The arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engines. The arụmọrụ nke a okpomọkụ engine - Formula

Modern eme achọ okpomọkụ engines sara mbara ọrụ. Ọtụtụ mgbalị dochie ha electric Motors mgbe n'ịnwụ ọdịda. The nsogbu metụtara na ìgwè ike na kwurula na usoro, na-edozi esiri ya ezigbo ike.

Ka mkpa nsogbu nke n'ichepụta ike batrị technology dabere na ha ogologo oge. Speed e ji mara nke electric ugbo ala di anya n'ebe ndị na ụgbọala, esịtidem combustion engines.

The mbụ nzọụkwụ ke e kere eke nke ngwakọ engines nwere ike budata belata ajoo ulo oru ngo umu anwuru na mepere emepe, idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.

A obere akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ekwe omume nke mgbanwe nke ike nke uzuoku n'ime kinetic ike a mara kemgbe oge ochie. 130 BC: Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma Geron Aleksandriysky n'ihu na-ege ntị uzuoku toy - eolipil. Okirikiri jupụtara uzuoku, batara adiana n'okpuru nduzi na-esite na ya jets. Nke a prototype nke oge a uzuoku tobaim na oge nke ngwa na-ahụghị.

N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ na narị afọ ọkà ihe ọmụma development e weere ya dị nnọọ a fun ji egwuri egwu. Na 1629 na Italian D. Branca kere a proactive tobaim. Di na nwunye malitere na diski nyere na pupụtara.

Site na oge malitere ngwa mmepe nke uzuoku engines.

okpomọkụ engine

The mgbanwe nke esịtidem ike nke na mmanụ ụgbọala n'ime ume nke ngagharị nke igwe akụkụ na usoro eji na okpomọkụ engines.

Main akụkụ nke ígwè ọrụ: a okpomọkụ (usoro na-anata ike n'èzí), na-arụ ọrụ ahụ (rụrụ a mmetụta bara uru), friji.

The okpomọkụ e mere maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ imubanye ezu ngwaahịa nke esịtidem ike maka bara uru ọrụ. Ngwa nju oyi na-ewepụ ngafe ike.

The isi e ji mara ndị arụmọrụ a na-akpọ arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engines. Nke a buru ibu na-egosi ihe akụkụ nke ike itinye kpo oku na nọrọ na-ịrụ ọrụ bara uru na-arụ ọrụ. The elu arụmọrụ, na uru ọrụ nke igwe, ma nke a bara uru nwere ike gafere 100%.

Ngụkọta oge nke arụmọrụ

Ka okpomọkụ externally enwetara ume hà Q _1. Tools ahụ mere ọrụ A, mgbe ike nyere friji bụ Q _2.

Dabere na mkpebi siri ike, anyị na-gbakọọ arụmọrụ uru:

η = A / Q _1. Anyị iche na A = Q ₁ - Q _2.

N'ihi ya arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engine, nke usoro nke e nyere site na η = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1, na-enye ohere ndị na-esonụ mmechi

• Arụmọrụ nwere ike gafere 1 (ma ọ bụ 100%);
• jirichaa a buru ibu na-amụba ma na ike enwetara site na a na-enye okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ a ọnụ nke ike nyere friji;
• amụba okpomọkụ ike nweta a mgbanwe nke manu quality;
• belata ike, enye friji, ekwe imeta imewe atụmatụ nke engines.

Otu ezigbo okpomọkụ engine

Bụ ihe e kere eke nke dị otú ahụ engine na o kwere omume, arụmọrụ nke nke ga-kacha (na ezigbo - hà 100%)? Chọta azịza nke ajụjụ a gbalịrị French physics na a nkà engineer Sadi Carnot. Na 1824 ya n'ọnụ mgbawa banyere Filiks aa na gas e wepụtara.

