Oxides, salts, bases, asịd. Properties oxides, bases, asịd, salts

Modern chemical sayensị bụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ubi, na onye ọ bụla n'ime ha, na mgbakwunye na nke usoro iwu kpuchie, bụ nke dị oké bara uru, bara uru. Ihe ọ bụla ị na-emetụ, ihe niile gburugburu - ngwaahịa nke chemical mmepụta. The isi ngalaba - bụ ihe inorganic na organic onwu. Tụlee ihe isi na klas nke ogige kwuru na dị ka inorganic, na ihe Njirimara ha nwere.

The isi edemede nke inorganic ogige

Iji ndị a nakweere na-esonụ:

1. Oxides.
2. Nnu.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Onye ọ bụla nke na klas na-anọchi anya a nnukwu iche iche nke inorganic ogige ma nwere a bara uru nke nta ka ọ bụla Ọdịdị akụ na ụba na ulo oru na-eme nke mmadụ. All isi Njirimara e ji mara ndị a ogige, na-na ọdịdị na na-na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ onwu N'ezie amanyere bụ iwu na akara ule 8-11.

E nwere a n'ozuzu table nke oxides, salts, bases, asịd, nke bụ ihe atụ nke onye ọ bụla nke bekee na ha ala nke aggregation, ịbụ ke uwa. A na-egosi na mmekọrịta nke na-akọwa chemical Njirimara. Otú ọ dị, anyị ga-atụle ọ bụla nke na klas iche iche na ihe zuru ezu.

A ìgwè nke ogige - oxides

Oxides - a na klas nke inorganic ogige esịnede abụọ ọcha (ọnụọgụ abụọ), otu onye nke bụ mgbe niile O (oxygen) si na ala ọxịdashọn ala -2, guzo abụọ na ahụrụ anya usoro compound. Ihe Nlereanya: N ₂ O _5, CaO na na.

The oxides na-nkewa dị ka ndị a.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - bụghị ike nke na-akpụ salts.

II. Nnu na-akpụ - bụ ike nke na-akpụ salts (na bases, amphoteric ogige ọ bụla ọzọ asịd).

1. Acid - mgbe etinye n'ime mmiri na-etolite asịd. Nonmetals mgbe kpụrụ ma ọ bụ ọla na a elu CO (ọxịdashọn).
2. Key - ụdị isi na mmiri na-abata. Kpụrụ metal mmewere.
3. Amphoteric - egosi acid-isi abụọ agwa, nke a kpebisiri ike site mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ. Kpụrụ mgbanwe metal.
4. Mixed - ọtụtụ mgbe na-ezo aka salts na kpụrụ ọcha na ọtụtụ ọxịdashọn na-ekwu.

Higher oxide - bụ ihe oxide, achọ-akpụ otu bụ na kacha ọxịdashọn ala. Ihe Nlereanya: Te ^_+6. N'ihi tellurium kacha ọxịdashọn ala +6, ọ pụtara TeO ₃ - elu oxide a mmewere. The oge usoro nke ọcha òtù nke ọ bụla aka n'ozuzu ahụrụ anya usoro na-egosi elu oxide niile ọcha na otu, ma naanị isi subgroup. Dị ka ihe atụ, a ìgwè mbụ nke ọcha (alkali ọla) bụ a usoro nke ụdị R ₂ O, nke na-egosi na niile ọcha nke isi subgroup nke otu a ga na-usoro dị elu oxide. Ihe Nlereanya: Rb ₂ O, CS ₂ O na na.

anyị na-enweta kwekọrọ ekwekọ hydroxide na elu oxide etisasịwo mmiri (alkali, acid ma ọ bụ amphoteric hydroxide).

Njirimara oxides

Oxides nwere ike idi ihe ọ bụla ala nke aggregation na nkịtị ọnọdụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ na a siri ike crystalline ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ ụdị (CaO, SiO ₂₎ ụfọdụ CO (acid oxides) hụrụ na ụdị nke liquids (igwe ₂ O ₇₎ na gas (NO, NO _2). Nke a bụ n'ihi na crystal lattice Ọdịdị. N'ihi ya, ihe dị iche na esi ihe na agbaze ihe na ịdị iche iche n'etiti dị iche iche ndị si -272 ⁰ C ka 70-80 ⁰ C (na mgbe ụfọdụ elu). The solubility na mmiri dịgasị.

