Guzobere, Sayensị
The chemical Njirimara nke alkynes. Ọdịdị, nkwadebe, ngwa
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - bụ organic kemịkal. All nke ha na-wuru nke ndị dị otú ahụ chemical ọcha dị ka carbon na nwụrụ. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - bụ chemical ogige, nke dịịrị hydrocarbon otu.
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ele anya na alkynes.
Gịnị ka ọ bụ?
Ndị bekee na-akpọ acetylene hydrocarbons. Ọdịdị nke ahụ alkyne enye edidu ke ha irighiri nke nwụrụ na carbon atọm. General usoro acetylenic hydrocarbons dị otú ahụ: C n H 2n-2. The mfe alkyne mfe - ethyne (acetylene). Ọ nwere ebe a a chemical usoro - C 2 H 2. Ọzọkwa na-ezo aka alkynes propyne nke usoro C 3 N 4. Ọzọkwa, ka acetylenic hydrocarbons pụrụ ịgụnye butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), na na. d. All ụdị alkynes igosipụta yiri e ji mara. Ka anyị nyochaa ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu.
The nkịtị Njirimara nke alkynes
The anụ ahụ e ji mara acetylene hydrocarbons echetara alkenes.
N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, alkynes, ụmụ irighiri nke nke nwere ihe abụọ na-anọ carbon atọm, nwere a gaseous nchịkọta ala. Ndị ụmụ irighiri nke bụ ise na 16 carbon atọm, n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ nke mmiri mmiri. Ndị na-irighiri nke 17 ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ irighiri akụkụ ndị a chemical mmewere, - solids.
Alkynes-agbazekwa na obụpde na a elu okpomọkụ karịa alkanes na alkenes.
Solubility n'ime mmiri bụ adịghị mkpa, ma ubé elu karịa nke alkenes na alkanes.
Solubility na organic solvents dị elu.
The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na alkyne - acetylene - nwere ndị dị otú ahụ nkịtị Njirimara:
- Ọ dịghị ihe na agba;
- odorless;
- n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, ọ bụ na a gaseous steeti aggregation;
- O nwere ala njupụta karịa ikuku;
- esi ebe - mwepu 83,6 degrees Celsius;
The chemical Njirimara nke alkynes
Na ndị a bekee, ndị atọm na-bonded Mmaji nkekọ, nke na-akọwa ha bụ isi Njirimara. Alkynes eme ụdị:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- hydration;
- ere ọkụ.
Ka anyị ha iji.
hydrogenation
The chemical Njirimara nke alkynes-ekwe ka ha na-arụ ụdị mmeghachi omume. Nke a na ụdị chemical interactions, nke umi molekul attaches na ya ọzọ hydrogen atọm. Ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a chemical mmeghachi omume na ikpe nke propyne:
2H 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
Mmeghari a emee ná nkebi abụọ. Ke akpa propyne molekul attaches abụọ atọm nke nwụrụ, na nke abụọ - otu ego.
halogenation
Nke a bụ ihe ọzọ na mmeghachi omume, nke bụ akụkụ nke chemical Njirimara nke alkynes. Ya n'ihi acetylenic hydrocarbon molekul attaches halogen atọm. Nke ikpeazụ na-agụnye ọcha dị ka chloro, bromo, iodo, wdg
Ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a mmeghachi omume na ikpe nke ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4
Otu usoro na-ekwe omume na ndị ọzọ acetylenic hydrocarbons.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị isi ndị Jeremaya mere, nke bụ akụkụ nke chemical Njirimara nke alkynes. Ọ dabeere n'eziokwu na umi na-meghachi omume na ogige dị ka NSІ, ni, HBr, na ndị ọzọ. Nke a chemical mmeghachi omume na-adị ná nkebi abụọ. Ka anyị anya na mmeghachi omume nke ụdị na atụ nke ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
hydration
Nke a bụ a chemical mmeghachi omume dị na kọntaktị na mmiri. Oputakwara na nkebi abụọ. Ka anyị lee ya na ihe nlereanya nke ethinyl:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH
A umi nke a kpụrụ mgbe mbụ ogbo mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ vinyl mmanya.
N'ihi na eziokwu na dị ka ụkpụrụ Eltekova OH ọtọ otu nwere ike ịbụ n'akụkụ abụọ nkekọ, mmegharị nke atọm, dị ka a N'ihi nke vinyl mmanya a kpụrụ acetaldehyde.
The usoro nke hydration mmeghachi omume na-akpọ alkyne Kucherova.
ọkụ
Nke a na mmekọrịta usoro nke alkynes na oxygen na elu okpomọkụ. Tụlee ọkụ bekee nke otu a ha acetylene ihe atụ:
2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Mgbe ngafe nke oxygen, acetylene, na ndị ọzọ alkynes ọkụ enweghị guzobe carbon. N'ihi ya ekenyela naanị carbon monoxide na mmiri. Ebe a bụ akụkụ nke a mmeghachi omume na ihe atụ propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2H 2 O + 3SO 2
Burning ọzọ acetylenic hydrocarbons Oputakwara yiri ya. N'ihi ya, mmiri na-tọhapụrụ na carbon dioxide.
