Echebe mpaghara nke elu nsogbu gas, ọkara na ala

Ugbu a, ọ bụ siri ike iche n'echiche ndụ na obodo, nakwa dị ka ulo oru na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-enweghị ihe ike pipeline usoro. Ha nri mmiri mmiri na ikuku ndi, ka ndị mmadụ ikpo obibi na ulo - na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, na-erite uru site na ịdị adị nke gas, ọ ga-eti na gas nkwurịta okwu bụ nnọọ ize ndụ ma na fraught na oké njọ mmebi ha na mberede.

Site n'akụkọ banyere gas pipelines

The mbụ pipelines e ji in Ancient China. Dị ka na-eji achara akpa, na ndị overpressure na ọkpọkọ na gas e nyere "nnukwu mpo". The ogige nke achara tube na-juru n'ọnụ eriri ndị dị otú ahụ akụkụ na-ekwe Chinese okpomọkụ na ìhè n'ebe obibi ha Takọọ nnu.

The mbụ European gas pipelines pụta na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19. Mgbe ahụ gas e ji ike n'okporo ámá ọkụ. The mbụ n'okporo ámá oriọna ndị mmanu mmanu, na 1799 na France Lebon aro termolampy ike ịghọta na ikpo ụlọ. The echiche na-akwado site na ndị ọchịchị, ọ kwadebere n'ụzọ puku gas jets ulo-ya, nke ruo mgbe ọnwụ ya nọgidere na-engineer Paris ịrịba ama. Naanị na 1813 ụmụ akwụkwọ Lebon jisiri amalite ọkụ nke obodo ndị dị otú ahụ a ụzọ, ma ọ bụ na na England. Na Paris ọ dara afọ isii, na 1819. The mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji aka wuru coal gas.

St. Petersburg malitere ikpo ụlọ, agafe gas site na pipeline ke 1835, mgbe Moscow - na 1865.

Types of gas dabere na gas mgbali n'ime ha na usoro gasket

Gas pipeline akpọ ndị na-ewu nke ọjà, okporo osisi na ngwa, iji napụta ndị gas ahụ chọrọ ọnọdụ. The gas ije na-mgbe na-rụrụ nrụgide, nke na-adabere na e ji mara onye nke ọ bụla òkè.

Gas pipelines bụ akara na nkesa. The mbụ gas na-ebu ihe karịrị anya si a nkesa ebe ọzọ. Nke ikpeazụ na-iji napụta gas si ịmafe ebe ebe nke oriri ma ọ bụ nchekwa. The mejupụtara nke mmetụta dị aṅaa pụrụ ịgụnye dị ka otu ma ọ bụ karịa e, interconnected otu nhazi yinye.

Anya pipelines bụ nke abụọ ige, dabere na gas mgbali ha na ha.

• The mbụ na udi nke isi pipeline ejikwara nrụgide ruo 10 MPa.
• The abụọ udi nke gas nnyefe pipelines e mere na-arụ ọrụ na a gas onye nrụgide bụ 2,5 MPa.

Nkesa pipelines na-ekewa atọ dị iche iche dabere na gas mgbali nime ya.

• Low nsogbu. The gas na-ebugharị ha na 0,005 MPa.
• Ọkara nsogbu. Nyefe gas dị otú ahụ ducts a rụrụ n'okpuru a mgbali nke si 0,005 ka 0.3 MPa.
• Elu nsogbu. Ha na-arụ ọrụ a mgbali nke 0.3 na 0,6 MPa.

Ọzọ nhazi ọkwa-enye gị ohere ịkọrọ niile gas pipelines, dabere na otú ha na-ebikwasị na ala, mmiri n'okpuru osimiri na n'ala.

Gịnị bụ nche nkebi nke gas pipeline na n'ihi ihe ọ bụ

Nke a ibé, symmetrical na-akwanyere ndị pipeline axis, obosara nke nke na-adabere na ụdị na pipeline arụnyere site pụrụ iche ngwá. The oruru nke nche zones nke gas pipelines na-eme ka o kwe omume na gbochie ma ọ bụ machibido ndị na-ewu a gas pipeline dị n'ógbè ahụ. Nzube nke ya e kere eke bụ ike nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ nke pipeline, ya mgbe mmezi iji chebe eziokwu na ileda ndị na-esi nke nwere ihe ọghọm.

E nwere "Regulations maka nchebe nke isi pipelines" na-achịkwa oruru nke na-echebe zones dị iche iche dị anwụrụ edoghi, nke na-agụnye na gas pipelines ụgbọ njem eke gas ma ọ bụ gas ndị ọzọ.

