The accession nke Finland na Russia: nkenke

Ná mmalite nke XIX narị afọ, ihe mere ndị na-emetụta akara aka nke a ndị mmadụ bi n'ókèala n'akụkụ oké osimiri nke Baltic Oké Osimiri na ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ bụ n'okpuru ikike nke Swedish eze. Nke a mere ihe akụkọ na-eme omume bụ accession nke Finland na Russia, onye mere eme Nleta ndabere maka isiokwu a.

The akwụkwọ ghọrọ a n'ihi nke Russian-Swedish agha

September 17, 1809 na n'igbere mmiri na Gulf nke Finland na Fredrikshamn Emperor Alexander m na ndị Swedish King Gustav IV bịanyere aka nkwekọrịta, nke rụpụtara na accession nke Finland na Russia. Akwụkwọ a bụ n'ihi mmeri nke Russian agha, kụziri site na France na Denmark nke ikpeazụ n'ime ogologo usoro nke Russian-Swedish agha.

The accession nke Finland na Russia n'okpuru Alexander 1 bụ omume mkpesa Borgorskogo Sejm - nzukọ mbụ nke caste iche iche bi Finland, Russia ọchịchị na a arịrịọ maka nnabata nke obodo ha na Russia na Rights nke Grand Duchy nke Finland, na ọgwụgwụ nke a onye n'otu.

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ kwere na ọ bụ a mma mmeghachi omume Emperor Alexander m ka a na mba ga-kwalite guzobe nke Finnish mba obodo, onye bi tupu nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-achịkwa ndị Swedish J.Randall. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na Russia bụ Finland jiri ihe e kere eke nke ya ghọọ mba kwụụrụ.

Finland ka a akụkụ nke Alaeze nke Sweden

Ọ maara na tupu mmalite nke XIX narị afọ ókèala Finland, bụ nke e biri ebo nile nke nchikota na em, mgbe otu nọọrọ onwe ha ala. N'agbata X na tupu mmalite nke XIV narị afọ na ọ bụ Novgorod, ma na 1323 meriri Sweden ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na bịara n'okpuru ya akara.

Dị ka onye mkpọrọ n'otu afọ Orekhovskaya nkwekorita, Finland bụ a akụkụ nke Alaeze nke Sweden na ikike nke obodo kwụụrụ, na 1581 natara a iwu ọnọdụ nke Grand Duchy nke Finland. Otú ọ dị, n'ezie, ndị bi na ya n'ụzọ iwu na administratively doro oké ịkpa ókè. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị Finns nwere ikike inye ndị ọzọ ọrụ ha na-anọchite anya na Swedish nzuko omeiwu, ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ ya mere na-adịghị mkpa nke na-adịghị ekwe ka ọ bụla dị ịrịba mmetụta na ngwọta nke ugbu a okwu. Nke a ọnọdụ kere ruo ruo mgbe na 1700 na-adịghị mebiri ọzọ Russian-Swedish agha.

The accession nke Finland na Russia: mmalite nke usoro

N'oge Akwa Northern War, ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama mere kpọmkwem na Finnish ókèala. Na 1710, ndị agha Peter m mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nnọchibido were mma-obodo e wusiri ike nke Vyborg na nwetara n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ na Baltic Oké Osimiri. Ịgbaso mmeri nke ndị agha Russia meriri site afọ anọ gasịrị na Agha nke Napuze kwere na ntọhapụ nke ndị Swedes fọrọ nke nta niile Grand Duchy nke Finland.

Ọ ka na-enweghị ike na-ewere dị ka a zuru accession nke Finland na Russia, ebe a akụkụ buru ibu nke ọ bụ ka a akụkụ nke Sweden, ma ọ malitere usoro. Ọ pụrụ ọbụna kwụsị n'ihu mgbalị imegwara maka mmeri ahụhụ site e site Swedes na 1741 na 1788, ma ma ugboro enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.

O sina dị, ọnọdụ Nishtadt nkwekorita na biri agha, na a North mkpọrọ na 1721, kwaga Russian n'ókèala Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Baltic Sea Islands. Ke adianade do, alaeze ukwu ghọrọ Southwest Karelia na nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na obodo Finland - Vyborg.

