Tsarist general Dukhonin: biography, ọnwụ, na-akpali eziokwu

N'oge Civil War red iche iche a na-akpọ extrajudicial ọnwụ, na-egosi ndị égbè. Official ikpe ọnwụ sounded dị "Gbaa!". Ma e nwere ndị ọzọ na nzuzo nakweere okwu ndị dị ka "Send na ndụ." Na ọdịda 1917, e nwere okwu ndị bụ "Send na n'isi ụlọ ọrụ General Dukhonin". Ka anyị chọpụta onye bụ onye kasị general, n'isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị Bolsheviks zitere ha tara.

akụkọ ihe mere eme Eserese

Na ọgba aghara nke iri abụọ na narị afọ Russian general Dukhonin egwu a nnọọ ihe ọhụrụ ọrụ. Na November 1917, Dukhonin họpụtara Ọchịagha Kasịnụ nke Russian agha. The obere ọchịchị, nke na-etinye ya na post, na oge adịkwaghị. Ha ọhụrụ achọtara Bolshevik gọọmenti chọrọ ịmanye na n'ozuzu echiche nke na-eme ka udo na Germany na ezi a mwepu, na ihere capitulation ọnọdụ Russia. Nke a enweghị ike imeli General Dukhonin, onye biography na-egosi ndị agha ya iwe iwe ọkụ.

Ihe Dukhonin n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1917 na Mogilev ọnụego ghọtara site akụkọ ihe mere eme na-emegide ndị na-counterrevolutionary. General ata ụta maka nnupụisi na mkpebi nke Bolshevik ọchịchị, na n'ozuzu, nakwa dị ka ndị agha, na-aṅụ iyi.

The eziokwu na site na-eme ndị a ihe ngwọta, General Dukhonin pụrụ n'ezie ime na n'ihu, ọ dịghị onye chere. General hụrụ onwe ya naanị n'ihu "ndị agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị adventurers" onye na-uru nke ida nke ọchịchị, bu n'obi ibibi agha na-emikpu na mba n'ime ogba aghara Bolshevism. Ohere general dara nnọọ ogbenye, ma o mere ihe niile o nwere ike ime ka ihe e mechara, gbuo. Nwere Obi Ike omume na-achọsi ike ọnwụ nke General Dukhonin inye nri na-akpọ ya a ezi Patriot of Russia.

Nwata na Education

Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin A mụrụ Smolensk n'ógbè, December 13 (December 1, agadi style) na 1876, na a na ezinụlọ nke ndị a ma ama. Na 1894 o dechara ya akwụkwọ na Vladimir agha akwụkwọ n'obodo Kiev gaa Moscow na-amụ na-atọ Aleksandrovskoe akwụkwọ. Mgbe si na mahadum pụta na 1896, Dukhonin debara aha ọzọ agha izi alụmdi - na General Staff Academy. Na 1902, o dechara ọzụzụ na Academy, natara n'usoro nke Nche isi na ozugbo kwukwara na General Staff.

Military ọrụ Dukhonin mepụtara nnọọ ngwa ngwa. Abụrụ nzere ụlọ ọrụ ọchịagha na battalion, na November 1904, ọ ghọrọ a agadi osote onyeisi Òtù nke Staff bipu Division. Na 1906, Nicholas natara atọ ogo Order of St. Stanislaus na St. Anne, na a họpụtara agadi osote onyeisi Òtù niile Kiev agha district. N'elu rutere Kiev, Dukhonin ndọ Natale Verner - mara mma ma na gụrụ akwụkwọ girl onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke nsọpụrụ si Kiev.

Early ọrụ

Na ọdịda 1908 Nicholas malite izi ọtụtụ sayensị na Kiev Military School. Na 1911 ọ nọ na ọdịda nke n'usoro nke ndị agha tupu. Na ọdịda 1912 Dukhonin laghachi n'isi ụlọ ọrụ, bụ ebe ọ nọ a agadi osote onyeisi Òtù.

