Tyuring Alan: biography, photos, ọrụ. Onyinye Computer Science

Alan Mathison Turing - a ụwa na-ama ọkà mmụta sayensị nke amamihe, a koodu emebi, a ọsụ ụzọ nke na kọmputa sayensị, a nwoke na ihe ịtụnanya aka, nke a dị ịrịba ama mmetụta na mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ kọmputa.

Alan Turing: a obere biography

Alan Mathison Turing A mụrụ London on June 23, 1912. Nna ya Yulius Tyuring bụ a colonial mara onye mụụrụ ọrụ Bekee na India. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere na nwunye Alan nne - Ethel Sara. The nne na nna ndị na-adịgide adịgide bi na India dị ka ụmụ (Alan na Jọn, ya nwanne) kụziiri n'ebe obibi ndị na England, ebe ha natara a na nlezianya na-ekpe.

Ya ike anara sayensị , Alan gosiri otu ugbo n'oge a picnic. Iji nweta nnwapụta nke nna-ya, nwa-okoro-adịghị mgbagwoju site echiche nwere ike ịhụ mmanụ aṅụ ọhịa. Iji mezuo nke a, o deere ndị edoghi na nke aṅụ na-na-efe efe, na ntụziaka nke ha ọsọ. Mgbe ahụ, n'uche inyịme ndị a chọpụtara, m chọpụtara na ha n'ókè nke nrutu, ebe ọ hụrụ a oghere na mmanụ aṅụ.

Elekarị kpọmkwem sayensị Alan pụtara n'oge ọmụmụ ya na prestigious Shernborskoy akwụkwọ. Na 1931, ka a mgbakọ na mwepụ ọkà mmụta nwa okorobịa nọgidere ọmụmụ ya na Eze College, Cambridge University. Na ya tesis na njedebe nke etiti ịgba Theorem nke puru, nke a na-chọtaghachi, n'amaghị banyere ịdị adị nke yiri gara aga ọrụ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Alan nọ Science College nke ọha mmadụ, ya tesis e ọdịda a pụrụ iche na-agbata n'ọsọ. Nke a nyere nwa okorobịa ahụ a ezi ohere iji nweta a mfọn na-achụso onwe-emezu na ubi nke kpọmkwem sayensị.

Turing igwe

Na 1935, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Alan Tyuring ndị mbụ na-eji ike ha eme na ubi nke mgbakọ na mwepụ mgbagha na malitere ime nnyocha, nke gosiri a afọ ịrịba pụta. Ọ ẹkenam echiche nke computable ọrụ, nke nwere ike na-emejuputa atumatu na-akpọ Turing igwe. The draft nke a ngwaọrụ nwere niile nkiti atụmatụ nke oge a na ụdị (nzọụkwụ site nzọụkwụ-eme, ebe nchekwa, na-achịkwa software) na bụ prototype nke digital kọmputa, mepụtakwara afọ iri gachara. Na 1936, mgbakọ na mwepụ Alan Turing kwagara America na okodu onye na-elekọta na Princeton University, na 1938 e ọdịda ogo dọkịta nke nkà ihe ọmụma na laghachi na Cambridge, jụrụ na-enye mgbakọ na mwepụ John von Neumann ịnọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka ihe nnyemaaka.

British ọrụ "Ultra"

Na otu oge, Britain mara ọkwa mwepụta nke ọrụ "Ultra", na ebumnuche nke nke bu wiretaps German ụgbọelu na ha nkọwa. Na ihe iseokwu dị na London ụlọ ọrụ nke ọchịchị ụlọ akwụkwọ nke codes na ciphers (ezo Chief nke British ọgụgụ isi unit), nke bụ n'ihi na ihe iyi egwu nke onye fasizim ọgụ e ngwa ngwa ẹka Bletchley Park, emi odude ke center nke England.

Taa ọ ụlọ ndị Museum nke coders na nkà na ụzụ kọmputa. Ọ bụ na nke a n'ebe nzuzo intercepted anata ụgbọ natara ọgụgụ isi na a ụbọchị niile; ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nzobe ozi na ọtụtụ puku nkeji. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla na-abata ederede ofu: radio ugboro ole, ụbọchị, oge nke na interception na n'okwu mmeghe. Na nke ikpeazụ nwere NJ nke netwọk, oku na-aga ihe ịrịba ama nke ndibọbọ ojii na sender, oge nke na-ezipụ ozi.

Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister - ọ na-akpọ Bletch Park gị nne okuko na-akpakọbara ọlaedo àkwá. The njikwa bụ Alastair Denniston - a vetiran nke agha na ọgụgụ isi. Ndị ọrụ cryptanalysts, o nweghị ọgụgụ isi na ndị ọkachamara nke a obosara profaịlụ: mathematicians, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, Chess, Egyptologists, akaebe na idozi crossword egwuregwu mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe ihe dị otú a dị iche iche na nkà ìgwè a mgbakọ na mwepụ Alan Turing.

Turing megide "Enigma"

Division Turing E boro ya ebubo a ọrụ kpọmkwem:-arụ ọrụ na-ezoro ezo ederede, ike ngwaọrụ "Enigma" - igwe, patented na Netherlands na 1917 na mbụ e mere iji chebe ụlọ akụ arụmọrụ. Ndị a ụdị na-ifịk ifịk eji ebute radio ozi Wehrmacht na arụmọrụ ekenịmde ke agha mmiri na ikuku na ike. Ciphers "Enigma" ka mmalite nke World War II bụ ike kacha ike na mbara ala. E kweere ọbụna na ịgbawa ha fọrọ nke nta agaghị ekwe omume.

Iji ghọta koodu ederede, chọrọ iji nweta otu igwe, mara ya ntọala mbụ, na-emechi akwụkwọ ozi a ụfọdụ ụzọ na nkwukọrịta panel, na ihe niile na-agba ọsọ na-abụghị uzo. Na nke a na-eri iburu n'uche na ụkpụrụ nke izo ya ezo igodo na gbanwere otu ugboro n'ụbọchị. Encrypting na Wehrmacht gbalịrị siere usoro nke nnyefe onwe ya cryptanalysis: Message Ogologo ekwesịghị gafere 250 odide, ma nyefee ha akwụkwọ ozi nke 3-5 ìgwè.

Ọrụ ike cryptographers edu Turing bụ a ịga nke ọma: ọ e kere a na ngwaọrụ na ike itapia n'ókè "Enigma." Ke adianade niile ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ aghụghọ, dị ka Atụmatụ na-eji otu stereotyped nkebi ahịrịokwu na nke na-ekwurịta okwu ndị Germany, na ihe ọ bụla ugboro ugboro ederede. Ọ bụrụ na Atụmatụ-agaghị ezuru, ndị iro akpali iche ha. Ihe atụ, na a kapịrị ọnụ mined a ụfọdụ ngalaba nke oké osimiri, na mgbe ahụ gere ntị na nkwupụta nke ndị Germany n'oge a.

The ịga nke ọma nke Alan Turing

N'ihi nke nrụsi ọrụ na 1940 ọ e guzobere cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "bọmbụ", nke a nnukwu kabinet (arọ - otu ton, n'ihu panel - 2 x 3 mita, rotor 36 iche iche n'elu ya). The ojiji nke a ngwaọrụ achọ pụrụ iche nkà na bụ kpọmkwem dabere na ntozu nke na ndị ọrụ. Na Bletchley Park na oge ọ na-e guzobere karịa abụọ na narị abụọ nke igwe ndị a na-ekwe ka ghọta banyere 2-3 puku kwa ụbọchị.

Tyuring Alan obi ụtọ na-arụ ọrụ ha na-arụpụta na-enweta. Ọ na-iwe ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ na bee ha Amawaputala. Ọ dabara nke ọma, mgbe a na usoro nke iwe ukara ndetu ngo meriela Winston Churchill, ntọt ya ego. "Enigma" izo ya ezo na ndị ọzọ na German igwe e tiwara, ndị òtù na-enwe ike na-maara nke ire ụtọ eruba nke bara uru na ọgụgụ isi.

Germany ihe karịrị otu afọ enweghị echiche banyere ịdị adị nke "Bombs", ma na-achọta ihihi, mere ezigbo mgbalị jirichaa mgbagwoju nke izo ya ezo.

Otú ọ dị, Turing na-adịghị egwu: ọ dị mfe ịnagide nsogbu ọhụrụ, na n'ime izu isii na British nwere ohere ndị iro ozi.

