Alloyed ọla: nkọwa na ngwa atụmatụ ndepụta

The mmepe na-mata na okè. Mma, ohere nke ulo oru na ezinụlọ ojiji site na iji ihe na-aga n'ihu ji mara. Nke a, akpan akpan doped metal. Ha di iche iche na-ekpebisi ike mgbazi ike quantitative na qualitative mejupụtara nke alloying ọcha.

Natural-alloy ígwè

First ya a wụrụ awụ ígwè, nke nwere Njirimara dị iche iche si ikwu, ọ bụ eke-doped. The smelted prehistoric meteorite ígwè nwere ụba ichekwa nickel. Ọ dị n'ime ndị Ijipt oge ochie n'ili 4-5 millennia BC. e., wuru nke otu ije ncheta Qutab Minar na Delhi (V c). Japanese damask mma agha ji ígwè, molybdenum jupụta na Damascus ígwè nwere tungsten, ahụkarị oge a elu na-agba. Ndị a bụ ndị ọla, ndị ore nke e mined ụfọdụ ebe.

Alloys nke oge a na mmepụta nwere ike ịnwe eke mmiri nke dara na nonmetallic si, nke na-egosi na àgwà ha na Njirimara.

akụkọ ihe mere eme ụzọ

Ntọala maka mmepe nke doping e tọrọ ntọala mkpata crucible agbaze usoro n'ihi na ígwè na Europe na XVIII narị afọ. Na a ọzọ oge ochie version nke crucibles eji na n'oge ochie, gụnyere maka n'oké Damaskọs na Damascus ígwè. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 18, nkà na ụzụ e rụọ na ihe ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-ekwe ka ịhazie mejupụtara na àgwà nke na-amalite ihe.

• The n'otu oge oghere nke ọzọ na ndị ọzọ ọhụrụ chemical ọcha, kewapụrụ na-eme nnyocha na ibuo n'oké nwere.
• Na-adịghị mma mmetụta nke ọla kọpa na ígwè mma.
• Open ọla nwere 6% ígwè.

Nlele e duziri na okwu nke quantitative na qualitative mmetụta na ígwè alloy nke tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, nickel, aluminum, na ndị ọzọ.

The mbụ ulo oru na mmepụta nke ígwè alloyed na manganese, guzobere na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ. Ọ na-mepụtara ebe ọ bụ na 1856 dị ka akụkụ nke Bessemer usoro nke n'oké.

doping Atụmatụ

Modern atụmatụ ekwe gbazee alloyed ọla nke ọ bụla mejupụtara. Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke a technology:

1. Alloying mmiri na-na-ewere naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ẹkenam na kpọmkwem ọdịnaya nke ọ bụla karịa 1%.
2. Sọlfọ, hydrogen, site na-ewere adịghị. The nonmetallic inclusions na-eji dị ka boron, nitrogen, sịlịkọn, obere - site.
3. Volume doping - bụ iwebata nke mmiri n'ime wụrụ awụ umi n'ime Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ. The n'elu bụ usoro nke elu oyi akwa mgbasa saturation mkpa chemical ọcha na elu okpomọkụ.
4. Na mmako usoro, gbanwee crystalline Ọdịdị nke "nwa" nke ihe onwunwe. Ha nwere ike ike ma ọ bụ kpochapụ penetration nke ngwọta na enịm ke ókè nke dara na-abụghị dara akụkụ, na-eke a n'ibu ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ. A nnukwu ọrụ ebe a na-egwuri site ogo solubility nke ọcha na onye ọ bụla ọzọ.

alloying mmiri

Dị ka general nhazi ọkwa, ihe niile ọla na-ekewa n'ime nwa na-acha. Iji na-agụnye nwa ígwè, Chrome na manganese. Acha kewara fechaa (aluminum, magnesium, potassium), arọ (nickel, zinc, ọla kọpa), ezi (platinum, silver, gold), refractory ọla (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), akpa ume, obere ụwa na redioaktivu. Site alloying ọla-agụnye a ịrịba dịgasị iche iche nke ìhè, arọ, dị mma na refractory-abụghị ferrous na oji.