Na echekwa mpaghara na-ekwe ka na-eduzi ọrụ ugbo, ma-adịghị ekwe ka na-eduzi na-ewu. Ọrụ na ntaghari ohuru nke ẹdude ụlọ, owuwu na netwọk ga-kwetara na-eweta nke mmezi na ime ihe nke pipeline. Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọrụ ndị na-na-agaghị ekwe na-ebu na echekwa mpaghara, na-agụnye ndokwa nke cellars, compost olulu, ogbugbu nke ịgbado ọkụ, echichi nke fences na gbochie free ohere ka ọjà, na-eke landfills na nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ, echichi nke steepụ, dabeere na gas pipeline, nakwa dị ka ngwaọrụ n'enweghị ikike njikọ.

Properties echekwa mpaghara nke elu nsogbu gas

Echebe mpaghara pipeline nke elu nsogbu nke 1st na 2nd Atiya edozi ahụ. Ha ọrụ - ezitekwara gas na-ekesa na netwọk nke ala na-ajụ nsogbu.

• Elu nsogbu pipelines 1st Atiya ọrụ na gas na a mgbali nke 0,6 MPa ka 1.2 MPa, ma ọ bụrụ na ha kwaga eke gas ma ọ bụ gas-air ngwakọta. N'ihi hydrocarbon, haruru ebu na mmiri mmiri n'ụdị, nrụgide ekwesịghị gafere 1.6 MPa. Ha nche mpaghara bụ 10 m na abụọ nke pipeline axis na ikpe nke na-ekesa pipelines na 50 mita maka a isi elu-mgbali gas, nke eke gas na-ebu. N'ihe ebe njem na-rụrụ gasị gas echekwa mpaghara bụ 100 m.
• Elu nsogbu pipelines 2nd Atiya ebuga eke gas, gasị-gas ngwakọta na gas mgbali nke 0.3 na 0,6 MPa. Ha nche mpaghara bụ 7 m, ọ bụrụ na gas pipeline - 50 m maka eke gas na 100 - LPG.

Organization echekwa mpaghara nke elu nsogbu gas

Security elu nsogbu gas mpaghara haziri site ná nzukọ ya na-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke oru ngo, ikwu na égbè, mere mgbe ẹkụre ewu na ikike. Iji nọgide na ya, ihe ndị a.

• Ọnwa isii ọ bụla, nzukọ na-arụ ọrụ na-elu-mgbali gas pipelines, na iwu ji na-echetara ndị mmadụ na òtù ndị na-erigbu ndị na-ala na-echebe ebe, na ala eji nke saịtị ndị a atụmatụ.
• Kwa afọ, ọ na a ga-gbanwee ma gbazie niile wepụtara na ya ndekọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Echebe mpaghara nke elu nsogbu gas a nụchara anụcha karị.
• Security elu nsogbu gas mpaghara akara na ya linear ngalaba site Ogwe mere ndokwa na a anya nke bụghị ihe karịrị 1000 m (Ukraine) na bụghị ihe karịrị 500 m (Russia), a kọlụm kwesịkwara akara niile akụkụ nke adiana nke tube.
• na nrutu nke mmetụta dị aṅaa na okporo ụzọ na ndị ọzọ na nkwukọrịta chọrọ ka akara pụrụ iche ihe ịrịba ama, ịgwa na e nwere a mpaghara nke nkewapụ elu nsogbu gas pipeline. Bus stop n'ime ẹkedọhọde echekwa mpaghara a ka amachibidoro.
• Onye ọ bụla mmanya na-nyere na abụọ akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa na ihe ọmụma banyere ihe omimi nke omume nke ụzọ ahụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ya direction. The mbụ efere na-n'ịnyịnya ekwesị na ndị ọzọ na akara agbara - na na n'akuku nke 30 degrees na-ekwe ka visual nnyocha si n'èzí.

Atụmatụ nke na-echebe mpaghara nke usoro mgbali gas pipelines

Security ajụ mgbali gas mpaghara dị ka ọkọlọtọ akwụkwọ nke 4 mita. Ma ihe ndị na elu-mgbali aka ahụ, ọ na-emekwa ihe na-adabere technical akwụkwọ, nke a na-nyere site na otu - emepụta. Ihe ndabere maka ihe e kere eke nke nche zones na itinye ya na nna ya ukwu atụmatụ bụ omume nyere site mpaghara ọchịchị ma ọ bụ onyeisi.

