The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aeronautics. Montgolfier ụmụnna

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aeronautics, yiri zuru ezu. Taa ndụ anyị nọ helicopters, ụgbọelu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ outlandish ugbo ala. Otú ọ dị, na ndị mmadụ n'obi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi-anọgide anwansi na romance na na-metụtara ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpali-eme ka na-ekpo ọkụ ikuku balloon siri. Na taa ndị mmadụ na-eme njem na ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ga-enwe ọchịchọ ịmata mara otú ọ niile malitere. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ballooning development ga-eji nkenke oge enyocha ke ibuotikọ emi.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, Brazil, bụ nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ na-echefu ihe mere eme aha abụghị. Otú ọ dị, ha isi ọganihu sayensị kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ e ajụjụ ma ọ bụ nọgide na-amaghị ama.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - ezigbo aha nke onye banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aeronautics, Lorenzo Guzman, Portuguese nchụàjà, Onye Okike nke oru ngo n'okpuru aha "Passaroly" ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya na-aghọta ka echiche efu. Na 1971, mgbe ogologo search, m chọpụtara na akwụkwọ na-akọwa ihe ndị mere na anya gara aga.

Ha malitere na 1708, mgbe ọ kwagara Portugal, Guzman banyere University of Coimbra ma dọba banyere-agbalị ime ka ugbo elu, na ụgbọ elu na nke ga-emeghe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ballooning. Physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ, na nke Lorenzo gosiri oké ike, nyeere ya aka na nke a. Ọ malitere ya oru ngo na-enwe ịchọpụta. Guzman ka e ọtụtụ ụdị na ghọrọ prototype nke ọdịnihu ya arịa.

The mbụ ngosipụta Guzman arịa

Na 1709, na August, ndị a ụdị e gosiri eze ama. Ihe ịga nke ọma bụ nanị onye balloon ụgbọ elu: a mkpa shei na a obere brazier, kwụsịtụrụ n'okpuru ya, fọrọ nke nta 4 mita n'ala. Guzman ke otu afọ malitere ya oru ngo "Passaroly". N'ụzọ dị mwute, ya ule data bụghị e chebere. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụla ikpe, Guzman bụ onye mbụ, nke dabeere na-amụ phenomena nke ọdịdị, okụt a ezigbo ụzọ ịrị elu, na-mere iji mejuputa ya na omume. Ya mere malitere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

Site Joseph, ya nwoke nke okenye, Étienne Montgolfier, bụ onye nwere a obere French obodo akwụkwọ manufactory, natara na 1782 a dee nke nwanne jụrụ ya iji kwadebe a ọzọ ụdọ na silk okwu ịhụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ịtụnanya ihe ndị dị n'ụwa. The dee pụtara na Joseph e mesịrị chọta ihe na-adịghị nnọọ ụmụnna ahụ kwuru ná nzukọ: ụzọ nke nwere ike ime ka ikuku.

Shell jupụta n'anwụrụ ọkụ, bụ nke a owuwu. J. Montgolfier n'ihi otu nnwale-adịghị mgbagwoju kwuru na kpachie ákwà nke abụọ iberibe ákwà na igbe ekara casing ofu mgbe jupụtara anwụrụ ọkụ. Nke a chọpụtara na mmasị ọ bụghị nanị na-ede akwụkwọ, ma nwanne ya. Ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, na-eme nnyocha kere abụọ ọzọ aerostatic igwe (ya mere ha na-akpọ ha balloons). Na a ndị enyi na ndị ikwu, otu n'ime ha na-e gosiputara. Ọ e mere ka a bọl, na dayameta nke nke bụ 3.5 mita.

The mbụ Mmeri nke Montgolfier

na nnwale bụ a zuru ezu ihe ịga nke ọma: banyere 10 nkeji na ikuku kere shei, mgbe ebili ka a dị elu nke 300 mita na otu kilometa-efe efe site na ikuku. Brothers, Mmụọ nsọ site ịga nke ọma, kpebiri igosi ya mepụtara ka ọha na eze. Ha wuru a nnukwu balloon na a dayameta nke ihe karịrị 10 mita. Kpachie kwaaji jaket nke ya na mgbalị bụ a eriri net na papered akwụkwọ iji melite tightness.

