Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke sọlfọ

Sọlfọ - pụtara nkịtị na ọdịdị chemical mmewere (iri na isii na ọdịnaya na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na nke isii - ke eke mmiri). E nwere ma nwa afọ sọlfọ (free obodo mmewere) na ya njikọ.

Sọlfọ na ọdịdị

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa eke sọlfọ minerals pụrụ ịkpọ ígwè pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. The oké osimiri dị tumadi n'ụdị calcium sulphate, magnesium na sodium eme rigidity nke eke mmiri.

Olee otú iji nweta sọlfọ?

Mmịpụta nke sọlfọ ore mepụtara ụzọ dị iche iche. Isi usoro nke sọlfọ bụ ya n'oké ozugbo na situ.

Open Ngwuputa usoro-agụnye iji ihe-egwupụta, wepụ n'efu nkume n'ígwé na-ekpuchi na igirigi ibu sulphuric ore. Mgbe ndinuak ndị ore onuete bursts sogide ha seroplavilny osisi.

Na ụlọ ọrụ, sọlfọ na-enwetara ka a byproduct nke Filiks ite-ọku uku maka agbaze, na ejegharịrị. Buru ibu, ọ bụ ugbu ke eke gas (n'ụdị nke sọlfọ dioxide ma ọ bụ hydrogen sulfide), mmanụ nke na-edebe na mgbidi nke ngwá eji. Tọrọ atọ gas site sọlfọ na-eji na ezi chemical ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ngwaọrụ maka mmepụta nke dị iche iche na ngwaahịa.

Nke a ihe onwunwe pụrụ a kwadebere si eke na sọlfọ dioxide. Iji mee nke a, na-eji usoro Claus. Ọ mejupụtara na ngwa nke "sọlfọ olulu" bụ nke a na sọlfọ degassing. N'ihi bụ a gbanwetụrụ sọlfọ na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na mmepụta nke korota.

Basic allotropic mgbanwe sọlfọ

Sọlfọ pụta ụwa allotropy. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke allotropic mgbanwe. The kasị ama bụ orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (agịga) na plastic sọlfọ ahụ. Abụọ mbụ mgbanwe bụ mụ, nke atọ n'oge solidification converted n'ime a rhombic.

The nkịtị Njirimara na ya mara na sọlfọ

Ụmụ irighiri nke orthorhombic (α-S) na monoclinic (β-S) ịnwe mgbanwe ka 8 sọlfọ atọm, nke ejikọrọ na a mechiri emechi akaghị site otu covalent agbụ.

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, sọlfọ nwere a rhombic mgbanwe. Ọ bụ a-acha odo odo crystalline siri ike na a njupụta nke 2,07 g / cm ^3. Ọ na-agbaze na 113 Celsius C. Monoclinic sọlfọ njupụta na-1,96 g / cm ^3, ya agbaze okpomọkụ bụ 119,3 Celsius C.

N'elu-agbaze sọlfọ na-abawanye na olu na-aghọ odo mmiri mmiri nke amama aja aja na 160 ° C na converted n'ime a viscous ọchịchịrị aja aja uka n'elu-eru banyere 190 Celsius C. Na okpomọkụ n'elu a bara uru na sọlfọ viscosity mbelata. Na 300 ° C ya ọzọ na-aghọ mmiri mmiri flowable ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na kpo oku usoro a polymerized sọlfọ, na-amụba okpomọkụ na-amụba yinye n'ogologo. Na mgbe uru nke okpomọkụ n'elu 190 ° C na e mbibi nke polymerized nkeji.

N'elu jụrụ gbazee sọlfọ ndammana guzobere cylindrical crucibles-akpọ akpụ sọlfọ - rhombic kristal nke nnukwu akụkụ, na-enwe a echiche gbagọrọ agbagọ udi nke octahedrons na obere "bee" n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ na nkuku.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị a wụrụ awụ ihe onwunwe na-doro quenching (e.g., site na iji mmiri oyi), ọ bụ ike iji nweta a plastic sọlfọ, bụ a resilient rubbery uka aja aja ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị-acha uhie uhie na agba, na a njupụta nke 2,046 g / cm ^3. Nke a mgbanwe, n'adịghị ka ndị orthorhombic na monoclinic bụ ejighị n'aka. Nke nta nke nta (n'elu ọtụtụ awa), ọ na-agbanwe agba odo, na-aghọ kenkuwa na odomo n'ime a rhombic.

Mgbe oyi sọlfọ Alụlụụ (nnọọ na-ekpo ọkụ) mmiri mmiri nitrogen forms purpurea ya mgbanwe, nke bụ anụ na okpomọkụ n'okpuru mwepu 80 Celsius C.

