The degeneracy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu: ihe ndị bụ isi

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu na-kwupụtara dị ka codons, a usoro nke ngbanwe ọmụma banyere Ọdịdị nke na-edozi, pụta ụwa niile dị ndụ ntule nke mbara ala. Decryption buru ọtụtụ iri afọ, ma nke bụ eziokwu na ọ dị adị, sayensị na-aghọta ihe fọrọ nke nta a na narị afọ. Egosipụta, specificity, unidirectional, na karịsịa degeneracy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nwere ndu uru.

History of nchoputa

The nsogbu nke ngbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma ka mgbe niile isi na usoro ndu. Site matriks Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, sayensị na-enwe ọganihu kama nwayọọ nwayọọ. Ebe ọ bụ na nchọpụta nke J. Watson na Crick na 1953. The abụọ helix Ọdịdị nke DNA banyere a na-adọ idozi a koodu Ọdịdị onwe ya, nke kpaliri ikwere na ebube nke okike. The linear Ọdịdị nke na-edozi na DNA nke otu Ọdịdị echiche ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, na mmekorita n'etiti abụọ akụkụ, ma e dere ya dị iche iche mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abịchịị. Ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ okwu nke na-edozi a mara, na DNA akara bụ isiokwu nke ọmụmụ nke bayoloji, physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ.

Ọ dịghị mkpa na-akọwa niile nzọụkwụ na ngwọta nke a omimi. Direct nnwale, gosipụtara na gosikwara na n'etiti DNA codons na amino asịd nke protein e a doro anya na-agbanwe agbanwe karị ẹkenịmde ke 1964 Charles Janowski na S. Brenner. A n'ihu - n'oge nyopụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu vitro (na vitro) site na iji usoro nke protein nsụchi cell-free owuwu.

Ofụri Esịt decrypted code E. coli e eti iwu na 1966, ọkà na n'usoro isiokwu na Nzuzo Spring Harbor (USA). Mgbe ahụ m na-emeghe redundancy (degeneracy) nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Ihe ihe a pụtara, ọ kọwara nnọọ nanị.

nyopụta na-aga n'ihu

Inweta chọpụtachaa ihe e deburu butere n'aka code data aghọwo otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ihe nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. Taa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-aga n'ihu inyocha ke omimi nke usoro nke molekụla ngbanwe usoro na ya atụmatụ na ihe overabundance nke ihe ịrịba ama, ihe na-kwupụtara na ihe onwunwe nke degeneracy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. A iche iche ọmụmụ nke ụlọ ọrụ - si malite na evolushọn nke butere n'aka ihe nzuzo usoro. Evidence ejikọ polynucleotides (DNA) na polypeptides (edozi) kwalitere mmepe nke molekụla usoro ndu. Na na, n'aka, biotechnology, bioengineering, nchoputa ke ozuzu na osisi na-eto eto.

Nkwenkwe na iwu

Home malitere izi ozizi nke molekụla bayoloji - ozi na-agafere si DNA ka ozi RNA, na mgbe ahụ, na ya na protein. Na-abụghị ntụziaka nke nnyefe bụ omume site RNA na DNA na RNA na ndị ọzọ RNA.

Ma matriks ma ọ bụ ndabere nke DNA mgbe niile na-anọgide. Na ndị ọzọ niile na nkiti atụmatụ nke ọmụma nyefe - a echiche nke ọdịdị nke nyefe nke matriks. Ya bụ, site n'ịrụ nnyefe ka njikọ nke ọzọ matriks ụmụ irighiri, nke ga-amụba nke Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

Line nzuzo Ọdịdị nke protein ụmụ irighiri site arụkọ codons (triplets) nucleotides, nke naanị 4 (adein, Gwanine, sitosin, agakọtakwa (uracil)), nke spontaneously-eduga ná guzobe nke ọzọ n'agbụ nke nucleotides. Otu nọmba nke nucleotides na chemical complementarity - a bụ isi ọnọdụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ njikọ. Ma guzobe a protein molekul quality abịa na nke ukwu na àgwà nke monomers abụghị (DNA nucleotides - protein amino asịd). Nke a bụ eke butere n'aka koodu - ndekọ usoro na usoro nke nucleotides (codons) na amino acid usoro nke protein.