1. Soluble - isi metal oxides, mara dị ka alkaline, alkaline uwa na ihe nile nke acid ndị ọzọ karịa sịlịkọn oxide (IV).
2. Unyi anaghị agbasa na - amphoteric oxides, niile ndị ọzọ bụ isi na SiO _2.

Gịnị oxides si meghachi omume?

Oxides, salts, bases, asịd igosipụta yiri Njirimara. General Njirimara nke fọrọ nke nta niile oxides (ma e wezụga nesoleobrazuyuschih) - nke a nwere ike dị ka a n'ihi nke kpọmkwem interactions na-etolite dị iche iche salts. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọ bụla otu nke oxides ahụkarị ha kpọmkwem chemical e ji mara na-atụgharị uche Njirimara.

Njirimara nke iche iche iche iche oxides

Basic oxides - ụkwụ	Acidic oxides - CO	Dual (amphoteric) oxide - AO	The oxides adịghị etolite salts
1. Jeremaya mere na mmiri: guzobere alkalis (oxides nke alkali na alkaline ụwa ọla) Fr 2 O + mmiri = 2FrOH 2. Jeremaya mere na ihe acid: guzobere salts na mmiri acid + Me + n O = H 2 O + nnu 3. Mmeghachi omume na CO, guzobe salts na mmiri lithium oxide + nitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. The Jeremaya mere n'ihi na ndị ọcha ịgbanwe CO Me + n O + C = Me + CO 0	1. Reagent mmiri: acid guzobere (SiO 2 wezụga) CO + mmiri = acid 2. Jeremaya mere na bases: CO 2 + 2CsOH = CS 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Jeremaya mere na isi oxides: nnu guzobere P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = igwe 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Jeremaya mere OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Igosipụta sọrọ Njirimara emekọ na ndabere nke acid-isi usoro (na asịd, alkalis, isi oxides na acid oxides). Ebe ọ bụ na mmiri anaghị abata na kọntaktị. 1. Na acid: guzobere salts na mmiri AO + acid = nnu + H 2 O 2. bases (alkali): guzobere hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + mmiri = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Mmeghachi omume na acidic oxides: Nkwadebe nke salts FeO + NKE 2 = FeSO 3 4. Mmeghachi omume na GA: guzobere salts anọ na MnO + Rb 2 O = Rb 2 abụọ nnu MnO 2 5. Jeremaya mere anọ na na alkalis na alkali metal carbonates ka salts guzobere Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Etolite ma asịd ma alkalis. Igosipụta kpọmkwem Njirimara ndiduọ.

Onye ọ bụla elu oxide kpụrụ dị ka metal na nonmetal, etisasịwo na mmiri, na-enye a siri ike acid ma ọ bụ alkali.

Organic asịd na inorganic

Na oge gboo ụda (dabere na ED ọnọdụ - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius acid) - a compound na otu okenye na-ajụ ka dissociate na H ⁺ cations na anions acid residues An ^-. Taa, ọ dị, nlezianya mụọ acid na n'okpuru anhydrous ọnọdụ, otú e nwere ọtụtụ dị iche iche chepụtara ka hydroxides.

Ahụrụ anya usoro oxides, bases, asịd, salts kwukwara na nke akara ihe na index dị iche iche indicative nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na umi. Ka ihe atụ, inorganic asịd kwupụtara nke usoro H ⁺ acid fọduru ^n-. Organic bekee nwere dị iche iche n'ọnụ nkewa. E wezụga ahụrụ anya, nwere ike e dere na ha zuru na condensed bughi usoro, nke ga-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị ihe ndị mejupụtara na nke ukwu nke na ụmụ irighiri ihe, ma iji nke ndokwa nke atọm, mmekọrịta ha na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na a isi ọtọ ìgwè carboxylic asịd -COOH.