The okenye na-ajụ bụ ihe fọrọ unyi anaghị agbasa na sọlfọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị ya ji ezi solubility na organic solvents. Ogbenye eduzi nke eletrik na okpomọkụ.

The esi n'ókè nke sọlfọ bụ 444,6 Celsius C. Esi usoro esonyere ntọhapụ nke epe-odo uzu oku esịnede isi nke S ₈ ụmụ irighiri nke dissociate n'elu ụdi kpo oku, na-akpata guzobere ịha Nleta S _6, S ₄ na S _2. Ọzọ, mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ erekasịchaala nnukwu ụmụ irighiri ihe, na na okpomọkụ n'elu 900 degrees ụzọ abụọ iso nnoo nke S ₂ irighiri _dissociate n'ime atọm na 1500 Celsius C.

Gịnị nwere a sọlfọ chemical Njirimara?

Sọlfọ bụ ahụkarị ndị na-abụghị metal. Na ya n'ọrụ. Ọxịdashọn - Mbelata Njirimara nke sọlfọ na-egosi na mmekọrita a plurality nke ọcha. Mgbe ewe iwe, ọ ga-adị mfe jikọtara ya na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile ọcha, nke na-akọwa ya na amanyere bụ iwu nke ọnụnọ dara ores. Ewezụga bụ Pt, Au, m _2, N ₂ na obere, haruru. Ọxịdashọn nke na-egosipụta na sọlfọ ogige, -2, +4, +6.

Properties sọlfọ na oxygen ime ka ya combustion ikuku. The N'ihi nke a na mmekọrịta bụ guzobere sọlfọ dioxide (NTRE ₂₎ na sọlfọ (NKE ₃₎ anhydrides iji na-emepụta sulfurous na igirigi ibu sulphuric asịd.

Na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na sọlfọ Mbelata Njirimara na-egosipụta na na ùgwù nke fluorine na mmeghachi omume nke Nleta sọlfọ hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

N'elu kpo oku (na a gbazee) na-meghachi omume na chlorine, site, sịlịkọn, carbon. The mmeghachi omume na nwụrụ sulfide na hydrogen adianade forms sulfane jikọtara general usoro H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative Njirimara hụrụ sọlfọ site mmeghachi omume na ọla. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mmadụ pụrụ ịhụ nnọọ a mmeghachi omume siri ike. The na mmekọrịta nke metal sulfides kpụrụ (sọlfọ ogige) na polysulfides (mnogosernistye ọla).

Ruo ogologo oge kpo oku na-eme na-ike na asịd, oxidants, agaghi asu oxidized.

Ọzọ, tụlee isi Njirimara nke sọlfọ ogige.

sọlfọ dioxide

Sọlfọ oxide (IV), nakwa kwuru na dị ka sọlfọ dioxide na sulfurous anhydride, bụ a gas (colorless) na a nkọ suffocating ísì ụtọ. Ọ na-emekarị ka gasị nrụgide na ụlọ okpomọkụ. NTRE ₂ bụ ihe acidic oxide. Ọ ji a ọma mmiri solubility. Nke a na-emepụta a na-adịghị ike, na-ejighị n'aka sulfurous acid, bụ nke dị naanị na okenye ihe ngwọta. The mmeghachi omume nke sọlfọ dioxide na alkali sulfites kpụrụ.

Ọ nwere a kama elu chemical ọrụ. Kasị akpọ ndị Njirimara nke chemical Mbelata sọlfọ oxide (IV). Omume dị otú ahụ na-ebu na-abawanye na ogo nke sọlfọ ọxịdashọn.

Oxidative chemical Njirimara gosipụtara sọlfọ oxide na ọnụnọ nke ike mbenata elekọta mmadụ (e.g., carbon monoxide).

sọlfọ trioxide

Sọlfọ trioxide (sọlfọ dioxide) - kasị elu oxide nke sọlfọ (VI). N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, ọ bụ a colorless obodo mmiri mmiri na-enwe a suffocating ísì ụtọ. Ọ na-ifriizi na okpomọkụ ụkpụrụ ala karịa 16,9 degrees. Na nke a, a ngwakọta nke dị iche iche crystal mgbanwe nke siri ike sọlfọ trioxide. High sọlfọ oxide hygroscopic Njirimara ime ka ya "dymlenie" na ọnọdụ nke ooh ikuku. N'ihi ya, guzobere na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ụmụ irighiri mmiri.

hydrogen sulfide

Nwụrụ sulfide bụ a ọnụọgụ abụọ chemical compound nke hydrogen na sọlfọ ahụ. H ₂ S - bụ a na-egbu egbu colorless gas, ndị e ji mara atụmatụ nke nke na-atọ ụtọ uto na isi nke rere ure na àkwá. Ọ na-agbaze na a okpomọkụ nke mwepu 86 ° C na Juda na -60 Celsius C. Thermally ejighị n'aka. Na okpomọkụ ji elu karịa 400 ° C na-akpata decomposition nke hydrogen sulfide na S na H _2. Ọ ji ezi solubility na ethanol. The mmiri dissolves agụghị oké. Dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbasa na mmiri Nleta hydrogen sulfide na-adịghị ike acid. Nwụrụ sulfide bụ a siri ike na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga.