Ọ ghọrọ ebe nlekọta guzosie ike n'oge na-adịghị Vyborg anāchi achi, na-esịne ke St. Petersburg n'ógbè. Dị ka akwụkwọ, Russia chere ọrụ na niile ceded ya Finnish n'ókèala izoputa, mbụ ẹdude ikike nke ụmụ amaala na ùgwù nke ụfọdụ na-elekọta mmadụ dị iche iche. Ọ nyere maka ichebe niile gara aga okpukpe ntọala, tinyere nnwere onwe na-eme a bi na nke Kraịst okwukwe, ememe okpukpe na nke ime mmụọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.

The ọzọ ogbo nke mmụba nke ugwu ala

N'oge ọchịchị nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Elizabeth na 1741 mebiri a ọhụrụ Russian-Swedish agha. Ọ ghọkwara otu n'ime nkebi nke usoro, n'ihi nke fọrọ nke nta ka afọ iri asaa gasịrị, bụ accession nke Finland na Russia.

Chịkọtara ya pụta ga-chịkọtara na isi ihe abụọ - bụ weghara a ịrịba ókèala ndị Grand Duchy nke Finland bụ n'okpuru Swedish akara, nke kwere Russian agha ịkwaga ruo Oulu, wee soro ndị kasị elu manifesto. Na ya na March 18, 1742 Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Elizabeth Petrovna, ọkwa iwebata dum Sweden merie si n'ókèala otu nọọrọ onwe ha ọchịchị.

Ke adianade do, a afọ mgbe e mesịrị na a isi ndutịm center nke Finland - n'obodo Turku - Russia ọchịchị aka nkwekọrịta na ndị nnọchiteanya nke Swedish akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta, dị ka nke, a akụkụ nke Russia ghọrọ dum South-Eastern Finland. Ọ bụ nnọọ nnukwu ebe ala, na-agụnye n'obodo ndị Lappeenranta, Hamina, Nyslott na ya dị ike ike na Kyumenegorskuyu na Savo n'ógbè. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, Russian ókè kpaliri n'ihu n'ebe St. Petersburg, si otú mbenata ihe ize ndụ nke Swedish agha na Russian isi obodo.

Na 1744, ókèala dum esịne ke Russian Alaeze Ukwu na ndabere nke a nkwekọrịta banyere obodo Turku, na-mmasị ka na mbụ kere Vyborg ógbè, na ya mere e hiwere ọhụrụ Vyborg n'ógbè. On ya n'ókèala e ógbè: Serdobol'skii, Vilmanstrandsky, Hamina, Neyshlotsky, Kexholm na Vyborg. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ógbè kere ruo ọgwụgwụ nke XVIII narị afọ, wee ghọọ ndị na-achị na a akpan akpan ụdị ọchịchị.

The accession nke Finland na Russia: Union, uru ka mba abụọ

Ná mmalite nke XIX narị afọ ókèala Finland bụ akụkụ nke Sweden, bụ underdeveloped ugbo mpaghara. Ndị bi na ya n'oge ahụ mere gafere 800 puku. People, nke naanị 5.5% biri n'obodo ukwu. On ndị nkịtị, bụ a tenant ala, dina abụọ mmegbu si ma Swedish ukwu, nakwa dị ka ha onwe ha. Nke a na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nkwarụ mmepe nke mba omenala na njirimara.

N'abụ na Finland na Russia bụ doro anya na uru na mba abụọ. Alexander m bụ ike, ya mere, n'ihu n'ebe ókè-ala na-asọ azụ isi obodo ya - St. Petersburg, nke dị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mee ka ike nke ya nchekwa.

Finns dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru nke Russia, nweela nnọọ ọtụtụ nke nnwere onwe na mpaghara nke omebe iwu na onyeisi ike. Otú ọ dị, ihe omume a na-kpọkwasịwo ọzọ, nke 11 na a n'usoro, na nke ikpeazụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian-Swedish agha, nke malitere na 1808 n'etiti abụọ mba.

The ikpeazụ agha Russia na Sweden

Dị ka anyị maara si archival akwụkwọ, agha na Alaeze Sweden bụ na atụmatụ nke Alexander m na ọ nọ na-akụkụ a amanye-eme ihe, na N'ihi ya nke nke bụ accession nke Finland na Russia. The eziokwu na, dị ka Tilsit udo nkwekorita banyere 1807 n'etiti Russian na Napoleonic France, eze ukwu were ibu ọrụ ime ka Sweden na Denmark na continental mgbochi jụrụ onye iro ọha n'oge ahụ - England.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị Danes nweghị nsogbu, ndị Swedish Korol Gustav IV haa jụrụ amaghị tinye n'ihu ya. Ebe ike agwụ niile nke ahụ, ohere iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ n'ihi site diplomacy, Alexander m manyere-amalite agha nsogbu.

