Modern whaling: nkọwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchekwa

Gịnị bụ whaling? Nke a whaling iji nweta akụ na ụba uru, kama nri. Egbute na-eji whale anụ dị ka nri malitere naanị na nkera nke abụọ nke XX narị afọ.

Products whaling

Taa, ọ bụla schoolchild maara na whaling malitere blooda mmepụta - whale mmanụ, nke e ji mee ihe na mbụ maka ọkụ, ke imewe nke jute na dị ka lubricants. Na Japan, na blooda e ji mee ka ụmụ ahụhụ megide igurube n'ubi osikapa.

N'ime oge ahụ, technology gbanwere abụba na-ejere ndị ọhụrụ ihe bịara. Blooda na-agaghịkwa eji maka ọkụ dị ka ogologo dị ka e nwere manu oku, ma ọ na-emepụta a umi dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke ncha. Na-eji ya dị ka a emeju ihe oriri abụba ke nkwadebe nke margarine. Glycerol, oddly ezu, bụ a byproduct nke mwepụ nke ọdụdụ asịd si blooda.

Whale mmanụ na-eji na imewe nke kandụl, ntecha na ọgwụ na preparations na n'aka, acha pencils, ink, linoleum, ágbá.

Whale anụ esi nri anụ wepụ ma ọ bụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ powder maka nri anụmanụ. Isi na-eji ọkụ nke whale anụ oriri - Japanese.

Ọkpụkpụ powder ka na-eji dị ka a fatịlaịza na oru ugbo.

Pita nri a na-akpọ ngwọta anụ efere mgbe omume na autoclaves, ọgaranya protein ngwaahịa.

Whale akpụkpọ na Japan n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-na-eji na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ụlọ ọrụ maka imewe nke ọbụ Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị dị ka ike dị ka nkịtị anụ.

Blood powder mbụ na-eji ruru akwa ọdịnaya nke nitrogen dị ka a fatịlaịza, ma n'ihi na Njirimara nke nragide - dị ka ihe nyagide na woodworking ụlọ ọrụ.

Si aru anụ ahụ whale gelatin kwadebere si imeju - vitamin A, si pituitary - adrenocorticotropic hormone si eriri afọ - ambergris. N'ihi na a ogologo oge na Japan nke pancreatic insulin amịpụtara.

Ọ na-fọrọ nke nta ji whalebone, nke na otu oge dị mkpa maka imewe nke corsets, elu wigs, crinolines, mesịa, kichin arịa, ngwá ụlọ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bara uru ihe. Ruo ugbu a, e nwere nkà na crafts site na sperm whale ezé, pilot whale na egbu egbu whales.

Na nkenke, taa whales tinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke whaling

The omumu nke whaling ike-atụle Norway. Ugbua na nkume osise nke niile na-akpa azụ ka puku afọ anọ, e nwere Kọmitii nke ịchụ nta whales. Na site na-abịa mbụ na-egosi nke mgbe whale fishery na Europe n'oge oge nke 800-1000 afọ BC. e.

Na XII narị afọ ọ ejide ke Basque whales na Bay of Biscay. Site n'ebe ahụ, whaling kpaliri n'ebe ugwu Greenland. The Danes, sotere British na-achụgharị whales na mmiri nke Arctic. Na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri North America whalers wee ke Asaa narị afọ. Ná mmalite nke narị afọ ahụ, otu azu sitere na Japan.

N'oge ahụ nsoro na mmiri. Whaling sailboats dị obere, na ìhè-oru na ọ bụghị ezigbo maneuverable. Ya mere ejide bowhead whales na Biscay na rowboats n'aka harpoons na butchered ha na oké osimiri, na-ewere na ndị blooda na whalebone. E wezụga eziokwu na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a bụ obere, ha na-adịghị mmiri iri, na-egbu ha, ha nwere ike kegide ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na towed n'ikpere mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri. Naanị Japanese emeela n'oké osimiri flotilla nke obere ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbụ.

Na XVIII na XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọdịdị ala nke whaling ụlọ ọrụ ka toro, ọ jide ndịda nke Atlantic, Pacific na Indian oké osimiri, South Africa na Seychelles.
Na n'ebe ugwu nke whalers malite ịchọ ndị bowhead na nri whales, humpback whales na, mgbe e mesịrị, na Greenland, Devisovom Strait na nso Spitsbergen, na n'oké osimiri nile nke Beaufort, Bering na Chukchi.

