Yist ka a ghara ịdị? yist Mgbasa ụzọ

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya otú ahụ na-akpali Micro-ntule dị ka yist. Ka ha ba uba? Ajụjụ a, anyị nwere na-aza. Ị ga-amụta ihe ndị na-ozuzu yist.

Amụba - bụ mmeputakwa nke ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ, nke bụ yiri ka ndị nne na nna. The n'ihi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-alụbeghị di-celled ntule bụ dịkwuo bi size. Nke a usoro nke microorganisms tumadi ruru ka "mmekọrịta" na ha gbara ya gburugburu omenala ọkara. Ọ ga-ike ihe-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke mezie ihe ụfọdụ enzymes.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na enzyme reducers - ike mbenata mmadụ na-tọhapụrụ na-ajụ mgbe uto pụtara igbu oge ego nke yist mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha na-eme na cell akpụkpọ ahụ (n'ihi na protein disulfide agbụ). Site na nke a shei aghọ permeable na nnata nke potassium ọkara. Nke a ana achi achi biosynthesis enzymes, gụnyere constitutive.

yist Mgbasa ụzọ

Gaa ozugbo na anyị isiokwu. "Yist mụta nwa site spores ma ọ bụ?" - azịza nke ajụjụ a bụ ambiguous. Nke bụ eziokwu na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a ntule, dabere na omenala ọnọdụ, nwere ike mụta nwa mmekọahụ na vegetatively. Ụdị ikpeazụ kpebisiri ike nke na ụfọdụ ndị biologically nọọrọ onwe ha (i.e. ezinụlọ) nkerisi, site budding na site budding, agwụcha nkewa. Ugbu a, a kọwara anọ na ụdị nke vegetative Mgbasa nke yist.

The mbụ ụdị vegetative mmeputakwa

O kwuru, ihe atụ, na genus Saccharomyces (na Saccharomycetaceae ezinụlọ). Na nke a, ihe onwunwe nke shei mejupụtara nne nwa mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị na-agafere ozugbo na shei ọhụrụ nwa mkpụrụ ndụ. Na mbụ nkebi nke ibu ha ga-esi na ya dị ka a n'ihi nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-synthesized na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ accumulates ke ukot nke akụrụ ya. N'ihi ya scars na-na ebe nke kasị ukwuu curvature nke cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe ha na-n'akụkụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ha mere ndokwa na a gburugburu ma ọ bụ gburugburu.

Otú ọ dị, nke a abụghị ihe e ji mara nke niile ntule nke na ìgwè nke unicellular dịkwa ka usoro ha na-akpọ "yist". Dị ka ndị ọzọ ha ozuzu ụdị? Anyị na-anọgide anyị akụkọ.

The abụọ ụdị

The ọzọ ụdị vegetative ịnọgide a hụrụ na yist genera Hanseniaspora na Saccharo-mycodes (ezinụlọ Saccharoinycoaaceae). Ya mma - pola budding, si otú akpụ multiple onya. Na nke a, akụrụ (ihe ba uba yist) a kpụrụ dị ka a n'ihi nke protrusions gbasara akụrụ onya, nke nọgidere si aga budding, na partitions n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ndinyanade mbịne.

Ụdị nke atọ

Ọ nọwo na ndị ezinụlọ yist Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (atụ, na genus Schizosaccharomyces). E ji mara nke ụdị bụ na uto nke cell membranes biopolyaren. The ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe nke kpụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ, na-edebe ke ụdị ihe annular outgrowth si cell center ya nsọtụ na n'ókè nke nkewa.

Vegetative mmeputakwa: nke-anọ ụdị

Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara nke Endomyces magnusii, ha cylindrical mkpụrụ ndụ. Na nke a, site nkerisi bughi mgbanwe hụrụ ofụri ya shei. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ nke nkewa, shei na-emi esịnede ọtụtụ efere, nke mere ndokwa na yiri na kwubiri na rumen ibe.

mitosis

ụfọdụ akụkụ nke bughi formations ntọala na cytoplasm gaa na nwa nwaanyị sel nke nne na nna n'oge micropropagation. Tupu ọ bụla cell nkewa mgbe chromosomes na na-na-egwuri otu otu na niile n'otu oge. A ana achi achi edo nkesa n'etiti enyemaka na ndị nne na nna cell. Ke ụdị nuclear fission, nke a na-akpọ mitosis a hụrụ nditịm mgbe nile ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chromosomes na cell ọgbọ.

Budding nne cell

Anyị chọpụtara na akụrụ - bụ ihe na ba uba mgbe yist vegetatively. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle nke a na oge, ọ nwere ike kwuru na banyere otu hour nwa cell kpụrụ kpamkpam kacha ọnọdụ. Ma onye ọ ike ikwugharị anọgide budding usoro. Nne cell ndụ mgbe nwere nkezi nke 25-30 budding (agbụrụ scars). Deterrent nke usoro - mgbanwe cell mgbidi Ọdịdị, nke a na-ejikọta ya na n'ichihịa. Ha na-eduga na a gụnyere ya ná ya bara uru elu, nke na-ebelata metabolism na protein ọdịnaya, DNA, RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eduga ná emecha ọnwụ.

Ị nwere ike ịhọrọ ụzọ ọzọ, na-ekwu na ajụjụ nke otú ka izu yist. Esemokwu a usoro. Nke a na usoro a na-akpọ mmekọahụ. Ka anyị tụlee ya na ihe zuru ezu.