Na 1783, June 5, ẹkenịmde ya ngosi na ahịa square na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ nkiri. balloon bilie jupụta n'anwụrụ ọkụ. All nkọwa nke ahụmahụ àmà a pụrụ iche protocol, bụ nke e mechiri na signatures nke dị iche iche ọchịchị. Ya mere na nke mbụ ọ na-e-eze gbaara ihe mepụtara na meghere ụzọ maka ndị Aeronautics.

prọfesọ Charles

Na Paris, a oké a kpaliri mmasị site Montgolfier ụmụnna ofufe a na-ekpo ọkụ ikuku balloon. Ha na a kpọrọ ikwugharị isi obodo nke ha ahụmahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, Jacques Charles, na French physics, a gwara na-ebu a ngosipụta nke ugbo elu o kere. Charles kwuru na anwụrụ ikuku, balloon gas, dị ka ọ na a na-akpọ - bụghị kasị mma ngwá ọrụ ike a hydrostatic inwego.

Jacques maara nke ọma na ọhụrụ tolite na onwu na kweere na mma iji hydrogen, n'ihi na ọ bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ị na-ahọrọ nke a gas ejuputa ụgbọala ya, prọfesọ okosobode a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oru ihe isi ike. Mbụ niile, ọ dị mkpa na-ekpebi nke na-arụ a ìhè shei, ike na-ndị obodo gas maka a ogologo oge.

The mbụ ụgbọ elu charliere

Robey ụmụnna, na-arụzi ụgbọala, nyeere ya aka ịnagide a ozi. Ha na-ama a ihe onwunwe na chọrọ Njirimara. N'ihi na nke a Ụmụnna na ìhè silk na ákwà nke a ntekwasa na roba ngwọta na turpentine. Na 1783, 27 August, na Paris na ndị Champ de Mars bilie ugbo elu Charles. Ọ ama elu n'ihu banyere 300 puku. -Ekiri na-adịghị anya wee adịghị ahụ anya. Mgbe otu onye nọ n'ebe ahụ, jụọ, sị, ihe bụ mgbe niile a, Benjamin Franklin, ama American statesman na ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-edebe ụgbọ elu, ọ sịrị: "Gịnị bụ mgbe na ntoputa nke a mụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime ụwa?" Gosi na amụma kwuru. "Ụmụ" mụrụ, na a kara aka na a oké uru.

The mbụ njem

Montgolfier ụmụnna, Otú ọ dị, akwụsịghị Charles ịga nke ọma na ebumnuche na-egosi na Paris ya mepụtara. Étienne, na-agbalị ka ya na ndị kasị ukwuu echiche, na-eji ya talent ka a oké atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Fụrụ afụ, wue ha, ọ bụ na ụzọ ụfọdụ a na-arụ ọrụ nke art. Gbọmgbọm udi nwere shei, emi esịmde karịa 20 mita. Ọ nọ na-decked na yi ihe ịchọ mma n'èzí monograms.

Balloon gosiri site na Academy nke Sciences, a na-akpọ mmasị nke ndị nnọchianya ya. E kpebiri na ọnụnọ nke n'obí ikwugharị na ngosipụta. Near Paris, na Versailles, a ngosipụta ada itie ke 1783, na 19 September. N'eziokwu, na-eme ka mmasị nke ọmụmụ balloon ruo a ụbọchị bụghị biri ndụ: akpụkpọ ahụ ya na-asa pụọ site na miri-ozuzo, na-eme ya na-abịa n'ime disrepair. Ma Montgolfier ụmụnna akwụsịghị. Arụ ọrụ ike, ha wuru ọhụrụ balloon lekwasịrị ụbọchị. Ọ bụghị ala karịa ịma mma nke ndị gara aga otu.

Iji na-emepụta ihe kacha mmetụta, ụmụnna kwadebe ya cell n'ime ha nke ha na-etinye a ọkpa, a ọbọgwụ na a atụrụ. Ndị a bụ ndị mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke balloonists. The balloon ama elu na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ụzọ 4 km, 8 nkeji n'enweghị zie n'ala. The dike nke ụbọchị ghọrọ Montgolfier ụmụnna. Ha na-asọpụrụ dị iche iche kwuo, na niile balloons, nke na-eji ike ifeli elu anwụrụ ikuku, ụbọchị malitere-akpọ a balloon.