Nikolai Nikolayevich, site n'oge nke ya ọzụzụ agha, na-enwe ezi mmekọrịta na General Alexeyev - isi nke ndi-district n'isi ụlọ ọrụ. Imekọ ihe ọnụ na onye na kọntaktị na Alekseev ekpe na ebe nchekwa nke Nikolai Nikolaevich indelible akara. Alekseev, na-ekwu okwu nke Dukhonin, kwuru akwa n'ogo nke professionalism nke ndị ọrụ ya na omenala.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1913 Colonel Dukhonin nyere a njem gaa eduzi nke Austria na Hungarian agha dị ka ihe na-ekiri ekiri. N'oge mgbe a na Europe na-ngwa ngwa banyere Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na Austria-Hungary dara dị ka ndị bụ isi onye iro nke Russia, a njem bụ karịa mkpa. N'ụzọ gara nke ọma, ya ozi, Colonel natara Order of St. Vladimir nke anọ ogo, na mgbe ahụ na-amụba na Kiev Military gburugburu - Chief nke Intelligence Division.

The First World War

Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Dukhonin họpụtara a agadi osote Department Quartermaster General Staff nke atọ Army nke Kiev agha district. Army, ịbụ a so na South-Eastern Front, wee akụkụ ke agha Galicia, nke e nwere na August 5 ka September 8, 1914. Na Dukhonin aga-eme gụnyere elekọta ọgụgụ isi. Na e kenyere Colonel ọrụ ọ nagide brilliantly. N'oge a nyoputa onyeiro ke 1914 na ebe ewusiri ike nke Przemysl nke mkparịta ụka anyị bụ dike nke na Order of St. George nke-anọ ruo n'ókè.

Na-eto eto ndị agha nwere ike nọdụ na n'isi ụlọ ọrụ, na 1915, ọ siri ọnwụ na-eziga ya ka n'ihu. Ya mere Dukhonin họpụtara ọchịagha nke 165 nke bipu ndi agha nke Lutsk. Mgbe n'okpuru ya iwu, na ndi agha kpuchie ichighaazu nke 42 bipu Division na agha nso obodo Mokreє (Ukrainian aha). N'ihi ọkachamara nduzi na obi ike Dukhonin ọdịda nke Order of St. George, bụ nke atọ ruo n'ókè. Nke a award bụ oké nsọpụrụ, n'ihi na Order nke abụọ ogo maka oge nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ natara naanị anọ.

Na May 1916 Dukhonin ghọrọ Quartermaster General Staff nke Southwestern Front, na a nso osote onyeisi Òtù ka General Brusilov - Chief nke Front ụsụụ ndị agha.

February mgbanwe

The ihe nke February mgbanwe Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin akpakanam nwayọọ. Ọ, ịbụ a ezi uche mmadụ, maara na ọ bụghị na-erubere ọchịchị ọhụrụ na-ahazi nupụrụ isi na-acha uhie uhie armbands enweghị isi na impractical na okwu nke agha edinam. Ekwela ikwugharị ahụmahụ nke na-aghọ ndị ọzọ na ọchịagha (Miller na Keller) Dukhonin kwetara na-erubere elebara Government, n'itinye onwe ya dị ka onye na-agbachitere nke mba, na bụghị nnọchiteanya nke onye ọ bụla uru. Na okwu nke Kerensky, Dukhonin bụ eziokwu na ime ihe n'eziokwu nwoke bụ n'ebe dị anya site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atụmatụ aghụghọ. Ọ bụ, dị ka Kerensky, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto ọrụ nche we si Petra Velikogo na Suvorov art nke mmeri, na, ihe ndị ọzọ, pụtara akwanyere subordinates.

Na May 1917, General Nikolai Dukhonin gawa ụlọ ọrụ nke Southwestern Front. Ná mmalite August nke otu afọ, ọ ghọrọ a onyeisi-n'ozuzu na-isi nke mkpara nke Western Front. On 10 September, mgbe General Alexeyev arụkwaghịm Dukhonin edu Kasị Elu ụlọ ọrụ nke Kerensky.

Ebe a bụ ihe o dere Lieutenant General Denikin on Dukhonin "Kerensky na ndị nnọchiteanya nke revolutionary ochichi onye kwuo uche hụrụ otu ezigbo, ha a na-eche otú ahụ ogologo oge. Ọ bụ a obi ike agha na a ọkachamara mara onye jụrụ ọchịchị ọ bụla asị. " Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin kwetara a ọrụ, o doro anya na chuo ya aha, na-emecha ya ndụ ịzọpụta obodo ya, na-ekwu Denikin.

The October mgbanwe

Ná mmalite October, General Dukhonin ikwesị ntụkwasị obi na-egwuri ọrụ nke "oru ndụmọdụ", nke mere na ya nchedo elebara Government. Site na iji nke Kerenskogo Nikolay Nikolaevich ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ike agha nkeji kacha nchegbu ọnọdụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, Bolsheviks n'ọnọdu razagitirovat niile ndị a n'akụkụ.