Flammable. Na ya combustion ikuku nwere ike na-edebe ihe-acha anụnụ anụnụ ire ọkụ. Na elu kasịnụ o nwere ike na-eme na ọtụtụ ọla.

na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid

Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid (H ₂ NKE ₄₎ nwere ike ịbụ nke dị iche iche kasịnụ na-adị ọcha. The anhydrous ala bụ a colorless mmanu mmanu mmiri mmiri na-adịghị isi.

okpomọkụ na nke umi na-gbazee, bụ 10 Celsius C. Esi na-ekwu bụ 296 Celsius C. The mmiri dissolves ọma. Mgbe etisasịwo na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid hydrates ii, na a nnukwu ego nke okpomọkụ. The esi n'ókè nke okenye agbanwe agbanwe na a mgbali nke 760 mm HG. Art. ukwuu karịa 100 Celsius C. Ịba esi ebe emee na-amụba acid ịta.

The acid Njirimara nke ihe onwunwe egosi na mmekọrịta ya na isi oxides na bases. H ₂ NKE ₄ bụ a diacid, si otú ahụ nwere na-etolite ka sulfates (salts na-ajụ) na hydrosulfates (acidic nnu), ọtụtụ nke na-soluble n'ime mmiri.

Nke a na ọtụtụ doro anya na-egosipụta Njirimara na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na redox Jeremaya mere. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na mejupụtara nke H ₂ NKE ₄ ke kasị elu ogo sọlfọ ọxịdashọn (6). Dị ka ihe atụ ngosipụta nke oxidative Njirimara nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid pụrụ ịkpata mmeghachi omume na ọla kọpa:

• Cu + 2H ₂ NKE ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + NKE _2.

Sọlfọ: bara uru Njirimara

Sọlfọ bụ Chọpụta mmewere dị oké mkpa maka ndụ ntule. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke amino asịd (methionine na cysteine), enzymes na vitamin. Nke a na mmewere na-agụnye guzobe nke tertiary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein. The ego nke na ya ibikwa sọlfọ ẹdude ke edozi, bụ site ibu si 0,8 na 2.4%. Ọdịnaya nke mmewere na ahụ mmadụ banyere 2 grams kwa 1 n'arọ nke arọ (i.e., banyere 0,2% nke sọlfọ).

Bara uru Njirimara nke Chọpụta mmewere nwere nnọọ njikọ. Ikpuchido protoplasm nke ọbara, sọlfọ bụ ifịk nnyemaaka ahụ na-alụso emerụ bacteria. Ọ na-adabere ego nke clotting, nke ahụ bụ ihe mmewere na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe ya ezigbo larịị. Sọlfọ na-arụ ọrụ na ịnọgide na-enwe kwesịrị etoju nke bile ịta emepụta site ahụ.

"Mma ịnweta" ọ na-emekarị na-akpọ, n'ihi na ọ bụ oké mkpa iji chebe ahụ ike nke anụ ahụ, ntutu isi ma mbọ. Sọlfọ pụta ụwa ike iji chebe ahu megide iche iche iche iche nke na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta. Ọ na-enyere ịkụda ndị merela agadi usoro. Sọlfọ na-asachapụ ozu nsí na-echebe site radieshon, nke dị mkpa karịsịa ugbu a, e nyere ugbu a na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.

Ezughi oke ichekwa Chọpụta ọcha na ahụ nwere ike ime ka ogbenye mwepụ nke toxins, ala ọgụ na vitality.

Sọlfọ - a soò nke nje photosynthesis. Ọ bụ a akụrụngwa nke bacteriochlorophyll na hydrogen sulfide - isi iyi nke hydrogen.

Sera: Njirimara na ngwa ke ụlọ ọrụ

The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na sọlfọ ka na-emepụta na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Ọzọkwa Njirimara nke ihe a ekwe ya na ojiji maka vulcanization nke roba, dị ka a fungicide ugbo na ọbụna ọgwụ (colloid sọlfọ). Ọzọkwa, sọlfọ na-eji maka mmepụta nke ọkụ na pyrotechnic ikwọ, ọ bụ a akụkụ nke na-eme ndị ikwọ serobitumnyh seroasfalta.