Na niile inorganics asịd na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL na ndị ọzọ;
• oxygen (oxo asịd) - HClO ₃ na niile ebe e nwere ndị oxygen.

Ọzọkwa inorganic asịd nkewa site na kwụsie ike (anụ ma ọ bụ anụ - niile ma e wezụga carbonic na sulphurous, obodo ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka - na sulphurous coal). Site ike nke ike asịd nwere ike: na igirigi ibu sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, na ndị ọzọ, nakwa dị ka na-adịghị ike: hydrogen sulfide, na hypochlorous na ndị ọzọ.

Ọ bụghị ndị dị otú a dịgasị iche iche nke na-enye organic onwu. The asịd nke na-organic na ọdịdị, na- carboxylic asịd. Ha ananu - ọnụnọ nke ọtọ otu COOH. Ka ihe atụ, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) na ndị ọzọ.

E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asịd, nke na-elekwasị anya karịsịa anya mgbe atụle nke a n'isiokwu na na ụlọ akwụkwọ onwu N'ezie.

1. Nnu.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Kol.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Na igirigi ibu sulphuric.
8. Acetic acid ma ọ bụ ethane.
9. Butane ma ọ bụ mmanụ.
10. Benzoic.

10 Ndị a asịd bụ isi onwu bekee kwekọrọ ekwekọ na klas na a ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na n'ozuzu, na ụlọ ọrụ na syntheses.

Njirimara nke inorganic asịd

Isi ahụ Njirimara aghaghị ikwu mbụ a dị iche iche n'ọnọdụ nke aggregation. N'ezie, e nwere ọtụtụ nke asịd, ọdịdị nke kristal ma ọ bụ ntụ (boric, phosphoric) n'okpuru ot ọnọdụ. Ihe ka nnọọ ọtụtụ nke a maara nke ọma inorganic asịd bụ a dị iche iche ọmụmụ. Esi na-agbaze okpomọkụ nakwa ịdị iche iche.

Acid nwere ike ime ka oké Burns, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere a ike ebibi organic anụ ahụ na akpụkpọ. N'ihi nchọpụta nke asịd eji egosi:

• methyl oroma (ke mbụ gburugburu ebe obibi - oroma na acid - red)
• Litmus (na-anọpụ iche - violet na acid - red) ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ.

Ihe kacha mkpa chemical Njirimara na-agụnye ikike na-emekọ ihe ma dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju ogige.

The chemical Njirimara nke inorganic asịd

Gịnị emekọ	Ihe Nlereanya nke mmeghachi omume
1. Na mfe-umi ọla. Prekondishion: metal ghaghị iguzo EHRNM ka hydrogen, ka ọla, hydrogen mgbe guzo, na-adịghị ike ka ha chụpụ ya na acid. The mmeghachi omume na-mgbe kpụrụ n'ụdị hydrogen gas na nnu.	HCL + AL = aluminum chloride + H 2
2. bases. N'ihi nke mmeghachi omume bụ nnu na mmiri. Omume dị otú ahụ nke siri ike asịd na alkalis na-akpọ neutralization Jeremaya mere.	Ọ bụla acid (ike) = + soluble isi nnu na mmiri
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: nnu na mmiri.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = ike (NO 2) 2 (nkezi nnu) + 2H 2 O
4. Na isi oxides. Subtotal: mmiri, nnu.	2HCL + FeO = ígwè chloride (II) + H 2 O
5. amphoteric oxides. Total mmetụta: nnu na mmiri.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. salts kpụrụ ọgwụgwụ asịd. Total mmetụta: nnu na a na-adịghị ike acid.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium bromide + H 2 O + CO 2

Mgbe inwe mmekọrịta na ọla emeghachi omume n'ụzọ yiri bụghị ihe niile asịd. Chemicals (ọkwa 9) na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agụnye ezigbo emighị emi ọmụmụ nke ndị dị otú Jeremaya mere, Otú ọ dị, na ndị dị otú ahụ a larịị atụle kpọmkwem Njirimara nke lekwasị nitric na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, site mmeghachi omume na ọla.