Zuru oke pụrụ ịdabere cipher n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bụ na obi abụọ, ndị Germany, ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke search n'ihi nke leakage nke ọmụma bara oké uru na ebe ọ bụla, dị nnọọ bụghị na "Enigma". Ngosi nke "Enigma" koodu radically gbanwere ụzọ World War II. Ọmụma bara oké uru bụghị nanị inye aka chebe British n'Àgwàetiti, ma na kwesịrị ekwesị ọzụzụ nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ arụmọrụ na Afrika, atụmatụ site German n'akụkụ. British cryptographers ịga nke ọma bụ ihe dị mkpa onyinye merie Nazism, na Tyuring Alan ozugbo ke 1946 natara award na Order nke British Alaeze Ukwu.

Eccentricities kọmputa amamihe

Dịkọrọ ndụ kọwara Turing ka a ubé eccentric nwoke, ọ bụghị kwa maa mma, mara mma ńsí na anọgide na-arụsi ọrụ.

• N'ịbụ anabata, Tyuring Alan Antihistamines họọrọ nkpuchi. Na ya, ọ gara ụlọ ọrụ nke osisi okooko. Ikekwe nke a na-akọwa ekweghiekwe nke strangeness na-enwe mmetụta mmetụta nke ọgwụ - ya bụ, na-ehi ụra.
• Akụkụ ọzọ nọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na mmekọrita ya bike, nke na ụfọdụ etiti oge ama yinye. Tyuring Alan, achọghị obibi ya ngwọta, echiche amama pedal na nri oge na-esi na ala si ígwè yinye imezi ogwe aka.
• Own Foto Ụlọ Nga na Bletchley Park, a nkà mmụta sayensị tacked na batrị circuit, na ọ bụghị zuru.
• Ibi na Cambridge, Alan mgbe etinye a elekere ziri ezi na oge, ọ na-kwubiri na uche, gwara ọnọdụ nke a ụfọdụ kpakpando.
• Ozugbo Alan mụtara banyere ọdịda nke N'ezie British pound, ọ gbazee ihe dị mkpụrụ ego lìe dapụtara silver Bullion ebe n'ime ogige, na mgbe ahụ echefuola kpamkpam ebe nzuzo.
• Turing bụ ezi na-eme egwuregwu. Mmetụta mkpa-ebubo, ọ gbara ọsọ a anya, iji aka ha kpebie na ọma na egwuregwu. Mgbe ahụ, na ndekọ oge m merie 3- na 10-mile anya nke ụlọ ọgbakọ, na 1947 họọrọ ise na marathon.

Eccentricities nke Alan Turing, onye ọrụ na-uru maka Britain, ole na ole mere nọrọ ná mgbagwoju anya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe icheta mkpali na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na nke na kọmputa sayensị amamihe wee mmasị ọ bụla ya echiche. Turing ahuta na oké nkwanye ùgwù, dị ka o guzoro n'echiche nke echiche na gị onwe gị na ọgụgụ isi. A nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ, na-enwe niile makings nke a nkụzi ruru eru, ike na-edozi na-akọwa ihe ọ bụla dị, ọbụna ihe ndị kasị ọhụrụ ọrụ.

Alan Turing: onyinye na kọmputa sayensị

Na 1945, Alan jụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nkụzi n'Ụlọ Cambridge University, na na nkwanye nke M. Newman sonyeere National Physical Laboratory, nke n'oge ahụ kpụrụ a otu maka imewe na e kere eke nke Ace - kọmputa. N'ime afọ 3 (1945 ruo 1948) - oge nke ịdị adị nke ìgwè - Turing mere mbụ osise na mere ụfọdụ dị mkpa aro ya imewe.

Report on Ace ọkà mmụta sayensị nyere Executive kọmitii nke NFL March 19, 1946. Ke ịdọkapụta dee mmasị na ya kwuru na-arụ ọrụ na-adabere EDVAG oru ngo. Otú ọ dị, ngo nwere a ukwuu nke bara uru echiche nke ozugbo na English mgbakọ na mwepụ.

Software nke mbụ kọmputa nwekwara dere Alan Tyuring. Computing enweghị nrụsi ọrụ nke a nkà ọkà mmụta ike ahụ rutere a larịị dị taa. N'otu oge ahụ, na mbụ cheesi omume e dere.

Na September 1948, Alan Turing, onye biography na-a ndụ e jikọtara ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ, o bufere na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Manchester. Kpọrọ, a họpụtara osote onye ntụzi nke lab kọmputa, n'ezie, otu nọmba na mgbakọ na mwepụ ngalaba nke M. Newman, na-ahụ maka mmemme.

