na centralization nke ike - ndị na-adịghị ọnọdụ nke mba ọzọ amụma. Ibuso mba ọzọ mwakpo na Golden Horde dị mkpa ka mmadụ nile dịrị n'otu. Naanị otú a Russian ike merie Kulikovo ubi na na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 15. kpamkpam tọgharịa Tatar-Mongol yoke, nke dịgidere ruo ihe karịrị narị afọ abụọ.

The usoro nke guzobere otu steeti kwuru na isi na otu n'ókèala n'oge gara iche iche na-ekwu n'ime otu nnukwu Muscovy na na mgbanwe nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọha mmadụ, ọdịdị nke ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. Site a obodo si ele ihe anya, usoro e dechara site na mmalite nke 16 c., Ma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ngwa e guzobere naanị na nkera nke abụọ.

Vasily III

Anyị nwere ike sị na narị afọ nke 16 na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia malitere ọchịchị Vasily III, onye rigoro ebekpo ke 1505 na afọ 26 na afọ. Ọ bụ nwoke nke abụọ nke Ivan III Ukwu ahụ. The Emperor of All Russia lụrụ di kemgbe ugboro abụọ. N'ihi na oge mbụ na nnọchiteanya nke ochie boyar ezinụlọ Solomonii Saburovoy (nọchiri n'okpuru - ọdịdị ihu nwughari nke okpokoro isi). The agbamakwụkwọ ahụ weere ọnọdụ 09.04.1505 bụ, ma, n'ihi na afọ 20 nke alụmdi na nwunye, ọ bụghị nyere nwa onye nketa. Nchegbu Prince choro a ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ ngwa ngwa natara nkwenye nke chọọchị ahụ na Boyar Duma. A yiri ikpe soro ukara ịgba alụkwaghịm nwunye banyere ebe obibi ndị mọnk na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ihe mere eme nke Russia.

The nwunye nke abụọ nke eze ukwu bụ Elena Glinskaya si agadi Lithuanian ezinụlọ. Ọ mụụrụ ya ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ. Di ya nwụrụ na 1533, ọ n'ụzọ nkịtị nwee oké mgbanwe ogige, na Russia na narị afọ nke 16 na nke mbụ natara a regent Otú ọ dị, karịsịa-ewu ewu na boyars na ndị mmadụ.

Foreign na anụ ụlọ Politika Vasiliya III of, n'ezie, bụ eke n'ihu nke omume nke nna-ya, bụ onye na-kpamkpam lekwasịrị anya centralization nke ike ma na-ewusi ike na ikike nke chọọchị.

anụ ụlọ iwu

Vasily III kwadoro na-akparaghị ókè ike nke Ọkaakaa. Na mgba megide feudal fragmentation nke rus na-akwado ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike na onye nwekwara nkwado nke chọọchị. Site ndị ajọ omume, na-adị mfe disposes nke eziga n'agha ma ọ bụ na-akpatara ntaramahụhụ. Ofụri Esịt gosipụtara emegbu uwa, kwesiri ngosi ọbụna nwata. N'oge ọchịchị ya, ndị pụtara boyars n'ogige ịrịba Falls, ma ama nke ala-abawanye. Mgbe emejuputa, ọ họọrọ Josephites nke chọọchị iwu.

Na 1497 Vasily III nakweere a ọhụrụ Usoro nke Iwu dabeere Russian eziokwu, Iwu na n'Ikpe Charter, mkpebi ikpe na ụfọdụ edemede nke ajụjụ. Ọ bụ a set nke iwu, na e kere ka systematize na streamline ndị dị n'oge nke iwu na bụ ihe dị mkpa ụfọdụ kwupụta centralization nke ike. Emperor ifịk ifịk na-akwado ndị na-ewu, na afọ nke ọchịchị ya na-wuru Onyeisi Ndị Mmụọ Ozi Cathedral, Church nke Ascension na Kolomna, ọhụrụ niile, ulo uku na ulo-agha. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka nke ọma dị ka nna-ya, we "anakọta" na Russian ala, annexing Republic Pskov, Ryazan.

Mmekọrịta Kazan Khanate n'okpuru Basil III

Russia si mba ọzọ amụma na narị afọ nke 16, na ndị ọzọ kpomkwem, ke akpa ọkara bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu a ngosipụta nke n'ime. The Emperor gbalịrị ikpokọta dị ukwuu dị ka o kwere omume n'ala, ọ na-edo ha na Central ọchịchị na, n'eziokwu, na-ahuta ka mmeri nke ókèala ndị ọhụrụ. Ebe si mesoo Golden Horde, Russia fọrọ nke nta ozugbo wee na-akpasu iwe na Khanate, guzobere n'ihi nke ọdịda ya. Turkey na Krymskoe Hanstvo gosiri mmasị Kazan, Russia virus ka mkpa n'ihi na ọmụmụ nke ala na ihe ọma usoro ọnọdụ, kamakwa n'ihi mgbe niile iyi egwu nke raids. Na atụmanya nke ọnwụ nke Ivan III na 1505 Kazan Khan na mberede malitere a agha nke na-kere ruo 1507, mgbe ọtụtụ Russian weere na-amanye agbahapụ, na mgbe ahụ na-eme udo. History ugboro ugboro onwe ke 1522-1523 biennium., Ma mgbe ahụ na 1530-1531 gg. Kazan Khanate enyeghị ruo ocheeze Ivan Grozny abịaghị.