Mgbe na Petrograd malitere October nsogbu, Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin kere Mogilev pụrụ iche otu maka nchikota nke ihe ndị na-anụ ụlọ n'ihu. Ma gbochie ida nke agha, nke n'oge ahụ ruru n'ọtụtụ ya kasị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume.

October 25, 1917 Dukhonin rịọrọ ndị agha, na-agbalị iji na-echetara ya nke na oru na nna na-achọ ya iji wuchaa njide onwe onye na udo nke uche, a ike okwa na ọnọdụ na-enyere aka ọchịchị. O zitere a telegram na Petrograd achọ ndị Bolsheviks ozugbo kwụsị omume ha, jụ njikere ịnara ọkwá n'ike nke ike ma na-erube isi na-elebara Government. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ si, ndị agha ga-akwado nke a ina site na ike. N'oge mgbe a na-agha kpamkpam osụhọ na ndị Germany na West, na-uru nke a, ihe niile m nwere ike ime, General, - eziga egbu telegram.

N'abalị nke November 26-27, ka ịmụta na iji Kerensky zitere a "ike bipu squad" Dukhonin general chọrọ ka ebịne ha "abụọ pụrụ ịdabere na armored ụgbọala." Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị Bolshevik agha ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ dị mfe meriri Winter Obí. On n'ụtụtụ nke 27 nke Nikolai Nikolaevich m zigara ya a telegram na-arịọ ha ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ha na-eme, na-erubere ndị elebara Government. Mgbe awa ole na ole na ọnụego agha kọmitii kpebiri ime ihe iji aka Moscow. Ebe okpu ruo kwekọrịtara na ndị agha kọmitii ụtụtụ Dukhonin agwa okwu teligraf October 29 na A. Kaledin, na jụrụ ya banyere ekwe omume izipu na isi obodo nke Don Cossacks squad akwụsịcha ime na nsogbu ke Moscow wee na-eme njem na Petrograd. General Dukhonin nzaghachi echereghị.

Ọnọdụ nke Ọchịagha Kasịnụ

Mgbe njem na Petrograd okpu, dị ka nke Nov. Kerensky n'abalị Dukhonin họpụtara Ọchịagha Kasịnụ, n'ihi ọpụpụ na Petrograd. General-agwa ndị agha ya oru, nọ na-agwa ha ka ha na ọnọdụ. November 1 Dukhonin nwetara akwụkwọ ozi si Kornilov, nke Laurel G. General chetara mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ahụ dara n'ubu ya, na na mkpa maka mkpebi ihe iji hazie agha megide ndị na-abịa ogba aghara.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin ghọtara na isi ihe ize ndụ anyị pụrụ ịtụ anya si n'azụ kama n'ihu. O weere ya ọrụ ya na-akwado elebara Government dị ka nanị ezi ikike. Na-atụ egwu a aha dị ka isi mpu nke Civil War, o ejedebeghị na omume ya. The High Command ka gosiri àgwà ya na Civil War, mgbe nyere iji kwụsị agha na-akpụ akpụ na Petrograd. Bet Dukhonin megidere Bolshevik ọchịchị, ma n'ezie na ọ bụ naanị ya.

November 7 general nke eze agha Dukhonin natara iwu site Council of Ndị mmadụ Commissars, dị ka nke o rịọrọ ndị ndú nke onye iro agha na-enye ha ka ha kwụsị agha na-anọdụ ala na negotiating table. Na nke a, ihe niile na ozi si mkparita uka o nwere nyefee na Smolny. Mgbe Bolsheviks nyere iwu, ha bụ ndị megidere general uche. Ọdịda ime na iji ga-apụta na ha nwere ihe na-aghọta Dukhonin onye iro ya, ya mere onye iro nke ndị mmadụ.

Aware nke mgbagwoju nke ọnọdụ, 8 November tsarist general Dukhonin ụbọchị dum na-eche banyere ya. N'ihi ya, o kpebiri iji na-egwu maka oge, na-eji eziokwu na a na redio ozi site iwu e nyere na iji. Dukhonin telegraphed Agha Minister na anya nke pụrụ iche radiogram o nwere ike ime mkpebi na ya ọdịnaya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-adịghị nwere ụbọchị na ọnụ ọgụgụ.