Echebe mpaghara ajụ mgbali pipeline presupposes mgbochi yiri ndị kpọmkwem maka elu nsogbu e. Iji mepụta ọ bụla gwupụtatụrụla ọrụ echekwa mpaghara a chọrọ iji nweta ikike nzukọ na-eje ozi na-gas pipeline ngalaba.

Akara nke na-echebe zones maka nkezi mgbali yiri nke ahụ. On Ogwe kwesịrị-enwe efere na ihe ọmụma banyere ihe aha nke pipeline, ejikọ ụzọ, a anya si efere ọjà axis, ihe ọtụtụ echekwa mpaghara, telephones maka nkwurịta okwu na nzukọ na-ekwusi ike na òkè nke pipeline. Boards na-ekwe ka-etinye na ihe eletrik pylon, nkwurịta okwu na netwọk na ule ogidi.

Properties echekwa mpaghara nke ala nsogbu gas edoghi

Isi ọrụ nke ala-na-mgbali gas na-enye a gas tụkwasị residential ụlọ na akụkụ, nke nwere ike ma wuru na-ma ọ bụ freestanding. Transportation na ha buru ibu nke gas na-uneconomical Otú ọ dị, ndị na ịba uru nnukwu na-eji ọkụ ndị dị otú ahụ na netwọk na-adịghị mee ihe.

Low mgbali gas mkpu ebe bụ 2 m na abụọ nke axis nke anwụrụ ibikwasị. Ndị a pipelines bụ dịghị ihe ọzọ dị ize ndụ, otú ahụ ka echekwa mpaghara gburugburu ha bụ ntakiri. Mmachibido na ya na ime ndị yiri ndị ẹkenam maka ndị ọzọ ụdị echebe zones nke pipeline.

Security ala nsogbu gas mpaghara akara N'otu aka ahụ gara aga abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na efere na-mere ndokwa na bindings, bụ odo, mgbe ahụ, padded anwụrụ mere nke polyethylene. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ihe nke tube - ígwè. The mbadamba nwere ihe e ji mara maka elu-mgbali piping red fringing n'elu.

Echebe mpaghara nke elu pipeline

A na-akpọ elu gas pipeline nke dị n'azụ ụlọ na diaphragm ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ịmafe ngwaọrụ, ma na casing, via nke ndenye n'ime ụlọ na ala n'onwe. Ọ nwere ike dị n'okpuru ala, na-efe n'elu ma ọ bụ ala.

N'èzí gas, ndị na-esonụ iwu maka ịchọpụta nke nchebe zones:

• Echebe mpaghara na-agba tinyere elu pipeline bụ 2 m si n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke axis.

• Mgbe ihe n'okpuru ala pipeline bụ ndokwa na nke polyethylene anwụrụ na ahụ na-apụtakwa na ọla kọpa na-eduzi ya egwu, na-echekwa nkebi nke ala pipeline na nke a bụ site ịchọta wires 3 m, na n'aka nke ọzọ - 2 m.
• Ọ bụrụ na mmetụta dị aṅaa bụ ndokwa na permafrost ala, irrespective nke anwụrụ ihe onwunwe ya echekwa mpaghara nke 10 m na abụọ nke tube axis.
• Ọ bụrụ na mmetụta dị aṅaa bụ ofu-mmezi intersects na ọhịa ma ọ bụ akụkụ tojuru bushes, ya echekwa mpaghara bụ 3 mita na ma akụkụ nke axis. Ha mere ndokwa na n'ụdị agafe, a obosara nke 6 mita.
• Gas mkpu mpaghara, nsogbu n'etiti ogologo osisi hà ha kacha elu osisi ọdịda nwere ike ghara ime ka a mebiri nke ike n'ezi ihe nke pipeline.
• Echebe mpaghara elu pipeline inyịme n'okpuru mmiri site osimiri, esite ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri bụ 100 m. Ọ nwere ike na-anọchi anya anya dị ka ihe dị n'etiti abụọ yiri ụgbọ elu-agafe nhazi ókè akara.

Dị ka a nche mpaghara guzosie ike maka otu pipeline

Echebe nkebi nke gas pipeline bụ n'etiti ebe pụrụ iche ala eji ọchịchị. N'otu oge, ndị a ihe e nwere bụ ịdị ọcha nchedo nkebi, ebe ihe nile set iwu SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.

Dị ka otu ngwa nke ụkpụrụ ndị a, ịdị ọcha mpaghara nke elu nsogbu gas na-adabere na mgbali na a ọjà, ya n'obosara, na ụdị ụlọ, na-akwanyere nke anya na gbakọọ.

The kasị nta nke ebe ịdị ọcha osimiri na ndị ọzọ ozu mmiri na mmiri intakes na mmiri nrụnye bụ 25 m maka ogwe pipelines nke ọ bụla n'obosara ma ọ bụ ụdị.

Kasị nchedo nkebi nke elu nsogbu gas pipeline dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere gas pipeline 1 Klas nke 1200 mm n'obosara n'obodo, suburban niile na ndị ọzọ na mmadụ jupụtara ebe. Na nke a, na ogologo nke ịdị ọcha mpaghara bụ 250 m.

More zuru ezu data na ịdị ọcha-echebe zones nke ogwe pipelines na gasị eke gas nwere ike dị na mkpa tebụl n'ime-akwụkwọ a. N'ihi na okporo ụzọ awara awara, ụgbọ njem gasị gas, ịdị ọcha zones budata ụba.

Mebiri nke pipeline mpaghara. Legal na gburugburu ebe obibi pụtara

Mebiri nke pipeline mpaghara nwere ike ime ka a dị oké njọ ulo oru na mberede, a ọkụ ma ọ bụ gbawaranụ. Ha na-akpata nwere ike ịbụ na-enwetaghị ikike e gwupụtara na-echebe ebe na-enweghị nkwenye nke pipeline na-eje ozi nke nzukọ a, ada eto, mmebi nke ụgbọala.

Ke mma, a ga-enwe a mebiri nke mkpuchi, ke kasị njọ - opì-ike ga-cracks na ndị ọzọ na ntụpọ, nke karịrị oge ga-eme ka gas leaks. Nkwarụ nwere ike agaghị abịa ozugbo, na na na oge na-eme ka ihe mberede ọnọdụ.

Mmebi nke pipeline n'ihi imebi nke na-echebe zones ga-ata ya ahụhụ na a isi ndutịm mma, nke na-adabere n'ókè nke mebiri. Ntikpọ nke ụlọ na ókèala nke na-echebe zones, site na mkpebi nke Nlekọta Court.

Idebe n'enweghị ikike gwupụtatụrụla, n'enweghị ikike akuku osisi na osisi, na-ahazi egwuregwu, a pụrụ isi chọta nke ọkụ na isi mmalite, na-ewu ụlọ, mmepe nke ájá olulu, nakwa dị ka ịkụ azụ, ọrụ na anyịnwa ịhụkwu na nhicha na ala na a atọ ngwaọrụ n'ebe ntaramahụhụ Iwu nke gas pipeline offshore ngalaba nke 5000 rubles.

Nche mpaghara mgbe emebe gas: ala nnweta na mma

Kpebisie ike na nke nche nkebi nke gas pipeline ga-na etinyere na nke ọ bụla, iwu ga-enyere iji chebe gas nkesa netwọk. Na-emekarị nke a akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na nkwado nyere site na-emepụta. The ajụjụ banyere onye ga na-edu ndị na nchikota nke oru ngo na ọrụ ndị ahụ, na-egosipụta na netwọk rụọ ọrụ, nakwa dị ka na ọchịchị obodo, kọwaa site nkwekọrịta ọrụ. Organization arụ ngo ga nwere a ikike maka ndị a na ụdị ọrụ.

Nzọụkwụ mbụ na-eke a echekwa mpaghara bụ igosi akara nke onyeisi nnyocha e mere. Ya isi nzube bụ ịlele correctness nke bindings na ha nnabata ya na oru ngo akwụkwọ.

The N'ihi nke a nnyocha e mere na-kpọmkwem na-achịkọta ndị e ji mara ihe nke okokụre track, ọnọdụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ na jiometrị nke ndị ọcha na akụkụ nke pipeline, nakwa dị ka ike usoro iwu na-ekwu, instrumentation, na EMG HRU akwado na akụkụ ndị ọzọ.

Protection zones maka gazoraspredelyayuschih netwọk kpebisiri ike site iwu mma site Iwu nke Government 20.11.2000 №878.

Protection zones na-usoro gas edoghi Rules mma Mintopenergo 29.04.1992 na Gostekhnadzor (№9) 22.04.1992.

The N'ihi nke a na-arụ ọrụ bụ a map ma ọ bụ a atụmatụ maka ihe onwunwe ala, nke bụ isiokwu nkwekọrịta na ndị nwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ala akpa nkata na nke mmetụta dị aṅaa na-aga. Otu ihe atụ nke ala management na saịtị zigara ala ozu nke ala ndekọ.