Oge eruola mgbe uta echepụta a ọhụrụ imewe, nke, na obere mgbanwe ka dị, na uta egbe. Gburugburu otu oge a rụnyere n'ụgbọ mmiri na-anọchi uzuoku, na ukwuu na-agba na maneuverability na nke ukwu ibu. Na nke a, m na-apụghị ịgbanwe ma whaling. Narị afọ nke 19 na mmepe nke technology emeela ka fọrọ nke nta ezu ekpochapụ nke ndị bi na-eji ire ụtọ na bowhead whales, nke mere na na mmalite nke ọzọ na narị afọ, kwụsịrị ịbụ a British whaling na Arctic. ịchụ nta center na mmiri mammals kwagara n'ime Pacific Ocean, ka Newfoundland na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Africa.

Na abụọ na narị afọ whaling ruru West Antarctic isuo. Large sere n'elu ụlọ mmepụta ihe na sheltered bays, mgbe e mesịrị-eriri akpa nwa arịa, na biakwa obibia nke whalers nke agaghịkwa na-adabere na n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mere ka e nke na-arụ ọrụ na offshore fleets. New ụzọ nke nhazi whale mmanụ, nke bụ akụrụngwa ke imewe nke nitroglycerine ka dynamite, mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na whales aghọwo, ihe ndị ọzọ, usoro iche umu.

Na 1946, e guzobere na International Whaling Commission, nke e mechara ghọrọ a na-arụ ọrụ ahụ nke International Convention maka Regulation nke Whaling, bụ nke e jikọrọ site fọrọ nke nta na mba niile, Ngwuputa whales.

Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke oge nke azụmahịa whaling ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị ndú a na mpaghara ndidi Norway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Mgbe agha, ha na-anọchi Japan, sotere Soviet Union.

Harpoons na uta egbe

Si n'etiti XIX narị afọ ruo ugbu a azụmahịa whaling bụ na-enweghị uta egbe.

Norwegian whaler Svend Foyn mepụtakwara ndị uta egbe na a ọhụrụ imewe ya. Ọ bụ a arọ agha-arọ nke 50 n'arọ na a ogologo nke abụọ mita, a ube-bombu na njedebe nke na-n'ịnyịnya ụkwụ, sere-ala na-ama na ahụ nke whale, na na-na na ọ dị ka arịlịka, na-egbochi mmiri na-eri. Ibid kpọgidere metal igbe na a ntụ ntụ na a iko arịa na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, nke jere ozi dị ka a fuuz mgbe ndị isi mebiri igosipụta clutches n'ime a merụọ anụmanụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ụgbọ ahụ dochie a remote detonator.

Ka iso, na ugbu a harpoons mere si nnọọ na-agbanwe Swedish ígwè, ha anaghị agbaji ọbụna mgbe ike kacha ike jerks whale. Na uta ejikọrọ sturdy tench ọtụtụ narị mita ogologo.

Nso firing egbe na a gbọmgbọm ogologo banyere otu mita na a dayameta nke 75-90 mm ọwa ruru 25 mita. Nke a anya bụ ezuru, n'ihi na na-emekarị ship bịakwutere whale fọrọ nke nta bịa. First egbe E boro ya ebubo na gbọmgbọm, ma mepụtara Ahịhịa anwụrụ na gunpowder imewe gbanwere na ọ ghọrọ ụgwọ breech. Site imewe uta egbe ọ dị iche iche site na ihe nkịtị ogbunigwe na a mfe sighting na akpalite na usoro, àgwà na irè nke ọku ka iso, na ugbu a na-adabere na nkà nke harpooner.

whaler

Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-ewu nke mbụ uzu ọkụ na-ewetara ma uzu ọkụ na dizel whalers, n'agbanyeghị na mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ, ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, agbanweghị. Nkịtị whaler nwere masịrị ụta na etak ubom, na-osụhọ ebe cheekbones wheel itule ụdị, na-enye ụba maneuverability, nnọọ ala n'akụkụ na elu forecastle, amalite a ọsọ nke 20 mara akpụ (ala 37 km / h). Steam ma ọ bụ mmanụ dizel ike osisi bụ banyere 5 puku. L. a. The arịa na-onwem na a igodo na search ngwaọrụ.

The mgwo agha mejupụtara uta egbe, whale winch maka Anam Udeme n'akụkụ nke Compressor maka pumping ikuku ozu na iji hụ ya buoyancy, ọbụna Foynom mepụtakwara nkwusioru usoro na eriri igwe isi iyi na pulleys iji gbochie agbawa n'oge Lin harpooned anụmanụ jerks.

ọrụ whalers

Mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke nta oké osimiri mammals, na ndị o yiri whaling nchekwa ndụmọdụ na-adịghị mkpa. Ma nke a bụ bụghị ikpe.

Whaling-ewe ebe ke edere edere n'oké osimiri ọtụtụ narị kilomita site n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ sere n'elu isi, mgbe mgbe, n'oge oké ifufe.