Mmekọahụ mode nke amụba

Yist multiplication nke pụtara mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ vegetatively na-anọchi anya site na nke a echiche a otutu mmasị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ omume nke ndị a microorganisms. Ha chọpụtara na mmekọahụ usoro a metụtara na Germination nke spores, nke na-na asci ma ọ bụ na akpa (na-akpọ ha ascospores) na vegetative mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka yist mụta nwa site spores? Ka ihu ya.

Usoro a na-esonyere nkewa nke ntọala site meiosis. Mgbe culturing yist bụ a nkọ mgbanwe site zuru ka ọkara ogbenye na nri, na ọnụnọ nke zuru ezu iru mmiri na a ọkpụrụkpụ ìgwè idobere bekee na cell na ohere oxygen emee sporulation. N'ihi na ọ ascospores na-eguzogide ọgwụ oghom gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ (ihicha, elu okpomọkụ), ma ha na-erughị thermally anụ karịa nje spores. Ascospores anwụ na okpomọkụ nke banyere 60 ° C, ebe nje spores nwere ike idi elu okpomọkụ - esi mmiri na ọbụna elu.

Ascospores ii na-emekarị ka a n'ihi nke mmekọahụ anọ na 2 yist mkpụrụ ndụ na ụdi nkewa nke ntọala nke a fertilized. Ha nwere ike ịbụ site otu anọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, asatọ na otu ascus. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ n'ihi na vegetative ibu dị mma, ndị spores asiaha on ọhụrụ omenala na-ajụ, wee na-re-na-akụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

The ndụ okirikiri nke yist

Na yist, ndụ okirikiri jikọtara nwetụ spore na vegetative ịnọgide na dị iche iche ogologo diploid na haploid n'ụzọ. Yist Saccharomyces, bụ nke a mgbanwe gaplo- na diplofaz, kewara abụọ dị iche iche: gomotallichnye na heterothallic.

heterothallic pụta

Heterothallic pụta na-anụ haploid na a diploid adọ. Na nke a, na diploid mkpụrụ ndụ na-enwe ike ba uba vegetatively ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, na-aga ka sporulation n'okpuru oghom ọnọdụ. N'ihi ya, kpụrụ haploid spore asci, ọ bụla nke na-eweta otu n'ime 2-mating ụdị. Copulation otú rụrụ naanị mgbe nzute 2 ascospores ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche haploid pụta, n'ihi na e guzobere a zaigọtụ, na diplofaza weghachiri eweghachi.

Gomotallichnye pụta

Gomotallichnye pụta si heterothallic dị iche na nke na ha nwere a ufọk ufene diplofaza. Kewapụrụ na ịjụ haploid spores kpụrụ diploid Ọdịdị. Ndị ọzọ okwu, na ụmụ a otu spore emee samodiploidizatsiya (anọ na nke haploid mkpụrụ ndụ) n'ihi na eziokwu na spores nwere ike jikọọ ọ bụla Nchikota ma ọ bụ nọọsụ nne nwa haploid mkpụrụ ndụ si ya nwa osisi.

Na e gomotallichnyh yist mating ụdị. AF Rusnak mụọ yist umu SACCH. vini, nke na-eji winemaking. O kwuru na ịdị adị nke a nnukwu set nke agbụrụ. Mgbe ha nyochasịrị ya, na-eme nchọpụta kwuru na ọdịdị nke ha predominantly gomotallichna.

O sina dị, ụfọdụ yist haploid ala n'ihi na a ogologo oge na-enwe ike mụta nwa vegetatively. Dị ka ihe atụ Chizosaccharomyces na Zygosaccharomyces. Haploid mkpụrụ ndụ sporulation jikọrọ ọnụ, akpụ a diploid zaigọtụ. Mgbe ahụ na-enyemaka nke meiosis o kewara na enye ịrị elu anọ ma ọ bụ asatọ haploid spores. Ha asiaha, na mgbe a mgbe na-amalite ọtụtụ n'ime ndị haploid ala asexually.

Positive ihe sporulation

Im microorganisms, dị ka yist (dị ka ha na mgba), na-eme nnyocha kwuru na metabolism na mkpokọta ọrụ nke microorganisms slowed n'oge sporulation. Nke a ọnọdụ ana achi achi lanarị ha ọjọọ maka vegetative ịnọgide na ọnọdụ. Ya mere, sporulation, nke na-agwakọta usoro nche-kwa nke umu na ozuzu, a ga-ewere dị ka a mma nzọụkwụ na mmepe nke yist ntule.

Results nke ọmụmụ B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni mụọ otú yist ọtụtụ. Ha e nwetara na-akpali ihe na mmetụta na arụmọrụ na ndụ ọrụ nke ndị a microorganisms nzọụkwụ nke mmekọahụ amụba. Culture of wine yist, nke gafere na a n'ihu sporulation na spore Germination usoro diploidization, gafee ọsọ nke gbaa ụka nke wort omenala na ndị a na nkebi na-agaghị agafe. Na ule rụrụ na poluproizvodstvennyh ọnọdụ, e nwere a na-adakpọ gbaa ụka oge site na 35 ụbọchị 21-31.

Ya mere, ka ị na-ezute ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpali Micro-ntule dị ka yist. Ka ha mụbaa, ugbu a ị maara. Anyị na-atụ ị na-echeta ihe ndị na-n'ụzọ abụọ bụ isi. Yeasts mụta nwa site spores na budding. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ ndị a na-rụrụ na ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, na onye ọ bụla nke ha nwere ya e ji mara.