The mbụ ụgbọ elu nke Wright ụmụnna: mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụgbọelu

Gịnị mere ndị mmadụ na-efe dị nnụnụ? Ajụjụ a na-egosipụta a ogologo guzo mmadụ nrọ nke elu-igwe na ụgbọ elu. Iji mezuo ya, ndị mmadụ mere onwe ha nku na gbalịrị ofufe, flapping ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere biri na ọnwụ nke Nwere Obi Ike. Ka anyị cheta na na akụkọ mgbe ochie nke Icarus ...

The nke nke ụgbọ elu bụ nnọọ mmasị na zie ezie artist na nchepụta Leonardo da Vinci, bụ ndị nyochara Ọdịdị nke nnụnụ, nkù-ha. Ọ gbalịrị igosi ndị e ji mara ha ụgbọ elu. Ọ ọbụna mere Eserese nke ugbo elu - a prototype nke oge a helikopta.

Site n'akụkọ banyere mmeri nke elu-igwe

Na mbụ nwoke jisiri ịrị ka ígwé ojii na a balloon. Ọ bụ November 21, 1783. Balloon-air balloon mepụtakwara site Montgolfier ụmụnna, ekemende mmadụ abụọ a elu nke 1 km na fọrọ nke nta ka ọkara otu awa mgbe e mesịrị ha rutere n'enweghị na a anya nke 9 km.

Na 1853, D. Keighley wuru mbụ mfe ngwe na ike ebuli a onye n'ime ikuku. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-ewu gliders na-mgbe niile mma. Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ elu nso na oge ụba. Ọ bụ oké ihe, n'ihi na ngwe dị arọ karịa ikuku. Ma nrọ nke a free, onwe ha nke uche nke ifufe, na-achịkwa site na onye ụgbọ elu erubeghị a ghọtara.

Nke a nwere ike na-nweta Bratya Rayt (1903), na-eke ya nke mbụ ya ugbo elu. Ha mmeri ahụ kpebisiri ike site ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere àgwà.

Bratya Rayt: A Biography

Brothers Wilbur na Orvill Rayt a mụrụ na United States na onye ụkọchukwu ahụ ezinụlọ. The ụkpụrụ nke Protestant ụka, na-etinye na isi nke ọ bụla ịga nke ọma ọrụ ike, ha na e ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kemgbe ha bụ nwata. Na arụmọrụ nyeere ha aka iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha ma wuo ụwa mbụ ụgbọelu na engine. Sochiri ya, na kpakpando ebe - akpa ụgbọ elu nke Wright ụmụnna. Ma ha nwere ọ bụghị nanị na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, ọbụna ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu ha na-enweghị ike gwụ n'ihi ndụ ọnọdụ. Wilbur e merụrụ ahụ na-enweghị ike ịga Yale University. O nwere na-arụ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ azụmahịa, Orville. Mgbe ahụ e nwere na mbụ mepụtara nke Wright ụmụnna - na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ nke ya onwe ya imewe.

Na 1892, ụmụnna meghere a ígwè shop ahia a obere oge kere a arụzi, na mgbe e mesịrị guzosie ike tọhapụsịrị ha. Ma niile ya mapụtara oge ha nwere lara flights. Na njedebe, ọ na-esi n'ebe ire nke ígwè na nye ha ego maka ọtụtụ nwere na ihe e kere eke nke mbụ ugbo elu.

Preparations maka mbụ ụgbọ elu: amamiihe Usoro

Ụmụnna ndị ahụ nwere kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu mmasị echiche nke ballooning. Ha mụrụ niile dị akwụkwọ n'oge nke ụgbọ elu, a otutu na na. Anyị rụrụ ọtụtụ gliders na ama ha, ọbọ nti utịp. Iji nwekwuo ndị na-ebuli ike nke nku, na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nwere rụrụ onwe kere ifufe ọwara. Nwara dị iche iche configurations nke nku na propela pupụtara.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke nnụcha e mere na usoro maka ịchọpụta na inwego.

Ndien ke akpatre, Mkpa ọkụ petrol engine ike nke 12 horsepower maka ihe ụgbọelu, kwa, mere onwe ha Bratya Rayt. Dị ka nke a ọzọ echetaghi Velikogo Leonardo, n'ihu nke oge ya!

The mbụ ụgbọelu na Wright ụmụnna

Na afọ anọ na gafeworonụ kemgbe mmalite nke nwere na kites na gliders, ụmụnna na-mfri eke maka owuwu nke jisiri ugbo elu. The mbụ ụgbọelu na Wright ụmụnna na-akpọ "flyer". airframe e mere nke spruce, na propela na-wapụta nke osisi. Na a arọ nke 283 kg nku ekpochapụ ngwa bụ 12 m.

Na echiche nke engine, vesivshego 77 n'arọ na elu na arụmọrụ dị mgbe analogues, mbụ ugbo elu na-eri ya creators na-erughị $ 1,000!

The mbụ ụgbọ elu nke Wright Brothers '

The ule nnoo ọhụrụ ụgbọ elu e ndokwa maka December 1903. Ma ụmụnna, n'ezie, ga na-akpa. The nsogbu, ha kpebiri nnọọ mfe - tụgharịa a na mkpụrụ ego. N'ịbụ ụwa mbụ pilot Wilbur dara. Ma, ọ bụghị kechioma. The ụgbọelu bụ enweghị ike ime ka a ụgbọ elu, ebe ọ bụ na ozugbo takeoff jiri na e merụrụ ahụ.