The echiche bụ isi gụnyere ezigbo igwe nwere ike na-ewere omume reversible Filiks na ezigbo gas. Malite na mmụba nke gas isothermally na okpomọkụ T _1. The ego nke okpomọkụ chọrọ n'ihi nzube a, - Q _1. Mgbe gas enweghị ịgbasa okpomọkụ (ihe adiabatic usoro). Mgbe na-eru okpomọkụ T _2, ndị gas abịakọrọ isothermally site agafe friji ume Q _2. gas laghachi akpasarade steeti a rụrụ adiabatically.

The arụmọrụ nke ihe ezigbo Carnot okpomọkụ engine na kpọmkwem ngụkọta oge bụ ruru nke okpomọkụ dị iche n'etiti kpo oku na obi jụrụ ngwaọrụ a okpomọkụ, nke nwere a okpomọkụ. Ọ anya dị ka nke a: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Ekwe Omume thermal arụmọrụ nke igwe, nke usoro nwere ụdị: η = 1 - T ₂ / T _1, na-adabere naanị na uru nke na-enye okpomọkụ na oyi okpomọkụ na ike-adị ukwuu karịa 100%.

Ọzọkwa, a na-enwe mmekọrịta na-enyere onye na iji gosi na arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engines nwere ike hà ka ịdị n'otu na mgbe friji zuru efu okpomọkụ. Dị ka a maara, a uru bụ apụghị iru.

Usoro iwu mgbawa Carnot ekwe chọpụta kacha arụmọrụ nke a okpomọkụ engine nke ọ bụla imewe.

Pụtara Carnot si Theorem bụ dị ka ndị. Aka ike okpomọkụ engine n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọ ike nwere arụmọrụ elu karịa otu ụkpụrụ nke ihe ezigbo okpomọkụ engine arụmọrụ.

Otu ihe atụ nke edozi nsogbu

GOSIRI 1. Gịnị arụmọrụ nke ihe ezigbo okpomọkụ engine, mgbe okpomọkụ okpomọkụ bụ 800 C na ọnọdụ ^okpomọkụ nke friji 500 ^C n'okpuru?

T ₁ = 800 ^{° C} = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ^{° C} = 500 K, η -?

ngwọta:

Site definition: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Anyị e nyere okpomọkụ nke friji, ma ΔT = (T ₁ - T _2), n'ihi ya:

η = ΔT / T ₁ = 500K / 1073 K = 0,46.

Azịza: arụmọrụ = 46%.

Atụ 2. Kpebisie ike na arụmọrụ nke ihe ezigbo okpomọkụ engine, ma ọ bụrụ na n'ihi na ike enwetara otu kilojoules okpomọkụ rụrụ bara uru ọrụ 650 J. Gịnị bụ okpomọkụ nke okpomọkụ nke okpomọkụ engine ma ọ bụrụ na coolant okpomọkụ -. 400 K?

Q ₁ = 1 King James Version = 1000 J A = 650 J, T ₂ = 400 K, η - ?, T ₁ =?

ngwọta:

Na ọrụ a, ọ bụ a thermal echichi, arụmọrụ nke nwere ike gbakọọ usoro:

η = A / Q _1.

Iji chọpụta okpomọkụ nke na-enye okpomọkụ na iji usoro arụmọrụ nke ihe ezigbo okpomọkụ engine:

η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Ịrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ mgbanwe, anyị na-enweta:

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- η).

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- A / Q _1).

Anyị compute:

η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.

T = 400 K ₁ / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.

Azịza: η = 65%, T ₁ = 1142.8 K.

n'ezie ọnọdụ

Otu ezigbo okpomọkụ engine e na ezigbo usoro. The ọrụ a rụrụ naanị na isothermal Filiks, ọ na-kọwara dị ka n'ógbè bounded site eserese nke Carnot okirikiri.

N'eziokwu, ike ọnọdụ maka eruba n'ime gas ọnọdụ mgbanwe na usoro, na-enweghị so mgbanwe okpomọkụ nwere ike ịbụ. Ọ dịghị otú ahụ ihe, bụ nke ga-ewepu okpomọkụ mgbanwe na gburugburu ihe. Adiabatic usoro-aghọ-agaghị ekwe omume na-ebu. Na ikpe nke okpomọkụ mgbanwe gas okpomọkụ ga-agbanwe.