Ná mmalite nke agha arụmọrụ ọ anya na, n'ihi na ya niile Hubris Swedish edidem bụ na a ọnọdụ na-etinye elu megide Russian agha nnọọ a dị ike agha na ike na-n'ókèala Finland, nke tụgharịa isi agha edinam. N'ihi nke na-akpasu iwe, ndị na-ọnụ ọgụgụ na atọ ntụziaka, Russian-erughị otu ọnwa ekpe Kaliksyoki osimiri ma na-amanye Gustav IV amalite udo mkparita uka na okwu tụziri site Russia.

The ọhụrụ aha Emperor

N'ihi ya, Fridrihgamskogo udo nkwekorita - n'okpuru a Aha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na nkwekọrịta banyere September 1809, Alexander m bịara mara dị ka ndị Grand Duke nke Finland. Dị ka akwụkwọ, na Russian edidem were nkwa na-eme n'ụzọ zuru ezu ka e gbuo ndị iwu edise ke Finnish Sejm na natara ya ihu ọma.

A ihe nke nkwekọrịta dị nnọọ mkpa n'ihi na o nyere Emperor-achịkwa ahụ na-eme nke Seimas, na-eme ka ọ nnoo isi nke nzukọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụrụ isonyere Russia Finland (afọ 1808), na na nkwenye nke St. Petersburg ekwe ka ikpokota Oriri, na ịme mgbanwe ẹdude iwu n'oge ahụ.

Site a n'usoro iwu ochichi obodo onyeeze na absolutism

The accession nke Finland na Russia, onye ụbọchị na-ekwekọ n'àgwà nke ụbọchị nke mara ọkwa nke eze manifesto on March 20, 1808, Bilie a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kpọmkwem ọnọdụ. Nyere na Russia, dị ka nkwekọrịta, dị mkpa ka na-enye Finns a ọtụtụ ihe ha chọrọ n'efu si Government nke Sweden (nri onwe-mkpebi siri ike, nakwa dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ohere) n'ụzọ dị otú a ọ bụla dị ịrịba isi ike.

Ọ ga-kwuru na tupu mgbe ahụ, Grand Duchy nke Finland bụ akụkụ nke Sweden, ie ala, nke nwere n'usoro iwu ochichi obodo usoro, ndị ọcha nke nkewa nke ike nke onodi nzuko omeiwu na, ọtụtụ ihe na enweghị serfdom nke bi n'ime ime obodo. Ugbu a, Otú ọ dị, accession nke Finland na Russia mere ya nke mba, nke e-adịkwaghị onye zuru ọchịchị ndị eze, ebe okwu "n'usoro ochichi" kpasue iwe n'etiti mgbanwe J.Randall nke ọha mmadụ, na ihe nile na-aga n'ihu mgbanwe zutere na-eguzogide-apụghị izere ezere.

Creation nke ọrụ na metụtara Finland

Ọ bụ a ụtụ Alexander m, onye jisiri nwere a na anya doro anya na nke a nke, na na isi nke ọrụ, guzosie ike site ya maka ihe ngwọta ẹdude nsogbu na-etinye ya na-emesapụ aka protege - Gụọ M. M. Speranskogo, ama n'ihi na ya mgbanwe mgbalị.

Mgbe ọmụmụ sara mbara nke niile atụmatụ nke Finnish Industries, Earl na-atụ aro Ọkaakaa dị ka ihe ndabere nke ya ala usoro ụkpụrụ nke obodo kwụụrụ na ichebe niile obodo omenala. Ọ nwekwara mepụtara ntụziaka zubere maka ọrụ nke Commission, isi ndokwa nke nke kpụrụ ihe ndabere maka a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'usoro ochichi nke Finland.