Big dị ike na-agba ụgbọ mmiri ichu nta nnukwu whales. Naanị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ whale oge a whaler - ama bukwanu nkà. Na ugbu a, n'agbanyeghị nke search ngwaọrụ, onye nọ ọdụ n'elu poolu na "okwukwa akwụ" sentinel, na harpooner nwere maa direction nke ije nke nnukwu anụ na mgbanwe iji ya na-agba, guzo n'isi. Ahụmahụ dinta nwere ike iduzi ụgbọ mmiri nke mere na isi vynyrnuvshego whale ilo ikuku dị nso ka imi nke ụgbọ mmiri nso na ị nwere ike lee nnukwu anụ blowhole. N'oge a, ndị harpooner Site n'ibu na n'iru n'isi na agba site na mmiri na egbe. Mgbe ahụ, ọ bụghị naanị na Monitors ngagharị nke anụmanụ, ma-eduzi helmsman.

Mgbe whale zaglotnuv ikuku, lowers isi ya n'okpuru mmiri, n'elu na-egosi ya azụ, na oge a na-harpooner na Ome, jiri nlezianya na-ewere ebumnuche. Abụkarị otu hit bụ ezughị, na whale vyvazhivayut dị ka azụ, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-eru nso ya, na-eso a ọhụrụ ogbugba.

Ozu winch wetara ka elu, site na tube na-inflated na ikuku na rapaara osisi na a pennant ma ọ bụ a boi, nke na-n'ịnyịnya na transmitter, bepụ nsọtụ ọdụ nku azu, bee na akpụkpọ nke Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ na-ekpe ka kpafuo.

Ná ngwụsị nke ichu nta niile ịkpafu ozu na-ahọrọ na towed n'ụgbọ mmiri-akpanwa ma ọ bụ oké osimiri ojii.

Coast ụgbọ

The n'ụsọ oké osimiri ebe a kpụrụ gburugburu nnukwu ileghara na ike winch na nke whales na-akpọlite n'ihi na ọnwụ na mgbutu knives. Na abụọ nke boilers odude: n'otu aka - maka-ejere ndị blooda, ndị ọzọ - maka mgbali ọgwụgwọ anụ na ọkpụkpụ. Na kilns ọkpụkpụ na otu anụ abụba mgbe ejere ndị Fikiere, wee gwerie arọ n'agbụ nke loops, nke na-kwụsịtụrụ n'ime cylindrical ọkụ, na mgbe ahụ na milled na a ntụ ntụ na pụrụ iche mills na juru n'ọnụ n'ime akpa. Emechara na ngwaahịa na-echekwara na nkwakọba na tankị. On oge a n'ụsọ-n'ịnyịnya vetikal autoclave na rotary kilns.

Usoro Control na blooda analysis rụrụ na a chemical laabu.

sere n'elu factory

N'oge heyday nke sere n'elu ụlọ mmepụta ihe, nke na-ugbu a na-anwụ anwụ, ha na-akpa na-eji nnukwu azụmahịa ma ọ bụ converted njem ụgbọ mmiri.

Ozu na-ebipụ na mmiri, rigoro on board naanị ọdụdụ oyi akwa na peretaplivalsya na osisi, na ozu ha tụba ya n'oké osimiri ga-eri site na azụ. Kol mee dị ụkọ, na-ezu ohere, otú ahụ akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke fatịlaịza na n'ụlọikpe meghi. Ozu na-eji ihe n'echeghị echiche, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri ụlọ mmepụta ihe nwere ọtụtụ uru. Firstly, ọ bụghị ịgbazite ala a n'ụsọ oké osimiri ojii. Nke abụọ, na agagharị nke mmepụta ihe na-enye ohere iji napụta blooda ka ha na-aga na otu ụgbọ mmiri, ọ dịghị pumping nke onshore tankị.

Ugbua na XX narị afọ wee malite iwu osimiri whaling mmiri na-onwem na ọhụrụ technology, ha nwere ike ịchekwa nnukwu ebuka nke manu, na-aṅụ mmiri. Ha-eriri akpa nwa arịa, nke na-ekewet obere whaling fleets.

Nkà na ụzụ na usoro nke ịcha na nhazi nke abụba dị otú ahụ arịa, n'agbanyeghị ihe dị iche na ngwá, ahụ bụ ihe dị otu dị na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ụgbọ.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ mmepụta ihe e oyi ngwá loin whale anụ, nke na-eji ihe oriri.

Modern whaling njem

Modern whaling a na-ejedebeghị na mba nkwekọrịta na catch na oge nke ịchụ nta oge, nke, Otú ọ dị, mee ihe niile na mba.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ whaling njem ụgbọ mmiri na-abanye akpanwa, na ndị ọzọ na oge a whaling ụgbọ mmiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka lagoro ezumike nka onye na-arụ towing ozu sere n'elu ụlọ mmepụta ihe na nnyefe nke nri, na mmanụ ụgbọala na mmiri onunu si bases ụgbọ mmiri aku search na égbè whales.