Bad chioma egwuregwu

English mgbakọ na mwepụ, bụ onye nọgidere mgbe agha, na-arụ ọrụ na ọgụgụ isi, e me ka a ọrụ ọhụrụ: ghọta Soviet koodu. N'oge a, akara aka na-egwuri a ajọ egwuregwu na Turing. Otu ụbọchị ulo-ya Ezuru. Onye ohi ekpe a dee nke ịkpachara anya nke ukwuu ekwesighi ka ndị uwe ojii, ma iwe Alan Turing ozugbo akpọ na saịtị ahụ. Na N'ezie nke nchoputa ya chọpụtara na ndị ohi bụ enyi Alan si n'anya. N'oge àmà Turing kwetara ha ukemuduot, na afọ ndị ahụ bụ a mpụ iwe na England.

Oké ikpe nke a maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta na-anọgide na-ruo ogologo oge. A kpọrọ ya òkù a abụọ afọ mkpọrọ ọdịnaya, ma ọ bụ hormone ọgwụ tufuo agụụ mmekọahụ.

Alan Turing (foto n'elu gara aga) họọrọ nke abụọ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọgwụgwọ nke kasị dị ike ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, nke e kere maka otu afọ, na Turing mepụtara enweghi ike, na gynecomastia (ara ịmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ). Criminally akpagbu Alan E wepụrụ nzuzo ọrụ. Ke adianade do, British-atụ egwu na-edina ụdị onwe nwere ike recruited site Soviet nledo. Scientist ebubo nnyocha abụghị, kama machibidoro iwu si ekwurịta ọrụ ya na Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Akụkọ nke Alan Turing si mwute na isi: na mgbakọ na mwepụ amamihe asuan si ọrụ na a machibidoro iwu na-akụziri. Aha ya na-adịgide adịgide mebiri emebi. Na 41 nwa okorobịa ahụ na ẹsịn mmiri nkịtị n'afọ iri na ụma nke ndụ, ekpe na-enweghị ya ọ hụrụ n'anya na-arụ ọrụ, na a chihịara psyche na-emebi ahụ ike. Na 1954, Alan Turing, onye biography na now jidere uche nke ọtụtụ ndị, hụrụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ụlọ ya, na na nightstand n'akụkụ bed dina a atawo apple. Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si e mesịrị, e juru n'ọnụ na cyanide. Ebe ọ bụ na Alan Turing ịmepụtagharịa a idaha si ọkacha mmasị gị akụkọ ifo "Snow White" na 1937. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị na-akọ, nke a bụ ya mere mkpụrụ aghọwo ihe emblem nke ụwa a ma ama "Apple" kọmputa ụlọ ọrụ. Ke adianade do, Apple bụ ka a nnọchianya nke mmehie, nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na ihe ọmụma.

The ukara version nke ọnwụ nke a nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ - igbu onwe ya. Alan nne ahụ kweere na nsi bụ ihe mberede, n'ihi na Alan mgbe niile n'amaghị ama na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ. E nwere a version na Turing ụma họrọ ụzọ gbanahụrụ ndụ, na-ekwe nne na-ekweghị na igbu onwe ya.

Ghara ịgbanwe nke English mgbakọ na mwepụ

The oké mgbakọ na mwepụ e gbanwee mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Na 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown ka n'ihu ọha mgbaghara maka mkpagbu ahụhụ site na kọmputa sayensị amamihe. Na 2013, Turing e eze gbaghaara ebubo nke na-asọ oyi Elizabeth II - Queen of Great Britain.

Alan Turing ọrụ ụgha bụghị naanị na mmepe nke ọmụma technology: na njedebe nke ndụ nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị mikpuru onwe ajụjụ nke usoro ndu, ya bụ - ọ malitere imepe chemical ozizi morphogenesis, nke nyere full play ka Nchikota ike n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma na nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọkà ihe ọmụma, full of mbụ echiche. The mbụ osise nke ozizi kọwara na mbido akụkọ na 1952 na a akụkọ pụtara mgbe ọkà mmụta sayensị ọnwụ.

The kasị prestigious award na ubi nke kọmputa sayensị bụ "Turing Award". Ya award ka kwa afọ Association for Computing Machinery. Nkwado a award, ego nke nke ugbu guzo 250, 000, na Google ụlọ ọrụ na Intel. Nke mbụ nke ihe dị otú ahụ dị mkpa award na 1966 e ọdịda nke Alan Perlis maka eke compilers.