Dabere na ruru ndị a, ndị na isi metal Massey ikpeazụ kewara ala-alloy (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) na elu (ihe karịrị 10%).

alloyed steels

Nkà na ụzụ, usoro ziri ezi. The nso bụ sara mbara nke ukwuu. The isi ihe maka ndị na-esonụ steels:

• Mmụba na ike.
• Mma thermal nhazi pụta.
• The abawanye na corrosion eguzogide, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, iguzogide ike ike na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ, ọrụ ndụ.

The isi mmiri - ferrous alloy na refractory ọla, nke na-agụnye ČR, igwe, W, V, edebata, knife, na acha Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium na Nickel - na isi mmiri akọwapụta igwe anaghị agba nchara (X18H9T) na refractory, nke na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ ji okpomọkụ na ujo ibu (15H5). Na ego ruo 1.5% na-eji maka biarin na esemokwu akụkụ (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - a isi akụrụngwa nke wear na-eguzogide steels (110G13L). Obere akwalite deoxidation, belata ịta nke site na sọlfọ ahụ.

Silicon na vanadium - ọcha na a ụfọdụ ego nke ụba ekwedo na-eji maka imewe nke isi iyi (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminum adabara ígwè na a nnukwu eletriki na-eguzogide (H13YU4).

A ịrịba e ji mara nke tungsten ọdịnaya nke anụ elu-ọsọ ngwá ọrụ steels (P9 R18K5F2). Alloyed malite ịgba maka metal nke a ihe onwunwe ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụpụta na-eguzogide ọgwụ na ime karịa otu carbon ígwè ngwá ọrụ.

Alloyed ígwè na-adị kwa ụbọchị ojiji. N'out oge mara na-akpọ alloys na ijuanya Njirimara nwetara dị ka doping ụzọ. N'ihi ya "osisi ígwè" nwere 1% chromium na 35% nickel, nke na-ekpebi na ya elu thermal conductivity, a ji mara maka osisi. Diamond nwekwara mejupụtara 1.5% carbon, 0,5% chromium na 5% nke tungsten, nke e ji mara ya dị ka a karịsịa ike, akin ka diamond.

ígwè doping

Igba ịgà steels si dị iche na ịrịba carbon ọdịnaya (si 2,14 ka 6,67%), elu ekweghị ekwe na corrosion eguzogide, ma ala ume. Iji mụbaa nso nke Njirimara na ngosipụta ngwa, ọ na-doped na chromium, manganese, aluminum, sịlịkọn, nickel, ọla kọpa, tungsten, vanadium.

N'ihi na pụrụ iche e ji mara nke ígwè ihe onwunwe na ya doping - a ihe mgbagwoju anya usoro karịa ígwè. Onye ọ bụla nke mmiri na-emetụta ndị na ntughari nke carbon forms na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na manganese na-eme ka e guzobere "ikike" nke graphite, nke mma anwụ ngwa ngwa. Okwu Mmalite nke ọzọ carbon na-nwere mmetụta nke mgbanwe na-abaghị uru na steeti, whitening ígwè na mbenata ya n'ibu Njirimara.

The technology na-gbagwojuru anya ala agbaze okpomọkụ (na nkezi ruo 1000? C), ebe nke kasị nke alloying ọcha bụ n'ụzọ dị elu karịa nke a larịị.

N'ụzọ kasị dị irè maka ígwè mgbagwoju alloying. N'otu oge ahụ, i kwesịrị ịtụle amụba ohere segregation nke oge ọgbụgba, cracking ize ndụ nke nēfe ntụpọ. Iji mepụta usoro ihe oru oma na akpa na itinye n'ọkwa furnaces. Amanyere bụ iwu usoro nke nzọụkwụ bụ a elu-edu okpomọkụ omume.

Chromium nkedo ịgà na-ji elu wear eguzogide, ike, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, iguzogide ịka nká na corrosion (CHH3, CHH16). Ha na-eji chemical engineering na na mmepụta nke Metallurgical akụrụngwa.