Hydroxides: alkali, na unyi anaghị agbasa na amphoteric bases

Oxides, salts, bases, asịd - niile nke ndị a umi na klas nwere a nkịtị chemical ọdịdị nke crystal lattice Ọdịdị na-kọwara, na ibe mmetụta nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ike inye a kpọmkwem definition maka oxide, mgbe ahụ, acid na isi na-eme ya ike.

Dị nnọọ ka asịd, bases na ozizi ED ndị bekee ike disintegrating na otu okenye ihe ngwọta na metal cations Me ^{n +} na anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Kewara isi na udi dị ka ndị a:

• Soluble ma ọ bụ alkali (ike isi na-egosi na-agbanwe agbanwe agba). Kpụrụ metal m, II iche iche. Ihe Nlereanya: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (i.e. na-dere na isi otu ọcha);
• Emezighituri soluble ma ọ bụ unyi anaghị agbasa na (na-ajụ ike, anaghị agbanwe agba nke na-egosi). Ihe Nlereanya: magnesium hydroxide, ígwè (II), (III), na ndị ọzọ.
• Molekụla (na-adịghị ike isi ke otu okenye na-ajụ reversibly dissociate n'ime ion molekul). Ihe Nlereanya: N ₂ H _4, amines, amonia.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (sọrọ ngosi isi-acid Njirimara). Ihe Nlereanya: aluminum hydroxide, beryllium, zinc na na.

Ọ bụla otu Ọkọnọ mụọ na ihe ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke onwu na "Grounds". Chemistry Class 8-9 agụnye ọmụmụ sara mbara nke ubé soluble ogige ma alkalies.

The isi e ji mara atụmatụ nke mgbakwasị

All alkali na soluble ogige hụrụ na ọdịdị na siri ike crystalline ala. The agbaze okpomọkụ nke ha na-emekarị ala, na-agụghị oké soluble hydroxides amalite irekasị mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. Agba dị iche iche ihe mgbakwasị. Ọ bụrụ na alkali ọcha kristal nke agụghị oké soluble na molekụla bases nwere ike nke ukwuu dị iche iche na agba. The solubility nke ọtụtụ ogige nke a na klas nwere ike hụrụ na tebụl, nke ọnọde usoro oxides, bases, asịd, salts, ha solubility gosiri.

Alkalis nwere ike ịgbanwe agba nke na-egosi dị ka ndị a: phenolphthalein - acha uhie uhie, methyl oroma - odo. Nke a na-mbo ihu site n'iru gidroksogrupp free na ngwọta. Ọ bụ ya mere agụghị oké soluble isi dị otú ahụ Jeremaya mere adịghị enye.

The chemical Njirimara nke ọ bụla otu nke dị iche iche bases.

chemical Njirimara
alkalis	ubé soluble bases	amphoteric hydroxides
I. meghachi omume na CO (ngụkọta -hydrochloric na mmiri): 2LiOH + NKE 3 = Li 2 NKE 4 + mmiri II. Meghachi omume na ihe acid (nnu na mmiri): ot neutralization mmeghachi omume (ịhụ asịd) III. Emekọ AO-etolite hydroxo nnu na mmiri: 2NaOH + Me + n O = Na 2 Me + n O 2 + H 2 O, ma ọ bụ Na 2 [Me + n (OH) 4] IV. Emekọ amphoteric hydroxides etolite salts gidroksokompleksnyh: Otu dị na AD, ma na-enweghị mmiri V. meghachi omume na soluble salts na-etolite unyi anaghị agbasa na hydroxides na salts: 3CsOH + ígwè chloride (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Emekọ zinc na aluminum na okenye ihe ngwọta na-etolite salts na hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + mmiri = complexed na hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. Mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ degradability: = Unyi anaghị agbasa na hydroxide oxide + mmiri II. Jeremaya mere ihe acid (mkpokọta: nnu na mmiri): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + mmiri III. Emekọ CO: Me + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Ha na-eme na asịd na-etolite salts na mmiri: Hydroxide, ọla kọpa (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + mmiri II. Ọ mkpatụ na alkalis: mkpokọta - Nnu na mmiri (ọnọdụ: Fusion) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 O III. Emeghachi Omume na ike hydroxides: N'ihi - nnu, ma ọ bụrụ na mmeghachi omume na-adị na otu okenye ihe ngwọta: ČR (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = Rb 3 [ČR (OH) 6]