Russian-Lithuanian War

Isi ihe mere nke a agha ogu - ọchịchọ nke Moscow isi merie na-achịkwa nke niile Russian ala, nakwa dị ka mgbalị nke Lithuania imegwara maka mmeri na n'oge gara aga 1500-1503 afọ, nke na-eri ya ọnwụ nke 1-3 akụkụ niile n'ókèala .. Russia na narị afọ nke 16, mgbe ndị na-abịa ike nke Basil III of, bụ na a kama siri mba ọzọ amụma ọnọdụ. Ahụhụ emeri Kazan Khanate, ọ manyere aka ebịne Duchy nke Lithuania, bịanyere aka nkwekọrịta na mgbochi-Russian Crimea Khan.

The agha malitere dị ka a n'ihi nke ọdịda na-emezu iwu nke Basil III (nloghachi nke ala) na okpomọkụ nke 1507 mgbe agha na Bryansk na Chernigov ala Lithuanian agha na Upper Oka isi - Crimea Tatars. Na 1508 ndị na-achị amalitela mkparita uka na aka a udo nkwekọrịta n'okpuru nke Lithuanian ihe gbasara onye isi laghachiri Lyublich gburugburu ebe.

Agha nke 1512-1522 afọ. Ọ na-a ezi uche n'ihu nke gara aga agha n'elu ókèala. N'agbanyeghị udo kwubiri n'etiti ndị òtù ha nnọọ tensi, nọgidere looting, clashes na ala. Ihe kpatara nke edinam bụ ọnwụ nke Grand Duchess nke Lithuania na nwanne Basil III of Helena. Grand Duchy nke Lithuania bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Crimea Khanate ọzọ n'otu, mgbe nke a mbubreyo mmalite ime ọtụtụ raids na 1512 Russian Prince Sigismund m kwuru agha na-etinye na-atụ ha isi agha ka Smolensk. SB ụdi afọ, na mgbanwe degrees ihe ịga nke ọma ndị a na usoro nke hikes. Otu n'ime ndị kasị agha n'ebe dị nso Orsha September 8, 1514 Na 1521, abụọ nke ọ bụla ọzọ si mba ọzọ amụma okwu, na ha na-amanye na-eme udo maka 5 afọ. Dị ka nkwekọrịta, Russia na narị afọ nke 16 natara Smolensk ala, ma jụrụ Vitebsk, Polotsk na Kiev, dị ka nke ọma dị ka nloghachi nke dọọrọ n'agha.

Ivan IV (tara)

Vasily III nwụrụ si ọrịa, mgbe diọkpara ya bụ naanị 3 afọ. Ụzọ hụ ya nso ọnwụ na ya ụdi mgba maka ocheeze (n'oge eze ukwu abụọ tọrọ ụmụnna Andrew na Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), ọ kpụrụ "sedmochislennuyu" ọrụ nke boyars. Na ha nwere ịzọpụta Ivan tupu 15th ncheta. N'ezie, osisi nke trustees anọwo na ike maka banyere otu afọ, na mgbe ahụ malitere ịda iche. Russia na narị afọ nke 16 (1545) natara zuru onye na-achị na eze nke mbụ ya mere eme, na onye nke Ivan IV, ụwa niile mara n'okpuru aha nke Ivan ndị tara. Na foto n'elu - mwughachi oyiyi nke udi nke okpokoro isi.

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ghara ikwu ya na ezinụlọ ya. Historians dị iche iche na nọmba, na-akpọ aha ndị 6 ma ọ bụ 7 inyom, bụ ndị e lere ndị nwunye eze. Ụfọdụ ndị nwụrụ a omimi ọnwụ, ndị ọzọ nọ na chụgara a obibi ndị mọnk. Ivan Grozny ụmụ atọ. Senior (Ivan na Fedor) amuru site na nwunye ya mbụ, na-ntà (Dmitriy Uglitsky) si ikpeazụ - M.F.Nagoy, nke na-egwuri a nnukwu ọrụ na ihe mere eme nke mba n'oge nsogbu.

Mgbanwe Ivana Groznogo

The esịtidem iwu nke Russia na narị afọ nke 16 n'oge ọchịchị Ivan egwu ka lekwasịrị anya centralization nke ike, nakwa dị ka ndị na-ewu mkpa ọha oru. Iji mezuo nke a, na njikọ na "Họrọ Rada" King, a usoro nke mgbanwe. The kasị dị ịrịba ama bụ ndị na-esonụ.