manned ụgbọ elu na a na-ekpo ọkụ ikuku balloon

Na onye ọ bụla ụgbọ elu site Montgolfier ụmụnna na-eru nso na-eji kpọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha chụrụ, - ụmụ mmadụ ụgbọ elu. A ọhụrụ bọl na-wuru ha, ọ bụ ibu. Ya elu bụ 22,7 mita na n'obosara - 15 mita. Ring Gallery e n'ịnyịnya na ala akụkụ. Ọ e mere maka mmadụ abụọ. Ihe e kere eke nke a haziri wee na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ballooning. Physics, na rụzuru nke nke ọ dabeere, n'oge na-ekwe a nnọọ mfe imewe nke ugbo elu. Ekwú ọkụ ahịhịa e kwụsịtụrụ na n'etiti gallery. Ọ nwetara ịhụnanya, mgbe ke shei n'okpuru onu. Nke a okpomọkụ heats ikuku, nke mere ka o kwe mee a aba ụgbọ elu. Ọ ọbụna ghọrọ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ controllable.

The ụgbọ elu akụkọ ihe mere eme na ị pụrụ ịhụ a dịgasị iche iche nke na-akpali eziokwu. Aeronautics - ọrụ, nke na narị afọ nke 18, kpatara oké ama na-ewu ewu. The creators nke ugbo elu achọghị ịkọrọ ya ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, Louis XVI, King of France, a machibidoro iwu na-akụkụ na ụgbọ elu onwe haziri nzukọ. Dị ka ya, nsogbu a ize ndụ ndụ nwere na-ezi abụọ omekome bụ ndị e ikpe ọnwụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ mere ka ngagharị iwe Pilatre de Rozier, otu n'ime-arụsi ọrụ ike ndị na-ewu ụlọ nke a na-ekpo ọkụ ikuku balloon.

Nwoke a pụghị ná mma na eziokwu ahụ na aha ndị omempụ ga-aba ndị mere Aeronautics. O siri ọnwụ na-ekere òkè na ozi na onye. Ikike e mesịrị nwetara. The njem a balloon wee ọzọ "pilot". Ha ghọrọ ndị Marquis d'Arland, ballooning ofufe. Na na 1783, 21 November, ha hapụrụ n'ala, mere ya mbụ ụgbọ elu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. 25 nkeji na ikuku nọrọ na-ekpo ọkụ ikuku balloon, banyere 9 kilomita bubatara n'oge a.

mmadụ ụgbọ elu na charliere

Iji gosi na charliere (balloons na shells, nke e jupụtara hydrogen) bụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke Aeronautics, Prọfesọ Charles kpebiri iji mejuputa a ụgbọ elu na e kwesịrị ịbụ ihe ikpọ karịa ndokwa site na Montgolfier ụmụnna. Eke ọhụrụ balloon, o mepụtara a nọmba nke imewe ngwọta, ji ọtụtụ narị afọ n'ọdịnihu.

Charliere wuru ha nwere a okporo na agbatị gafee elu Ụwa nke balloon, na edoghi na nke zuru gondola kwụsịtụrụ a okporo. The gondolas bụ ndị. Special ekupụ e mere ke shei maka ntọhapụ nke hydrogen. The valvụ na-emi odude ke shei, nakwa dị ka echekwara na a gondola ụgbọ dị arọ na-eji ịgbanwe elu. Nyere bụkwa arịlịka ime ka ọ na-adị mfe na-anọdụ ala.

Charliere a dayameta nke ihe karịrị 9 mita, 1 December 1783 n'ime ogige nke Tuileries were mmalite. Ọ gara na prọfesọ Charles na Robert, otu n'ime ụmụnna ndị so na-ewu charliere aka. Ha rịdata n'enweghị nso obodo, na-efe efe banyere 40 kilomita. Charles mgbe nọgidere na njem naanị ya.

Charliere ama 5 km, mgbe ka ihe ịrịba elu na oge - 2750 mita. Ihe dị ka ọkara otu awa mgbe ịbụ na a transcendental elu, nchoputa rutere n'enweghị, si otú na-emecha mbụ ụgbọ elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aeronautics na a balloon jupụtara hydrogen envelopu.

Fụrụ afụ ama n'elu English Channel

Life of Jean Pierre Blanchard, a French engineer, kwara gafee Channel mbụ ụgbọ elu na a balloon, bụ ọwọrọiso na na ọ bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe, nke mere na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18 na mmepe nke Aeronautics. Blanchard malitere na rụrụ echiche nke flapping ụgbọ elu.

O wuru na 1781 na unit, nke nku site a mbanye ike nke ogwe aka ya na ụkwụ. Nwalee ya nghọta na a eriri ẹsịn n'elu ngọngọ, a nchepụta a kpọlitere ka elu nke brick ụlọ, na a counterweight bụ banyere 10 n'arọ. Mma na mbụ ịga nke ọma, o bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-eche banyere ekwe omume nke flapping ụgbọ elu ụmụ mmadụ.