Nkedo ígwè alloyed na sịlịkọn, na-ji elu corrosion-eguzogide ma na-eguzogide mmetụta nke ike ike chemical ogige, ọ bụ ezie na na-eju afọ n'ibu Njirimara (CHS13, CHS17). Ụdị akụkụ nke chemical ngwa, piping na nfuli.

Otu ihe atụ nke ukwuu mgbagwoju alloying bụ okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nkedo ịgà. Ha na-ebu na ha mejupụtara na nwa alloying ọla dị ka chromium, manganese, nickel. Ha na-ji elu corrosion eguzogide, na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide ma na-eguzogide elu nsogbu n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke elu mmetụta - akụkụ nke turbines, nfuli, Motors, chemical ụlọ ọrụ na ngwá (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

Otu ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa bụ ọla kọpa, nke na-agụnye a mgbagwoju na ndị ọzọ ka ọla, ndị mgbatị ji mara alloy na-abawanye.

ọla kọpa alloy

Ọ na-eji ya dị ọcha ụdị na esịnede ọla kọpa alloys nke nwere a dịgasị iche iche dabere na ruru nke isi na alloying ọcha, ọla, na nke ọla, nickel silver, na ndị ọzọ na nelziybery.

Clean ọla - zinc alloy - bụghị doped. Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agụnye ihe ndị mejupụtara nke alloying -abụghị ferrous ọla na a ụfọdụ ego - ọ na-atụle ga multicomponent. Ọla - ya alloys na ndị ọzọ dara mmiri, ike tin ma ọ bụ tin-nwere, doped N'ọnọdụ nile. Mma mma site na iji igwe, Fe, Zn, Ni, Sn, Pb, Di, Al, P, Si.

The sịlịkọn ọdịnaya nke ọla kọpa ogige mma ha corrosion eguzogide, ike na ekwedo; gbamgbam na opu, - ekpebi àgwà na antifriction n'àgwà ọma ya ikwu machinability; nickel na manganese - mmiri, a na-akpọ deformable alloys nke nwekwara nwere nti utịp ke corrosion eguzogide; ígwè mma na n'ibu Njirimara na zinc - technology.

Ha na-eji ọkụ eletrik dị ka a isi akụrụngwa n'ihi na imewe nke a dịgasị iche iche nke wires, a ihe maka n'ichepụta oké egwu mmiri maka chemical ngwá, na n'ibu injinịa na ngwa na-ewu, na ọkpọkọ na okpomọkụ exchangers.

aluminum doping

Eji dị ka a mgbatị ma ọ nākpa alloys. Doped Ọla ya ndabere bụ ogige nke ọla kọpa, manganese, ma ọ bụ magnesium (duralumin, wdg), nke ikpeazụ - a compound na sịlịkọn, na-akpọ silumins, na ihe nile nke o kwere omume nhọrọ na-doped iji ČR, mg, Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

Ọla kọpa enwekwu ya plasticity; Silicon - na fluidity na àgwà mgbatị Njirimara; chromium, manganese, magnesium - melite ike, nhazi Njirimara na mgbali machinability corrosion eguzogide. Ọzọkwa dị ka alloying mmiri so na iguzogide ịka nká ma na-eme ihe ike ike na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ nwere ike nakweere B, Pb, Zr, edebata, bi.

Iron - ihe ekwesighi akụrụngwa, ma obere obere eji maka mmepụta nke aluminum foil. Silumin eji igba oké egwu akụkụ na housings na n'ibu injinịa. Duralumin na punching ihe aluminum dabeere alloys - otu ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa n'ihi na imewe nke ahu ihe ọcha, gụnyere ike owuwu na ugbo elu-ewu, shipbuilding na igwe.

Alloyed ọla-aka na ebe niile nke ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-mma n'ibu na nkà na ụzụ e ji mara, dị ka tụnyere ndị na-amalite ihe. The nso nke alloying ọcha na nke ahụ, ohere nke oge a na teknụzụ ekwe mee dị iche iche mgbanwe na ịgbatị ike na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ.