Cycloalkanes - ya ... cycloalkanes: na-usoro, chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara

Cycloalkanes - bụ hydrocarbons, nke na ya na mejupụtara nwere a mechiri emechi Ọdịdị. Ka anyị tụlee atụmatụ nke ndị a ogige, ha na ubi nke ngwa.

klas Atụmatụ

Gịnị bụ cycloalkanes? Formula CnH2n klas na-egosi na onye ahụ enweghị hydrogen atọm. Ọnọdụ a na-agụnye abụọ ndapụta. Nhọrọ, Ọdịdị kwesịrị a abụọ nkekọ na molekul nwere ma a mechiri emechi Ọdịdị. Gịnị ka a na Ọdịdị nke cycloalkanes nwere? Formula ha kwekọrọ na nke abụọ ahụ, ya bụ, ọnụnọ ke molekul nke mechiri emechi Ọdịdị. Ọ bụ Ọdịdị nke ahụ specificity nke akpan akpan na-akpata anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke a na klas nke hydrocarbons.

Olee otú ọtụtụ ndị dị iche iche cycloalkane kwekọrọ na mejupụtara C4H8? Iji chọta azịza nke ajụjụ a, ọ dị mkpa inyocha ihe ụdị isomerism, nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke cycloalkanes. The abụọ isomers na qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nwere a cyclic Ọdịdị: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Ndị dị otú ahụ otu nhọrọ na-akpọ isomers nke n'akụkụ yinye.

Ebe ọ bụ na cyclo - a interclass isomers nke unsaturated olefins pụrụ ịtụle formulas nke bekee, nke na-emi esịnede a abụọ nkekọ. abụọ owuwu pụrụ ịdị ná ndị na-esonụ ụdị: butene-1 na butene-2. Anabatakwa a ajụjụ banyere otú dị iche iche cycloalkanes nwere ike idi maka chọrọ usoro, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ọ bụghị nanị na cycloalkanes, ma alkenes. Naanị na a bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume n'okpuru azịza ziri ezi.

Ya mere, cyclo - bụ hydrocarbons, nke nwere dịkarịa ala abụọ na ụdị isomerism.

nomenclature Atụmatụ

Aha nke kpọmkwem cyclic hydrocarbon mejupụtara e nyere na zuru dị na mba nomenclature. N'ihi na bases eji a carbon nọmba ahụ e mechiri emechi circuit. Ọzọ, tụlee atọm ugbu ke n'akụkụ yinye. Ka ihe atụ, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - bụ ogige nke carbon atọm bụ sp3 ngwakọ ala, n'otu aka ahụ, na jupụta hydrocarbons. Nke a na atụmatụ na-akọwa isi ụzọ maka nkwadebe na e ji mara Njirimara nke a na klas.

Nhọrọ maka inweta cycloalkanes

Olee otú m ga-esi cycloalkanes? Ihe Nlereanya nke isi Jeremaya mere na-egosi na e nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka ha ọzụzụ. Ka ihe atụ, cyclohexane na-emepụta site hydrogenation nke aromatic benzene. Ogige na atọ, anọ mgbanaka carbon atọm nwere ike na-akwadebe site cleavage nke molekụla halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Ọzọkwa cycloalkanes nwetara na pyrolysis nke salts nke dicarboxylic organic asịd. Heating enweghị ọnụnọ nke ikuku na-eduga ná guzobe cyclopentane na cyclohexane.

chemical Njirimara

Naphthenes chemical Njirimara yiri jupụta hydrocarbons. N'ihi na ha, ndị peculiar mmeghachi omume na halogens na ụdị nke nnọchi. Ke adianade do, na-anọchite anya naphthenes banye a chemical mmeghachi omume na nitric acid. Cycloalkanes eguzogide lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Na chlorosulfuric acid na oleum mmeghachi omume na-ekwe omume: emecha kpụrụ sọlfọ oxide (4).

Naphthenes enwe na ụmụ irighiri nke 5 na nke 6 carbon atọm na-atụle na ya anụ compound. Ma mgbe ọ gụrụ a bromide ma ọ bụ aluminum chloride, ọ bụ ha isomerization na-esonyere mmachi ma ọ bụ ndọtị nke mbụ okirikiri.

isomerization

Ka ihe atụ, na isomerization usoro, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane iche-iche. Na mmanụ na-hụrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke nkwekọrịta nke cyclopentane na cyclohexane, ndị ọzọ na-anọchite anya nke naphthenes e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta na-anọghị.

The pụrụ iche na atụmatụ nke abụọ cycles tụlee ike na-etolite dị otú ahụ a conformation na nke ụfọdụ carbon atọm na-eduzi atugharị, na n'ime akaghị. Nkwurịta okwu a na-akpọ intranulyarnymi, na ndị na-emi odude n'ime mgbanaka, na-akpọ ekstranulyarnymi agbụ.

Ka ihe atụ, maka kacha cyclodecane mma conformation chere intranulyarnyh isii na iri na anọ ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen atọm. Nke a pụtara kara CH2 iche iche, nke na-apụta ìhè na-amụba nkekọ ume, na mma na chemical Njirimara nke compound.

N'ihi hydrocarbons enwe 12 ma ọ bụ karịa carbon atọm, ji conformational agagharị. Ebe ọ bụ na na C-kpamkpam rotatable, maka ndị dị otú ahụ na njikọ na-adịghị azọrọ na ịdị adị nke trans na CIS iche-iche.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) nwere ike ịnwe a eke mmanụ ke nso site na 25 ruo 75 percent. The quantitative ọdịnaya nke ha na-adabere na weighting nta. The mmanụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nke nwere nnukwu mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ebe, e nwere onye na-abawanye na aromatic owuwu. Karịsịa a otutu naphthenes hụrụ na Emba na Baku mmanụ.

The quantitative ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ na-elu 80 percent. A mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị nke crude mmanụ na nkesa nke cyclo-fractions. Naa na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-ewere thermodynamically monocyclic hydrocarbons nke nwere ogologo mpụta alkyl yinye. CnH2n nkesa ụdị owuwu bụ ozugbo kọọrọ ụmụ okpomọkụ na-eji na distillation nke mmanụ ala.

Ka ihe atụ, monocyclic naphthenes na-adịghị ahụrụ na okpomọkụ nso nke 300-350 degrees Celsius, na bicyclic ogige akwụsị na ngafe okpomọkụ egosi 400 degrees Celsius.

Njirimara cyclopropane

C3H6 bụ mfe nnọchiteanya nke naphthenes. Nke a gaseous umi-enwe negligible solubility n'ime mmiri. Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi chemical Njirimara ji mara ndị na organic compound anọrọ catalytic hydrogenation. The ngwaahịa a na mmekọrịta bụ kacha hydrocarbon propane. Ọzọkwa, cyclopropane, ndị ọzọ yiri hydrocarbon, na-emeghachi omume na oxygen na-etolite carbon dioxide, mmiri vepo, a zuru ezu ego nke ike.

Karịsịa nnọchiteanya nke klas

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụnyere ndị reflux okpomọkụ nke na-anọchite anya nke klas cycloalkanes na-egosi maka alkanes ndị nwere otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm, ha ga-ubé elu. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na cyclical Ọdịdị nke a na klas. naphthenes njupụta karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ maka alkanes, ma ubé ala karịa ndị arena.

Iji ghọta otú ọtụtụ dị iche iche cycloalkanes-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi otu usoro, ị ga-eme ka ọdịiche bụghị naanị isomers nke cyclic umu, ma na kpọmkwem ọkpụkpụ esịnede kotorgo nwere a abụọ nkekọ. Na ọnụnọ nke substituents na molekul n'ụdị hydrocarbon radicals, a Mbelata na-agbaze n'ókè nke cycloalkane.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị enyochaa ihe anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke a na klas nke hydrocarbons, ọ bụ ike ịrụ a nhazi nkewa nke bekee na njikọ na obere yiri mgbaaka (atọ ma ọ bụ anọ), ọkọlọtọ (ise, isii, asaa), ọkara (si asatọ iri na abụọ), nakwa dị ka na nnukwu cycles (site na iri na abụọ carbons).

Areas ojiji

Ka anyị kwuo banyere ihe ndị bụ isi ojiji nke cycloalkanes. Naphthenes na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ka ihe atụ, cyclopropane bụ a narcotic ọgwụ. Cyclopentane a na-ewere a ọma mgbaze, ọ na-ekwu na organic njikọ. Cyclohexane a chọrọ na chemical njikọ Jeremaya mere nke naịlọn, naịlọn (polyamide esiwọrọ ekemende), ke adianade do, ọ na-ekwu na-emepụta benzene. Jupụta alkanes na cycloalkanes enweta ala reactivity. Nke a na-kọwara ala polarity C-C nkekọ. Ke adianade do, a ịrịba ego nke cycloalkanes eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ.

ọgwụgwụ

Mixtures nke onye hydrocarbons na naphthenes na-eji Nlụpụta lubricants. Anọchitekwa anya nke a na klas nke hydrocarbons ike melite arụmọrụ nke dizel fuels. Ka ihe atụ, cycloalkanes mmako n'ụzọ enwekwu octane nọmba, enwekwu viscosity, enwekwu combustion okpomọkụ nke engine. Ọ bụ ya mere cycloalkanes na-adịghị kewapụrụ nụchara anụcha mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa, na-ahapụ a akụkụ nke mmanụ ụgbọala nta.

Ụtụtụ naphthenes na-eji dị ka organic solvents. Cycloalkanes na nkezi molekụla ibu-eji na mmepụta nke sịntetik detergents. Zuru ezu naphthenes ma na-aga dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, ebe a bukwanu ego nke okpomọkụ n'oge ha combustion.