N'abụ ahụ Russian Finland (afọ 1808) na a n'ihu ngwaọrụ nke ya esịtidem na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nke rụpụtara mkpebi weere Borgorskim Sejm, na òkè nke na-anọchite anya nke niile na-elekọta mmadụ strata nke ọha mmadụ. Mgbe na-eru elu na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Diet òtù nke akwụkwọ ndị bara uru wee ṅụọ iyi nke ịkwado Russian Emperor na State, na ikike nke nke ha n'afọ ofufo jikọtara ejikọta.

Ọ bụ na-akpali mara na, na-arịgo ocheeze ahụ, ihe niile ndị na-esonụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke House of Romanov nwekwara bipụtara manifestos, certifies na accession nke Finland na Russia. Photos nke mbụ n'ime ha, bụ Alexander m, na-etinye anyị isiokwu.

Mgbe iso Russia na 1808, Finland n'ókèala amụbawo dịtụ ruru nyefe n'okpuru ya ikike nke Viborg (n'oge Finland) n'ógbè. The ukara asụsụ mgbe ahụ dị Sweden, ghọrọ ebe nile n'ihi na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme atụmatụ nke mmepe nke obodo, na Finnish, kwuru site ya niile ụmụ amaala bi.

Burugodị na Soviet-Finnish esemokwu

Mmetụta nke accession nke Finland na Russia nwere nnọọ mma maka ya mmepe na ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. N'ihi na nke a n'ihi na ihe karịrị otu narị afọ n'etiti abụọ na-ekwu emeghị bilie ọ bụla dị ịrịba emegiderịta. Ọ ga-kwuru na maka dum oge nke Russian achị Finns, n'adịghị ka okporo osisi, mgbe nnupụisi, na emeghị agbalị si n'okpuru akara nke ya ndị ọzọ dị ike onye agbata obi.

The picture agbanweela radically na 1917, mgbe Bolsheviks, ada V. I. Leninym, nyere nnwere onwe nke Finland. Mgbe aza a ndị iheoma black enweghị ekele na iji arọ itie ke Russia, na Finns na 1918 na malitere agha site bi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Karelia ruo ụmụnna nwanyị nke osimiri ahụ, kwaga na Pechenga region, na-ewere akụkụ nke dịịrị banye na mmiri na Middle Rybachy.

Ndị dị otú ahụ a ịga nke ọma mmalite nke Finnish ọchịchị ka kewapụrụ maka a ọhụrụ agha, na na 1921 ha wakporo Russian n'ókèala, nurturing atụmatụ ike a "Greater Finland". Otú ọ dị, oge a, ha uru bụ nnọọ obere obi umeala. The ikpeazụ njikere see okwu n'etiti abụọ n'ebe ugwu agbata obi - na Soviet Union na Finland - bụ agha, nke malitere na oyi nke 1939-1940.

Ọ na-weta Finns mmeri. N'ihi nke agha, nke e kere site na mbubreyo November ka ufọt ufọt March, na udo nkwekorita, nke ghọrọ ikpeazụ feature nke ndị agha, Finland furu efu fọrọ nke nta ka 12% nke ya n'ókèala, gụnyere nke abụọ kasị ukwuu obodo nke Vyborg. Ke adianade do, ebe obibi ha ma onwunwe efu karịa 450 puku. Finns na-amanye ngwa ngwa kpọpụrụ n'ihu akara n'ime mba ahụ.

ọgwụgwụ

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị Soviet n'akụkụ niile na ibu ọrụ maka ntiwapụ nke esemokwu dabeere na Finns, N'ihota ọkọdọhọ ha ewepụwo shelling, mba obodo ka ebubo bụ Stalin ochichi maka agha. N'ihi ya, na December 1939, Soviet Union dị ka ihe onye mwakpo State a chụpụrụ si League of Nations. Nke a agha emewo ka ọtụtụ na-echefu ihe ọma niile na ozugbo mere ka accession nke Finland na Russia.

Day nke Russia, dị mwute ikwu, na-adịghị hụrụ Finland. Finnish n'ọnọdu kwa afọ December 6 ememe Ụbọchị Mwere Onwe, icheta otú na 1917 na Bolshevik ọchịchị nyere ha ohere kewapụta si Russia na-anọgide na-efe ya akụkọ ụzọ.

O sina dị, o siri ike ikwubiga okwu ókè ịsị na ha ugbu a na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na mba Europe, Finland nweta ọtụtụ ihe na-na mmetụta, nke ahụ n'oge mbụ nwere Russia na ya guzobere na nnweta nke ha onwe ha ala.