fateful oku

Bolshevik mutiny General Dukhonin bịa nụrụ ụtọ. Night si 8 9 November, ndị Council of Ndị mmadụ Commissars na onye nke Lenin, Stalin na Krylenko akpọ Duhonininu dokwuo anya ya ọnọdụ banyere onyeisi iji. The n'ozuzu malitere ya omume site na-asị na Ndị mmadụ Commissars jụrụ ma jikọrọ aka na-ekweta na okwu udo. O kwuru na ya chere na Bolsheviks ike ozugbo kpakorita na ha jikọrọ aka, na ya mere ha mkpa a nnọchiteanya nke gọọmenti etiti. Commissars emeghị-ekwu okwu na nkwupụta nke General na nanị jua ya ma ọ bụ iji nye a anya azịza nke iwu na-emezu ihe e kpere na iji dị njikere.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin jụrụ igbu ntuziaka nke Bolsheviks. N'ihi ya, ọ nọ na-chụọ n'ọrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na oge mbụ iji dochie Ọchịagha Kasịnụ dịghị onye a, ọ nọgidere na ọkwá ya ruo mgbe search bụ a kwesịrị ekwesị nwa akwukwo. N'oge na-adịghị, n'ebe nke ya na-abịa Ensign Krylenko.

Mgbe a n'abalị ekwentị mkparịta ụka na ndị ndú nke Bolsheviks, General Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin kwubiri na Ndị mmadụ Commissars, nke na-adịghị karịsịa mara kpebiri na-agbalị kpakorita site onye-isi, nyere a ziri ezi n'ike agha.

Mkpebi na n'isonyere truce

November 10 ọ kọrọ na na Mogilev Bolsheviks kwere agha na-arụ na ha onwe ha truce na onye iro, ọ bụghị kpọọrọ na ihu ọma nke n'akpọ. The mkparita uka a na-ekwe ka itinye hoputara ozu, malite na nke regimental kọmitii. Na na na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke nkwekorita amanyere bụ iwu nkwekọrịta ọ bụ na-akụkụ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ oge mbụ na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, mgbe a na-eme na-eji ndị truce. Ịmụta nke a, Dukhonin bụ anya. Ọ hụrụ na a iwu mmeri nke ogba aghara na ngụkọta ida nke ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. The n'ozuzu ghara irube isi na mkpebi nke SNK, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-aghọta otu agha ọzọ.

November 13 ọhụrụ Ọchịagha Kasịnụ Krylenko rutere Dvinsk, ebe ndị agha guzo ise nke Northern Front. N'echi ya, ya na-anọchite anya banyere mkparita uka na iwu nke Germany, na-emebi ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere Devid aka nke Russia. November 15 Dukhonin kwuru na tupu ikpeazụ mmeri German unit ọ ga-eme ihe niile na Russia emezu ya ọrụ na ha na-arụkọ.

O sina dị, General Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin maara n'akpọ ụbọchị na-ọnụ. Na a na mkparịta ụka General Shcherbachov ọ jụrụ ikpeazụ-agbụ site Ọchịagha Kasịnụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ya onwe ya na ihe itịbe. Ná nzaghachi Shcherbachev nwere ike ikwu Dukhonin akpali GHQ na Kiev. N'oge ahụ e nwere na ike, na Central Rada, nke na-aghọta na Soviet ọchịchị. Otu Nikolai Nikolaevich gwara Lt. Gen. Lukomsky.

Na njedebe, 18 November n'akpọ ọrụ malitere ịhapụ ya, ma izugbe onwe ya nọrọ. Ọ mụtara n'ili kwesịrị armored ụgbọ okporo ígwè na okpuru, ọ chọpụtara na akara aka nke n'akpọ ama gaghị agara. N'echi ya, mgbe ndị ọchịagha nke na-atụ battalions bịara ada a nzọ, Dukhonin nyere ha iwu na-ahapụ obodo. Ọ chọghị fratricide. N'abalị nke November 20, izugbe zigara Bykhov ha na-anọchite anya iji hapụ General Kornilov na ndị òtù ya. All gara nke ọma, nakwa na abalị, ha hapụrụ obodo. The otu General Nikolai Dukhonin bu n'obi abụghị ka ọ gbalaga. O kwetara na ọ ga-ejide ma ọ bụ ọbụna gbara, ma ihe ọzọ merenụ karịrị ọbụna ndị kasị njọ amụma.