Nke a bụ ọtụtụ ndị chemical Njirimara nke na ngosi isi. Chemistry bases dị mfe ma na-erube isi izugbe iwu nke inorganic ogige.

Class inorganic salts. Nhazi ọkwa, anụ ahụ Njirimara

Dabere na ọnọdụ ED, inorganic salts nwere ike kwuru ogige ke okenye ihe ngwọta na dissociate metal cations Me ^{+ N} anions na anions An ^n-. N'ihi ya, i nwere ike ichetụ n'echiche nnu. Mkpebi siri ike nke Chemical na-enye bụghị otu, ma nke a bụ ihe kasị-ezi ezi.

Na nke a, dị ka ha na chemical uwa, ihe niile salts na-ekewa n'ime:

• Acidic (enwe cations esịnede hydrogen). Ihe Nlereanya: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (dị ka akụkụ nke gidroksogrupp). Ihe Nlereanya: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Nkezi (ekewet naanị nke a metal cation na ihe acid fọduru). Ihe Nlereanya: NaCL, caso _4.
• Dual (gụnyere abụọ dị iche iche metal cation). Ihe Nlereanya: NaAl (NKE _{4) 3.}
• Mgbagwoju (hydroxo, aqua okụre na ndị ọzọ). Ihe Nlereanya: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula salts gosi na ha chemical uwa, nakwa dị ka okwu banyere qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke molekul.

Oxides, salts, bases, asịd nwere dị iche iche ike solubility, nke nwere ike anya na nwoke table.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere ọnọdụ aggregation nke salts, ọ dị mkpa na-edebe ha monotony. Ha na-adị naanị na ihe siri ike, crystalline ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ ụdị. The agba nso bụ nnọọ iche iche. Ihe ngwọta nke mgbagwoju salts na-emekarị nwere na-egbuke egbuke jupụta agba.

Chemical mmekọrịta klas salts ajụ

Nwere yiri chemical Njirimara nke isi, acid salts. Oxides, dị ka anyị na-ama-atụle, bụ dịtụ iche ha na a na-akpata.

All nwere ike mata 4 isi ụdị mmekọrịta maka usoro salts.

I. mmekọrịta asịd (naanị ike na okwu nke ED) na-etolite ọzọ nnu na a na-adịghị ike acid:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Jeremaya mere na hydroxides na ọdịdị soluble salts na unyi anaghị agbasa na bases:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{soluble nnu 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 unyi anaghị agbasa na isi}

III. Mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ soluble nnu na-etolite ihe unyi anaghị agbasa na soluble salts:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Jeremaya mere na metal, chere ihu na ekpe EHRNM na Nleta a nnu. Na nke a na-abata metal na-agaghị eme na nkịtị ọnọdụ iwe iwe na mmiri:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Ndị a bụ ndị isi ụdị nke interactions na ndị e ji mara ndị nkịtị salts. Formula mgbagwoju salts, isi, acidic na abụọ ekwu maka onwe ha banyere specificity gosipụtawo chemical Njirimara.

Formula oxides, bases, asịd, salts na-egosipụta chemical ọdịdị nke niile nnọchiteanya nke ndị a na klas nke inorganic ogige, na mmata, nye ihe echiche nke aha ihe onwunwe na ya n'ụzọ nkịtị Njirimara. Ya mere, ha na-ede ga-ege ntị. A nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke ogige n'ozuzu na-enye anyị ihe dị ịtụnanya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị - onwu. Oxides, asịd, salts - bụ nanị otu akụkụ nke nnukwu iche iche.