ọzọ Jeremaya mere
Ọzọkwa acetylenes nwere ike iwe iwe na salts nke ọla ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ọlaọcha, ọla kọpa na calcium. N'ihi ya, ọ a nnọchi nke nwụrụ metal atọm. Tụlee ihe atụ a na-ele mmeghachi omume na acetylene na ọlaọcha nitrate:
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O
Ọzọ na-akpali usoro metụtara alkynes - Zelinsky mmeghachi omume. Nke a guzobere benzene si acetylene mgbe ọ bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na 600 degrees Celsius na ọnụnọ nke na-arụ ọrụ carbon. The akụkụ a mmeghachi omume nwere ike owụt dị ka ndị a:
3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
polymerization nke alkynes dị ka o kwere - usoro nke òtù ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri nke umi ke a polima.
n'ikuku
Alkyne mmeghachi omume na anyị tụlere n'elu, na-akwadebe na laabu na ọtụtụ ụzọ.
The mbụ - a dehydrohalogenation. Ọ na-ese mmeghachi omume akụkụ otú a:
C 2 H 4 br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2H 2 O + 2KBr
Ka e si na nke a bụ ikpo reactants, na tinye ethanol dị ka mkpali.
Ọzọkwa, e nwere ohere nke alkynes si inorganic ogige. Lee otu ihe atụ:
CAC 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2
The esote na usoro nke na-amị alkyne - dehydrogenation. Ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a mmeghachi omume:
= 3H 2 Kra 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
Na ụdị omume nwere ike nwetara bụghị nanị ethyne, ma ndị ọzọ acetylenic hydrocarbons.
The ojiji nke alkyne
The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na ndị ụlọ ọrụ bụ mfe alkyne - ethyne. Ọ na-ebe-eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ.
- Mkpa acetylene ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ alkynes maka amị onye ọzọ organic ogige dị ka ketones, aldehydes, na ndị ọzọ na solvents.
- Ọzọkwa si alkynes pụrụ inweta bekee nke na-eji imewe nke rubbers, polyvinyl chloride na ndị ọzọ.
- Site propyne pụrụ inweta n'ihi acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
- Ọzọkwa, acetylene na-eji na njikere nke ọgwụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka acetic acid, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethyl mmanya.
- More acetylene eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na a nnọọ elu okpomọkụ nke combustion.
- Ọzọkwa ethynyl combustion mmeghachi omume na-eji maka ịgbado ọkụ ọla.
- Ọzọkwa, na-eji ihe acetylene nwere ike kwadebere na ụzụ carbon.
- Ọzọkwa, a umi na-eji na nguzo-naanị fixtures.
- Acetylene na ndị ọzọ na hydrocarbons nọmba nke otu a na-eji dị ka propellants ruru ya elu okpomọkụ nke combustion.
Na a ngwa alkynes agwụ.
ọgwụgwụ
Dị ka akụkụ ikpeazụ nke table bụ nchịkọta nke Njirimara nke acetylene hydrocarbons na ha nkwadebe.
| aha Jeremaya mere | nkọwa | atụ akụkụ |
| halogenation | Tụkwasị mmeghachi omume a molekul nke acetylenic hydrocarbon halogen atọm (bromine, ayodiin, chlorine, wdg). | C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 nke m 2 |
| hydrogenation | Tụkwasị mmeghachi omume nke ihe alkyne molekul hydrogen atọm. Ọ na-adị ná nkebi abụọ. | C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | Tụkwasị mmeghachi omume nke acetylene molekul hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Ọ na-adị ná nkebi abụọ. | C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 nke m C 2 H 3 + ni nke m = C 2 H 4 M 2 |
| hydration | Jeremaya mere, bụ nke dabeere na mmekọrịta ya na mmiri. Ọ na-adị ná nkebi abụọ. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = Kra 3 -CHO |
| The zuru ọxịdashọn (combustion) | Atsetilenovgo imeghachi omume hydrocarbon na oxygen na dị elu okpomọkụ. Nke a na-arụpụta carbon monoxide na mmiri. | 2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C |
| Jeremaya mere na metal salts | Ọ mejupụtara ke eziokwu na metal atọm na-anam atọm na ụmụ irighiri nke nwụrụ acetylenic hydrocarbons. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O |
Nweta alkynes nwere ike ịbụ na ime nnyocha iji atọ ụzọ:
- inorganic ogige;
- site dehydrogenation nke organic ogige;
- dehydrohalogenation usoro nke organic bekee.
Ya mere, anyị anya na niile ahụ na chemical ji mara alkyne, ụzọ ha si nkwadebe, ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ.
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