• Òtù nke Zemsky Sobor na 1549 dị ka ndị kasị elu caste-nnọchiteanya oru. Na ya na-adade niile ọmụmụ ma e wezụga akwụkwọ.
• Nkuchi nke ọhụrụ Sudebnik na 1550, aka iso iwu nke gara aga iwu kwadoro, na n'ihi na oge mbụ nkwado iwu ahụ niile tax unit ịtụ.
• Lipstick na ala mgbanwe ná mmalite 50s nke narị afọ nke 16.
• Formation iwu usoro na t. H.-arịọ, Streletskii, e biri ebi, na na. D.

Russia si mba ọzọ amụma n'oge ọchịchị Ivana Groznogo e mepụtara na atọ ntụziaka: ndịda - agha megide Crimea Khanate, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - mgbasawanye nke ala ala ma n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - na-alụ maka ohere na Baltic Oké Osimiri.

nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ

Mgbe ida nke Golden Horde, a mgbe niile iyi egwu na Russian ala kere Astrakhan na Kazan Khanate-aka-ha lekwasịrị anya Volga ahia ụzọ. Total I. Grozny malitere atọ mkpọsa megide Kazan, dị ka a N'ihi nke ikpeazụ, ọ e weere site oké ifufe (1552). Astrakhan e sonyeere 4 afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1557, wepụtara onwe ha na-Russian ala sonyeere ọtụtụ ndị Bashkortostan na Chuvashia, na mgbe ha na mmekọrịta ha ghọtara Nogai Horde. N'ihi ya biri a ọbara mere eme. Russia ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 16 meghere ya ụzọ Siberia. Bara ọgaranya industrialists ndị natara akwụkwọ ozi site n'aka eze aka ala r.Tobol, na ya onwe ya ga-efu ịrụnye squad free Cossacks, gawa site Ermak bụ.

na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ

Ná mgbalị inweta ohere ka Baltic Sea maka afọ 25 gara aga (1558-1583.) Ivan IV duru a grueling Livonian War. Mmalite ya e so site ịga nke ọma maka Russian mkpọsa, ọ e weere site n'obodo 20, gụnyere Narva na Dorpat, ndị agha na-eru nso na Tallinn na Riga. The Livonian Order e meriri, ma agha ka enwetara a protracted agwa, dị ka ọ na-abuana ke ọtụtụ mba Europe. Oké mkpa e egwuri site n'otu nke Lithuania na Poland na Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The ọnọdụ a mgbanwe na ndị na-abụghị direction, na mgbe ogologo standoff na 1582 ihe nkwekorita e kwubiri maka 10 afọ. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị ya e banyere nkwekorita nke plussa n'okpuru nke Russia furu efu Livonia, ma laghachi niile weghaara obodo ma e wezụga Polotsk.

N'ebe ndịda

N'ebe ndịda, ka anọgidewokwa na-anyụ kpụrụ mgbe ida nke Golden Horde, Krymskoe Hanstvo. The isi ọrụ nke ala nke a bụ iji ike ókè-ala-si raids nke Crimea Tatars. N'ihi nke a, ihe maka mmepe nke Wild ubi na e mere. Ha wee malite ịpụta mbụ agbachitere akara, ie. E. ihe iji chebe onwe akara nke irighiri osisi, na n'etiti nke guzo osisi harpoons (ike) akpan akpan na Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor m eze

Ivan Grozny nwụrụ March 18, 1584. The ọnọdụ nke eze ọrịa na-akpọ n'ime doro anya na site akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge a. Ọ na-ịga nke ọma ya nwa Fyodor Ivanovich, enweta ya mgbe ọnwụ nke ya okenye nwa Ivan. Na okwu nke Ivan egwu, ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nke a na-anọ nanị, na-ebu ọnụ, ihe kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na chọọchị ọrụ karịa ibu eze. Historians n'ozuzu agbasaghị kwere na ọ nọ na-arịa ọrịa na uche. N'ihu ọha ochichi, a eze ọhụrụ bụ ezughị. Ọ bụ n'okpuru tutelage nke boyars na a ma ama na mbu, na mgbe ya adventurous nwanne Boris Godunov. The akpa chịrị, na nke abụọ - efehe, na onye obula maara ya. Fyodor m nwụrụ January 7, 1598, na-ahapụ ụmụ ụmụ, ọ na etre na Moscow Rurik usoro ndị eze.

Russia na uzo nke 16-17 ọtụtụ narị afọ, ahụmahụ a miri emi socio-akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nsogbu, nke so kpata uto nke a protracted Livonian War oprichnina na Tatar mbuso agha. All ihe ndị a mesịrị duje a oge nsogbu, na-amalite agha ahụ maka efu ocheeze.