Genetic koodu nwere ọtụtụ Njirimara:

• Triplet.
• The iche.
• Usoro.
• Disjointness.
• Redundancy (degeneracy) nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu.
• Egosipụta.

Ebe a bụ a nkenke nkọwa, ilekwasị anya ndu uru.

Triplet, continuity na nnweta stoplights

Onye ọ bụla nke 61 amino asịd kwekọrọ a siri ike nghọta t (triplet) nucleotides. Atọ triplets adịghị ebu ọmụma banyere amino acid na ndị na-akwụsị codons. Onye ọ bụla nucleotide na yinye bụ onye so na triplet, na-adịghị adị site n'onwe ya. Ná ngwụsị na mmalite nke a yinye nucleotides kwekọrọ a otu protein, na-na-akwụsị codons. Ha na-amalite ma ọ bụ na-akwụsị Broadcasting (njikọ nke a protein molekul).

Specificity, na otu onye-pointedness disjointness

Onye ọ bụla codon (triplet)-ebu ụzọ amata naanị otu amino acid. Onye ọ bụla triplet bụ onwe ya site n'aka na-adịghị yitewere n'akụkụ. Otu nucleotide nwere ike ịnọ naanị otu triplet na yinye. Protein njikọ bụ mgbe niile na one direction naanị, na a na-achịkwa stop codons.

The redundancy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

Onye ọ bụla triplet nke nucleotides-ebu ụzọ amata otu amino acid. A ngụkọta nke 64 nucleotides, 61 nke ha - koodu amino acid (uche codon), na atọ - efu, ie amino acid anaghị encode (kwụsị codons). The redundancy (degeneracy) nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu bụ na substitutions nwere ike ọ bụla triplet - buu (eduga amino acid nnọchi) na mgbanwe (amino asịd anaghị agbanwe klas). Ọ dị mfe iji gbakọọ na ọ bụrụ na a triplet nwere ike rụrụ 9 substitutions (1, 2 na 3 ọnọdụ), onye ọ bụla nucleotide ike-anọchi 4 - 1 = 3 ndị ọzọ n'onwe, ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kwere omume nucleotide substitutions ga-61 na 9 = 549.

The degeneracy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu gosiri na eziokwu na 549 nhọrọ - ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe karịa mkpa maka zakodirovki ọmụma banyere 21 amino asịd. Na nke a nke nnọchi nhọrọ 549 23 edu ndú ka e guzobere a stop codon, 134 + 230 nnọchi - bụ mgbanwe substitutions, na 162 - buu.

Ịchị degeneracy na wezụga

Ọ bụrụ na abụọ codons nwere abụọ yiri mbụ nucleotide, fọdụrụ nucleotides-ọkọnọ na a na klas (purine ma ọ bụ pyrimidine), ozi ha na-ebu otu ihe ahụ amino acid. Nke a na-abụkarị degeneracy ma ọ bụ redundancy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Abụọ wezụga - AUA na UGA - mbụ-ebu ụzọ amata methionine, ọ bụ ezie ga-isoleucine, na nke abụọ - a stop codon, ma ga-encode tryptophan.

Pụtara degeneracy na egosipụta

Abụọ ndị a Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nwere kasị elu ndu uru. All Njirimara depụtara n'elu bụ ihe e ji mara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma nke ụdị nile nke ndu eme ntule na mbara ụwa anyị.

The degeneracy nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nwere agbanwe uru, dị ka ugboro ugboro mbiputegharị nke a otu amino acid koodu. Ke adianade do, nke a pụtara a ịrịba gụnyere ya ná (mbelata) nke atọ nucleotide na a codon. Dị otú ahụ n'onwe-ebenata na mutational ọnya na DNA, nke abuana emebi nnọọ na protein Ọdịdị. Nke a bụ a na-echebe usoro nke ndu eme ntule nke mbara ala.