Mere ka ndị mbụ balloon ikuku njem nakwa dị ka search maka ụgbọ elu na-achị Blanchard laghachi echiche nke nku, kama e ji mee ịchịkwa balloon. Ọ bụ ezie na akpa nnwale biri merụsịrị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ahapụ ha na mgbalị ndị ọzọ ụtọ nke ịrị elu eluigwe ohere.

Na 1784, na daa, ọ malitere flights na England. The na-eme nnyocha nwere echiche na-ofufe gafee English Channel na a balloon, si otú ahụ gosi na o na-ikuku okporo ụzọ n'etiti France na England. Na 1785, 7 January, kwadoro a mere ihe akụkọ ụgbọ elu, nke e gara site na nchepụta onwe-ya, Dr. Jeffrey, ya American enyi.

The oge nke ballooning

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ballooning development adịteghị. Site ná mmalite nke narị afọ airships na balloons ruo gwụ, ọ ga-eyi, a obere ihe karịrị afọ 150. The mbụ free balloon bilie n'ime ikuku site na Montgolfier ụmụnna nọ na 1783, na 1937 ọkụ LZ-129 Gindenburg, airship, wuru na Germany. Nke a mere na United States, Lakehurst, na mooring poolu. On osisi ndị 97 ndị mmadụ. 35 n'ime ha nwụrụ. Nke a ọdachi bụ otú Akpata oyi wụrụ ụwa ọha na oké ike ndị kpebisiri na cessation nke ndị na-ewu nnukwu airships. N'ihi ya biri oge na Aeronautics, nke afọ 40 ikpeazụ bụ mmepe nke isiike airships, a na-akpọ zeppelins (onye isi ha creators e Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a German general).

Balloon mere site Montgolfier ụmụnna, bụ unmanageable. Naanị na 1852, Anri Zhiffar, a French mmebe, kere a na-achịkwa balloon.

Engineers ogologo gbalịrị dozie nsogbu nke rigidity nke ugbo elu. Davidu Shvartsu, ihe Austrian mmebe, nwetara echiche na-eme ka ha metal ụlọ. Na Berlin na 1897, elu akwụgo balloon Schwartz. Ahu ya na e mere nke aluminum. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na engine ọdịda mberede ọdịda e mere.

Graf Zeppelin

Gụọ von Zeppelin, maara ọrụ David, m hụrụ ha na atụmanya. Ọ wee na a kpuchie mere nke ìhè igbe trusses na e riveted aluminum ibe. N'oghere ha na-zọọ. Nke na-ekoghị etiti osisi gburu. Sonyeere ha stringers.

Camera na hydrogen e debere n'etiti ọ bụla ụzọ nke okpokolo agba (ngụkọta 1.217 nkeji). Ya mere, mgbe mmebi ọtụtụ esịtidem cylinder foduru nọgidere na-enwe volatility. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1990 sịga ekara vosmitonny ibu Zeppelin (dirigible, onye n'obosara bụ 12 mita, ogologo - 128) o mere a ọma 18-nkeji ụgbọ elu, na-atụgharị ya kere, mgbe ahụ, reputed na-fọrọ nke nta na ewere obodo, a mba dike.

Na nso nso-efu ndị agha ndị French, na mba-aghọta na bụ'abụ general echiche banyere nke a sịkwa-ngwá agha. Zeppelin - airship, nke e ifịk ifịk-eji na agha ahụ. Gen. Agha Ụwa m wuru ọtụtụ igwe, na ogologo nke nke bụ 148 m. Ha nwere ike iru gbapụrụ ọsọ nke ruo 80 km / h. Airships-e agụ Zeppelin, gara agha.

Narị afọ nke 20 n'ihu democratized flights. Modern ballooning ghọrọ omume ntụrụndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị. Solomon Auguste Andre na 1897, na July, e mere ndị mbụ ụgbọ elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Arctic na a balloon. Na 1997, a fụrụ afụ Fiesta ẹkenịmde na nsọpụrụ nke centenary nke ihe omume a na North osisi na-eme egwuregwu balloonists. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ bụla n'afọ na-abata ebe a kasị daring otu ịrị na mbara igwe. Oriri nke Aeronautics - a na-adọrọ mmasị ịhụ na-enwe mmasị na a ọtụtụ ndị na-abịa.