The ọzọ na-anwa mere ama Orville. December 17 na a isi ifufe nke 43 km / h ọ bụ ike na-ebuli ndị unit n'ime ikuku na a elu nke banyere 3 mita, ma jide 12 sekọnd. Bridging na ụgbọ elu anya, 36,5 m.

On a ụbọchị ụmụnna n'aka mere 4 flights. Nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha, mgbe ụgbọelu e piloted site Wilbur, were fọrọ nke nta a nkeji. A anya, ihe karịrị 250 m.

Oddly ezu, mbụ ụgbọ elu nke Wright ụmụnna ndị ahụ ekweghị adọta uche nke ọha na eze, n'agbanyeghị na àmà mmadụ ise.

Ọ bụ na ọ a ụgbọ elu?

N'echi ya, mgbe na-efe efe nanị ole na ole obere akwụkwọ akụkọ e bipụtara na-akọ banyere ya, na-adabaghị emehiewo na gafere hụrụ. Na na Dayton, n'obodo nke mbụ aviators, a na-akpali akpali omume na eziokwu n'ozuzu ama.

Ma ndị ọzọ siri ike akọwa eziokwu na ọ dịghị onye hụrụ na ụgbọelu "flyer II" na-ama 105 flights e mere na-esote afọ! The atọ "flyer" nke ụmụnna na-efe efe gburugburu Daytona, ọzọ adịghị natara uche nke ọha mmadụ.

Ọzọkwa, na 1906, otu akwụkwọ akụkọ e bipụtara otu isiokwu bụ "flyer ma ọ bụ onye ụgha?", Nke nkedo doro anya na rụzuru nke Wright ụmụnna.

Ọ bụ ihe ikpeazụ ahịhịa nke dugara mkpebi-egosi na ụwa ike jikwaa flights na unit, nke dị arọ karịa ikuku. Na na 1908, rụpụtara ụgbọelu nke Wright ụmụnna ndị ebuga gafee Atlantic Ocean. Ha haziri a ngosipụta flights: Wilbur - na Paris na Orville - na United States.

Brothers ọbụna haziri ihe na-ere ya mepụtara, gosipụtara na-nnọọ nke ọma. E wezụga ama ballooning ọsụ ụzọ, ha natara na ihe onwunwe na afọ ojuju. The mbụ ụgbọ elu nke Wright ụmụnna nọ na-ege ntị bụ otú doro anya na US ọchịchị aka a nkwekọrịta na ha, nke na mmefu ego steeti isiokwu maka ọkọnọ nke ugbo elu e gụnyere n'afọ 1909 agha na nzube. Ọ na-enye n'ihi na mmepụta nke ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri nke ụgbọelu.

The mbụ okuku

N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọha mbụ ngosipụta ụgbọ elu na ihe ụgbọelu, na akara nke mbụ bụ na ihe ndị mere ụgbọelu ọdachi.

Nke ahụ mere na September 1908. Orville Wright "flyer III of", nke e arụnyere ọzọ oche, anya si agha isi nke Fort Myer. N'ihi ya, ọdịda nke nri engine ụgbọelu hapụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu, ọ na-enweghị ike equalize. Njem - Lt. Thomas Selfridge - nwụrụ n'ihi nke cranial trauma natara mgbe ọkụkụ n'ala. Orville onwe ya wepuga onwe-ya na fractures nke hip na ọgịrịga.

N'agbanyeghị nke a, nkwekọrịta e kwubiri na ndị agha. Na-asọpụrụ Wright ụmụnna ga-kwuru na nke a bụ nanị oké ihe mberede nke mere ihe karịrị afọ na ha.

Otú ọ dị, na 1909, site na a ikpe ụgbọ elu na Paris ala ịta ahịhịa na ihe mberede gburu a French aviator Lefebvre, a na-amụrụ ndị Wright ụmụnna. Nke a bụ ihe mere Russia bụ ugbua njikere banye a nkwekọrịta maka ọkọnọ nke ugbo elu, hapụrụ ha.

Mmepe nke ụgbọelu

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị isi nchoputa nke mmadụ, na ụgbọ elu na-akpa na-eji maka agha na nzube. The mbụ ụgbọelu malitere ga-eji na First World War n'ụdị efe n'elu nyoputa onyeiro. N'oge ya, ọ bịara doo anya na ụgbọ elu na-ghọọ a egwu ike ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere na-ebu ngwá agha na bombs.

The mbụ ikuku ebule na-emepụta n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Russian pilot Petrom Nesterovym.

Mgbe agha, ụgbọelu malitere ga-eji maka izipu nke mberede onunu, isi zipuru. Mgbe e mesịrị, e nwere ndị njem ụgbọ elu. Ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na a ọzọ nọrọ jụụ ikuku ke ụwa emewo ka flights maka njem.

Na njedebe, mma nke ikuku iga egbochiwo ọtụtụ mmiri ọrụ na ụgbọ okporo ígwè e. speed bụ isi uru nke ụgbọelu, karịsịa na biakwa obibia nke supersonic ugbo elu.

Orvill Rayt, bụ onye nwụrụ agadi 77 ke 1948, bụ ike ịhụ otú ugbo elu e n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa. Uilbur Rayt ghọrọ a aja nke ịba ahụ ọkụ na 1912.

The mbụ ụgbọelu na Wright ụmụnna now enyene a ebe nke nsọpụrụ na National Aviation Museum na US ohere omume. Ọ na-mma mara bụghị dị ka "flyer m", dị ka nke ọma dị ka "Kitty egbe" - aha nke ebe ọ mbụ wee na ikuku, na si otú ahụ meghee oge nke ndị mmeri nke oké osimiri ikuku.