Dzhon Dalton - English ọkà mmụta sayensị-n'ụgbọala nke XVIII narị afọ

Kọwaa naanị otu na nkà mmụta sayensị ọpụrụiche, nke nwere ike ekewet Dzhon Dalton, siri ike. Otu n'ime ndị kasị na-akwanyere ùgwù na-akwanyere ùgwù ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge ya, bụ a physics, a ọgwụ, meteorologist. Mara maka ọrụ ya ewepụtara Bekee. Ọ mbụ mụọ ntụpọ nke agba ọhụụ, nke nwere na nke e mesịrị na-akpọ site aha ya - colorblind.

Onye Ozizi-kụziiri

Universalism nke ya na nkà mmụta sayensị echiche na di iche iche nke research ọdịmma nwere ike ikpe kọwara ya enweghị ịga akwụkwọ na a akpan akpan ubi. Dzhon Dalton mụrụ September 6, 1766 na obodo nke Iglsfilde, County Kimberlend n'ebe ugwu nke England, na a n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye nke a ekwe. Nne na nna ya ndị Quaker dissenters, agọnahụ ihe niile na-ejikọrọ na ukara Church of England, otú a nleta agụmakwụkwọ njikọ maka John bụ ekwe omume.

The mkpa irite na nwata, elu ike na ọchịchọ inweta ihe ọmụma emewo ka na-atụghị anya N'ihi. N'ihi maruuru John Gouhom, ndị ìsì ọkà ihe ọmụma-ọkà mmụta, nyefee ya n'aka ya a akụkụ nke ha ihe ọmụma na ike onwe-akụziri, Dzhon Dalton ruo afọ 12 malitere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi na a ime obodo akwụkwọ.

Dalton Meteorology

Dalton ahụ bụ nke mbụ n'akwụkwọ nke na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-akpọ "Meteorological kwuru na ahụmahụ" (1793). N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ onye nyeere a-eto eto onye nkụzi ịkwaga Manchester na-esi na a ọnọdụ ịkụzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na New College. Interest na Meteorology bịakwutere ya site maara Elihu Robinson, ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia si n'obodo ya, Iglsfilda. Dzhon Dalton n'ọrụ ya, nwere ọtụtụ nke echiche nke dugara ya n'ọdịnihu mmeghe nke gas iwu, mepụtara na ozizi nke guzobere ikuku aga, chọrọ site George Headley.

Na 1787, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere idebe a edetu nke ihu igwe kwuru. Dzhon Dalton, onye biography bụ akpali nnọọ mmasị ma na-akụzi, nke ikpeazụ ntinye ke edetu e ebelata n'aka mgbe afọ 57. Ndia bu n'ihi nke a na-amụ ikuku mejupụtara - kasị dị ịrịba ama rụzuru nke Dalton na onwu na physics. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ ọ malitere tụọ okpomọkụ nke ikuku dị iche iche elu, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro ka ugwu na Lake District na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ-nke mba.

colorblindness

The abụọ isi ọrụ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ewepụtara na philology - "Akụkụ nke English Grammar" (bipụtara na 1801), ma mgbe ahụ ya anya na ya dọọrọ mmasị ya e ji mara echiche metụtara na agba ọhụụ. Mgbe ọ nọchara ihe dị ka afọ 35, ọ hụrụ na Enyi kacha enyi agba dị iche iche ka ọtụtụ ndị, nakwa na otu atụmatụ nwere nwanne ya. Ngwa ngwa ghọtara na ọ bụ bụghị naanị nhazi ọkwa nke na agba (na agba, nke ọ na-akpọ-acha anụnụ anụnụ, dị iche iche si na ihe ndị ọzọ chere na ọ bụ), Dalton kwuru na ya na-eche banyere ndị na-akpata nke a onu.