Mgbalị ndị e mere iji ịchọ whales site n'ikuku. A ezi ihe ngwọta bụ iji helicopters ala na oche nke a nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri, dị ka ọ na Japan.

Na-adịbeghị anya ọtụtụ iri afọ, ndị whales nọ center nke ọha na eze ebere na anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị kasị umu ruru overhunting anọgidewo na-ojuju. Na nke a n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ fọrọ nke nta niile iche iche nke whaling ngwaahịa na-ama idi wuru nọ n'ọnọdụ.

Obere obere, nọgidere whaling Norway, n'ime Amaala catch - Greenland, Iceland, Canada, na United States, Grenada, Dominica na St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling na Japan

Na Japan, na iche ná mba ndị ọzọ, mgbe aku whaling, karịsịa na ịna whale anụ, blooda na nanị mgbe ahụ.

Ọdịdị nke oge a Japanese whaling njem ndị mmadụ merela bụchaghị na-agụnye a iche iche arịa, a friji, nke a na-oyi kpọnwụrụ mined ma ọ bụ zụta si whalers nke European anụ.

Jiri harpoons ichu nta whales na Japanese malitere kwupụta ọgwụgwụ nke XIX narị afọ, na-amụba na olu nke catch mgbe ụfọdụ na inyịme azu bụghị naanị na Sea of Japan, kamakwa n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific Ocean.

Modern whaling na Japan ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya e lekwasịrị anya tumadi na Antarctic.

Whaling flotilla mba dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasịnụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ngwá. Sonar egosi anya ka whale na ntụziaka nke ya ije. Ọdụdọ temometa na-akpaghị aka na-achọpụta rụọ okpomọkụ mgbanwe elu n'ígwé nke mmiri. Na bathythermograph chọpụta àgwà nke mmiri pụta na vetikal nkesa mmiri okpomọkụ.

Dị otú ahụ ego nke oge a na ngwá na-eme ka o kwe omume ziri ezi Japanese whaling na nkà mmụta sayensị data uru na mkpu ichu nta n'ihi na iwu ndị International Whaling Commission na azụmahịa catch umu.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị òtù gburugburu ụwa, karịsịa US na Australia, na-emegide Japan iji chebe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ obere ụdị whales.

Australia jisiri mkpebi nke International Court, nke machibidoro Japan kụziere whaling na Antarctic.

Japan nāchu whales na ha anoghi n'ulo oba, na-akọwa ọdịnala ndị ala gbara osimiri okirikiri obodo nta nke ndị bi na. Ma Amaala azu na-kwere na ndị mmadụ n'ihi na onye whale anụ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na ụdị nri.

Whaling na Russia

Nga revolutionary Russia bụ n'etiti ndị ndú nke whaling. whales eri anụ kwere nkwa ọlụlụ Pomors, ndị bi na Kola Peninsula na Chukotka amaala ndị mmadụ.

Whaling na USSR maka a ogologo oge, ebe ọ bụ na 1932, ọ na-e lekwasị ke Far East. The mbụ whaling flotilla "Aleut" gụnyere atọ kitobazy na whalers. Mgbe agha na Pacific ejikwara 22 whaling arịa na ise ịcha ala gbara osimiri okirikiri bases, na 60s -. Kitobazy "Far East" na "Vladivostok"

Na 1947, ọ bịara n'ikperé nke Antarctic whaling nsoro "Otuto", bụ nke e si na Germany na reparations. Ya mejupụtara a nhazi ebusa ụgbọ mmiri na 8 whalers.

Ke n'etiti nke XX narị afọ na mpaghara amalitela whaling flotilla "Soviet Ukraine" na "Soviet Russia", na a obere ka e mesịrị na "Yury Dolgoruky" na ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa sere n'elu bases, iji hazie ruo 75 whales kwa ụbọchị.

Far whaling Soviet Union kwụsịrị na 1987. Mgbe Union bipụtara data on imebi nke Soviet fleets IWC quotas.

Taa, dị ka akụkụ nke Amaala azu na Chukotka Autonomous District ekenịmde ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mmepụta oke nke isi awọ whales na beluga whales na IWC ikike nyere Rosrybolovstvo.

ọgwụgwụ

Mgbe a machibidoro na azụmahịa azu, amalitela naghachi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke humpbacks na-acha anụnụ anụnụ whales na ụfọdụ ebe nke oké osimiri.
Ma ndị bi na nke nri whales na Ugwu Ụwa ka nọ n'okpuru iyi egwu nke ikpochapu. Otu nchegbu bụ na bowhead whales nke Okhotsk Sea na isi awọ whales ke edere Pacific Ocean. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ akaha kwụsị obi mbibi nke ndị a mmiri mammals.