N'oge njikọ nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem ihe owuwu na ụmụ irighiri?

Protein - ọ bụ oké mkpa maka ihe ọ bụla organism bekee. Ha na-arụ ihe niile metabolic Filiks nke mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ụlọ nkanka nke akụkụ na anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka egosi ụmụ irighiri. N'oge njikọ nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem na-ewe ọtụtụ enzymes, nakwa dị ka cell organelles na a ntọala.

Nzọụkwụ nke protein njikọ: Biological Chemistry

Usoro nke protein ụmụ irighiri iwu nnọọ mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ a nnukwu ọtụtụ ihe. Peptides esịnede ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri nke amino asịd, na ha nọmba dịgasị nnọọ iche iche.

Proper ọrụ na-adabere na protein conformation nke molekul, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino asịd na ha ziri ezi usoro na peptide. Ozi banyere nke a na-echekwara na na DNA usoro, na ya nsogbu n'ihi mmụba na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime ka shutdown nke dị mkpa na-edozi na cell ọnwụ.

Igbunye ndị na-esonụ nke protein njikọ na cell :

1. Transcription.

2. Broadcast.

Nzọụkwụ Otu: transcription

N'oge njikọ nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem nucleic acid ụmụ irighiri. DNA ka repository nke niile mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ozi koodu iji ya bughi nucleotide usoro nke peptide nke ọdịnihu. Malite na mmalite codon (triplet) na ọnụ, ozi a na-agụ protein ọzọ nucleic acid - RNA. Nke a otu yinye molekul na-agafere site pores na cell ntọala na cytoplasm.

Ọ bụrụ na eukaryotic transcription usoro bụ fraught na ntọala, prokaryotes ya na-anọghị simplifies peptide njikọ. RNA, nke a kpụrụ na nje chromosome, mgbe ahụ, a na-esichara na na-mmasị ka ribosomes.

Enzymes egwu a oké mkpa ọrụ ke guzobere na njikọ nke RNA na a DNA template. Na usoro nke protein njikọ aka kpọmkwem ụmụ irighiri dị ka transcription ihe, ma ọ bụ TF. Nke a bụ usoro nke na-edozi nke na-akwalite eruba nke usoro nke-agụ ọmụma si na deoxyribonucleic acid.

Nzọụkwụ abụọ: Broadcast

Mgbe RNA abatakwa cytoplasm nke cell site na isi, na ozi na ndị mejupụtara nke peptide na-agụ site na pụrụ iche owuwu. N'oge njikọ nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem ribosomes - na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ, nta dayameta owuwu esịnede abụọ subunits: nnukwu na obere. RNA enịm n'etiti abụọ ndị a subunits, na mgbe ahụ na-amalite na-agụ ozi.

Codon bụ a codon maka Mee ogologo protein ụmụ irighiri nke egbe ụdị. Nke a na-kọwara dị ka ndị a: na ohere nke mezhribosomalnom enịm nanị abụọ codon ozugbo. Mgbe otu n'ime ha a na-agụ, na-amino acid bụ mmasị na peptide, na dara si ribosome site a pụrụ iche oghere n'ụdị a ụdị ọdụ. Nke a mere dị ndị uwe tụlee si egbe mgbe firing.

N'oge njikọ nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem iche iche Ọ BỤRỤ na-edozi, ma ọ bụ nnabata ihe. Na enyemaka ha, polypeptide njikọ amalite na a mmalite codon, nke ọtụtụ mgbe bụ methionine.

Ọ bụ uru na banyere na amino asịd na-anapụta ndị ribosomes site pụrụ iche na-ebu na-akpọ tRNA ma ọ bụ nyefe RNA. Ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere udi nke a cloverleaf, na na na njedebe nke nke enyekwara amino acid, nakwa dị ka ATP na pụrụ iche protein - aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. All a mgbagwoju ọnụ na-enyere onye ike mmefu akụrụngwa anapụta bughi protein na ribosome na itinye via a peptide nkekọ.

Gịnị bụ nucleotides?

Nucleic acid - a ìgwè nke organic ogige nke bụ Polymers. Ha iso nke a purine (adenin, Gwanine) na pyrimidine (agakọtakwa, sitosin, uracil) bases. The usoro nke ndị a nucleotides ekpebi ozi echekwara na DNA ma ọ bụ RNA. Nke a na ozi a na-agụ na ribosomes na-emepụta na-edozi, na maka ala nke mmejuputa iwu-aga-eme na-agbajikwa ala n'ime nucleotide triplets. Onye ọ bụla triplet-ebu ụzọ amata ya amino asịd, nke na-anapụta tRNA na ribosome.

Njikọ nke mitochondrial edozi

Mitochondria na plastids nwere akụkụ pụrụ iche - ha nwere onwe ha okirikiri DNA, dị nje chromosome nke bacteria. Na nke a na organelle nucleic acid nwere ike rụọ ọrụ autonomously synthesize ha ọtụtụ bughi ndi na-edozi.

Otú ọ dị, mitochondrial DNA na-adịghị echekwara ọmụma na-akpata na-edozi ndị dị mkpa maka usoro nke transcription na translation. Ndị a peptides na-kpọkọtara na ribosomes iji RNA bụghị mitochondria na ntọala. Ya mere dvumembrannye owuwu bụ kpam kpam onwe ha.

Olee mitochondria na plastids hụrụ ha DNA? Ọ na-na-eche na ndị a organelles bụ ụmụ bacteria. Ha na-efu intracellularly onwe, Otú ọ dị, ada na ihe annular nucleic acid. A na-egosi myirịta na mitochondrial DNA na a yiri molekul prokaryotes.

ọgwụgwụ

All nzọụkwụ nke protein njikọ metụtara na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na ọrụ ha bụ iji rụọ a peptide ụmụ irighiri iji ozi echekwara na nucleic asịd. The ozugbo-eme ihe nkiri na-owuwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ntọala na ribosomes, na-ụfọdụ pụrụ iche na-edozi.

Na prokaryotes, na peptides njikọ usoro-ewe ebe ọtụtụ ihe ngwa ngwa n'ihi na eziokwu na ha enweghị a ntọala. RNA, nke a na transcribed na matriks nke nje DNA, mgbe ahụ, enyekwara ribosomes, na mgbe n'out oge aga nwekwara ohuru.