Ọgwụgwụ nke na-eketa ihe na uwa nke a ntụpọ ziri ezi, ma nkọwa nke ya anya bleaching mmiri mmiri e mesịrị disproved. Nlezianya research na n'echiche nke obibia nke nsogbu, nke e mepụtara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ n'isiokwu bụ "Pụrụ iche ikpe nke agba" (1794), bụ ndị na-akpata ihe isi nke okwu, nke ka ebe e ji ophthalmologists.

gas ozizi

Ike nkwubi okwu site kwuru na nwere na-eduga yiri ebe nke sayensị - ndabere nke okike usoro, nke bụ a nna ukwu nke Dzhon Dalton. Discoveries na onwu na physics, o mere, na-emekarị dabeere na otu nwere. Site na-amụ ikuku, miri iyi, akpụ ihu igwe, ọ gbanwere ma na-amụ interactions nke gas dabere na ha anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara - njupụta, nrụgide, wdg The results nke ọrụ a hapụ ya ka ọ na-eme nchoputa ke corpuscular - .. Atomic - ọdịdị nke umi.

Nlele na ikuku ndi mere ka nchọpụta nke ọtụtụ Dalton isi iwu: na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu (pụta ụwa ka onye mmiri) nrụgide nke a gas ngwakọta (1801), na iwu nke kwes mgbasawanye nke gas (1802) na ihe nakawa etu esi nke mgbasa nke gas na mmiri (1803). Ọgwụgwụ nke na ịdị ukwuu nke dị iche nke atọm emejupụta, haruru, ọnụnọ nke kwes envelopu okoloatomnoy kwere Dalton-akọwa ọdịdị nke mmụba nke gas mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, ha mgbasa na nsogbu dabere na mpụga ọnọdụ.

Dalton si atọm Ozizi

The echiche na ihe nile na ọdịdị mejupụtara obere indivisible ọcha, na-ama ama kwupụtara oge ochie dere. Ma, ọ bụ Dalton nyere ndị a echiche physicality. Isi ndokwa nke ozizi ya ọtụtụ okwu:

• All na ihe anụ iso nke kasị nta - indivisible, kere ozugbo ahụ - atọm.
• Atọm nke otu umi ke uka na size.
• Atọm nke dị iche iche ihe iche iche na-aba na ibu ibu.
• More mgbagwoju urughuru bekee iso nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dị iche iche nke atọm.
• The arọ nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ahụ nke umi hà nchikota nke pụta nke constituent atọm.

Chekwara nke ọma ihe nlereanya nke molekul, Dalton mere nke osisi chaplet. The isi n'uru nke ọkà mmụta sayensị - n'itinye na nkà mmụta sayensị echiche nke ikwu atọm ibu mkpebi siri ike atọm nke hydrogen ka a molekụla ibu nkeji. Atomic uka ghọrọ isi umi ke a quantitative e ji mara onwu. Ọ bụghị ihe niile echiche Dalton nke atọm Ọdịdị nke ihe ndị ziri ezi n'ihi enweghị mmepe nke general physics, ma ozizi ya na-eje ozi dị ka a dị ike kwalite ihe ọmụma nke atọm.

ude

Ole na ole na-enwe ike iji nweta na sayensị n'elu, na-enwe ndị dị otú ahụ a siri ike mmalite, dị ka Dzhon Dalton. Brief biography nke ọkà mmụta sayensị - a doro anya ihe atụ nke otú mkpebi siri ike na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ maka ihe ọmụma na-agbanwe agbanwe ndụ mmadụ. Ọ na-ekwe gị Chọpụta ụzọ nke ịghọ a siri ike na àgwà na-ahụ otú bụ mgbanwe nke a nwa na-enweghị nke na-enweghị ohere nke na a oké njọ usoro nke agụmakwụkwọ, ndị nne na nna kweere onye-emechi ụzọ na mahadum, na ihe mba ghọtara ọkà mmụta sayensị, so na prestigious na nkà mmụta sayensị academies nke Europe.

Atụ ole na ole ihe mere eme nke ndị dị otú ahụ a devotee, fọrọ nke nta ndị mọnk na-asọpụrụ sayensị, bụ nke mere Dzhon Dalton. Photo osise na-ese na a ọkà mmụta sayensị na oge ikpeazụ nke ndụ, na-egosi otu nwoke onye nyere ike nile methodical na ịrụsi ọrụ ike.

Dalton ụgwọ ọrụ bụ ude nke ndị ibe ha na ụmụ akwụkwọ. The oyiyi nke ọkà mmụta sayensị wụnye n'ọnụ ụzọ ndị Royal College of Manchester, ebe ọ kụziiri n'ụbọchị ya. N'ọdịnihu, a ude ebiliwo ghọọ a n'ezie zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ama.