Ọnwụ nke General Dukhonin

November 20 General Krylenko rutere Mogilev na-na na post of Ọchịagha Kasịnụ Dukhonin. Nikolai Krylenko kpebiri na ya agaghị na-eche na efu n'akpọ ụlọ, ebe ọ bụ mgbe ọ bụla nwere ike ibu a aja nke agha lynching. Yi uwe ndi nkiti uwe, ọ gara ebe n'aka-to-aka nyefee ikpe ya "nọchiri", ma nke abụọ wee gaa n'obodo. Mgbe Nicholas gara commandant nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-eche Krilenko ya. Ọkara otu awa mgbe e mesịrị, na ozi ọma na Dukhonin nọ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ngwa ngwa rere nile ojii. banyere ụgbọ ala anya a ìgwè mmadụ nke ejikere ibu agha, bụ ndị na-enwe ike ajụkwa mmasị nke naanị ọdịdị Krylenko. Ma, ọ bụghị n'ihi na ogologo.

General Dukhonin, photos nke na-adịghị dị iche ezi mma, ẹkenam ya onwe ya na-agbalị na-ekwu okwu na ya nọchiri, ma ọ na-ege ntị. Krylenko niile ntị e lekwasịrị anya na ndị isi ike ìgwè mmadụ, bụ ndị chọrọ ime ọbọ Dukhonin. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọbụna n'ime ụgbọ ala na unceremoniously kewapụrụ Krylenko, na-agba mbọ rein ke n'akụkụ. Mgbe ọnọdụ ndị ahụ na-achịkwa, Dukhonin wee ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, sị, "Ị chọrọ ịhụ General Dukhonin? M n'ihu gị. M gara ... ". General mezue na ọ bụghị nyere. Ọ kụrụ na azụ na a bayoneeti na tụbara anya ụgbọala ahụ. Hoo adọwa iberibe site izugbe ahụ, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri wee gaa n'obodo igbu nwunye ya. Mgbe ìgwè mmadụ ahụ mebiri n'ime ụlọ general, nwunye ya na-anọghị n'ụlọ. Natalia bụ na chọọchị, ebe ọ hụrụ enyi. Na-ekwu okwu banyere otú ndị n'ozuzu e gburu Dukhonin enyi nwanyị Natalia zoro n'ụlọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị, Ai Denikin, onye na-abụghị a ofufe nke revolutionary agụụ mmekọahụ Dukhonin, ma ihe ahụ ọ ẹsiode ya ndụ, kwuru na Nicholas bụ ihe n'eziokwu, onye maara nke kachasi mkpa nke warrior nke ụgwọ na ihu nke onye iro. "Ma n'etiti ndia nile emegiderịta nke revolutionary Nikolai olileanya na-adịghị mgbagwoju anya" - o kwuru Denikin.

Site November 21 ọnọdụ ahụ normalized na Mogilev. Krylenko ike kwụsị lynchings na wụnye nche kasị mkpa ihe. On ya iwu Dukhonin ozu e tinyere a akpati ozu na-ebu na ebe ụlọ. Ụtụtụ e n'okpuru nche wee Natalia. The nnọchiteanya nke ọhụrụ Ọchịagha Kasịnụ ya kpọọrọ ya gaa na akpati ozu na me mgbaru si Krylenko ihu. General onwe ya adịghị pụtara na nwaanyị ahụ anya. E nwere ihe ọzọ version dị ka nke Dukhonin ahụ e zụtara ya na nwunye ya na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, nye na Kiev, lìe onye na obodo ebe ili ozu. Nke ahụ bụ akụkọ ya dechara General Dukhonin. N'ili nke Nikolai Nikolaevich 1934 bụ na Lukyanovka eli ozu n'obodo Kiev.

Ọ na-anọgide na tinye na na 21 November n'obodo Brest-Litovsk, na Bolsheviks malitere mkparita uka na ọgwụgwụ nke Brest udo, nke na a pụghị kọwara dị ka ihere. Ikpeazụ gosiri, ma, ezigbo-achọghị ka ihe mgbochi na General Dukhonin ihu na ọdịdị tutu amama.

ọgwụgwụ

General Dukhonin, onye biography bụ isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka anyị, otu n'ime ndị kasị mwute ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Russian ọgba aghara nke iri abụọ na narị afọ. Ọ na-egosi otú ike ọ bụ ịbụ a ezi na-agbachitere n'ala nna - eme ihe n'eziokwu na-eguzosi ike. Ahịrịokwu, "zijere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ General Dukhonin" jikọtara a nwụọ ọnwụ ihere n'aka ndị ebili ìgwè kwenyere na-abọ ọbọ. Ma onwe gị ihere onwe ya Dukhonin chere, na-aga na ya ikpeazụ njem?