The arụmọrụ nke kwes igwe kere ezigbo ọnọdụ dị iche budata si ezigbo arụmọrụ nke engines. Rịba ama na eruba n'ime Filiks na ezigbo engines na-eme ngwa ngwa na mgbanwe nke esịtidem thermal ike nke na-arụ ọrụ umi na usoro nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na ya olu ike-ahụ ụgwọ atụrụ site mwubata nke okpomọkụ nke ukwu nke a na-enye okpomọkụ na a oyi nloghachi.

Ndị ọzọ na okpomọkụ engines

Real engines rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche cycles:

• Otto okirikiri mgbe nile olu usoro na adiabatic mgbanwe, na-eke a mechiri emechi akaghị;
• Dizel okirikiri isobar, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic;
• a gas tobaim: usoro aa na mgbe nile na-enwe nrụgide, adiabatic dochie emechi akaghị.

Mepụta ihe ịha Filiks na ezigbo engines (wetara ha nso na ezigbo) na nkà na ụzụ bụ ekwe omume. Arụmọrụ nke okpomọkụ engines bụ budata ala, ọbụna na otu okpomọkụ ọnọdụ dị ka na ezigbo okpomọkụ ọnọdụ.

Ma, ọ dịghị mkpa iji belata ọrụ ngụkọta oge usoro arụmọrụ nke Carnot okirikiri, dị ka ọ bụ, ọ na-aghọ a akwụkwọ ebe na usoro iji melite arụmọrụ nke ezigbo engines.

Ụzọ ịgbanwe arụmọrụ

Site tụnyere nke ezigbo na n'ezie okpomọkụ engines, ọ ga-kwuru na nke ikpeazụ okpomọkụ nke friji nwere ike ịbụ aka ike. Abụkarị friji kwere ikuku. Iji okpomọkụ nke ikuku nwere ike na ndika calculations. Ahụmahụ na-egosi na coolant okpomọkụ bụ iyuzucha gas na engines, dị ka ọ na-eme na esịtidem combustion engines (abbreviated dị ka DVS).

DIC - kasị nkịtị anyị ụwa nke okpomọkụ engine. Arụmọrụ okpomọkụ engine na nke a na-adabere na okpomọkụ kere ọkụ mmanụ ụgbọala. The oké mkpa dị iche si DIC uzuoku engines bụ anọ na-enye okpomọkụ na ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaọrụ ahụ na ntụ-manu ngwakọta. Burning ngwakọta na-emepụta nsogbu na-akpụ akpụ akụkụ nke engine.

Ịzụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ gas okpomọkụ a na-enweta, budata na-agbanwe agbanwe Njirimara nke mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ime na-enweghị ịgba. Onwunwe ọ bụla nke na-ewu nke engine combustion ulo nwere ya agbaze ebe. The thermal eguzogide ndị dị otú ahụ ihe - bụ isi e ji mara nke engine, nakwa dị ka budata emetụta arụmọrụ.

Ụkpụrụ engine arụmọrụ

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle uzuoku tobaim, okpomọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ uzuoku uzo mmiri nke bụ hà 800 K, na iyuzucha gas - 300 K, arụmọrụ nke igwe hà 62%. Na eziokwu, Otú ọ dị, a bara uru anaghị gafere 40%. Nke a gụnyere emee n'ihi okpomọkụ ọnwụ n'oge kpo oku tobaim ụlọ.

The kasị elu uru nke arụmọrụ nke esịtidem combustion engines adịghị gafere 44%. Ịba a bara uru - ajụjụ nke n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Na-agbanwe agbanwe Njirimara nke ihe, na mmanụ ụgbọala - nke a bụ a nsogbu emi mîdaha nke kacha mma uche nke ụmụ mmadụ.